Traditional - online version of a newspaper or magazine (kommersant, Vedomosti)
New - Internet media (Lenta.Ru)
Online media is one of the youngest segments of the information market. Network media provide the opportunity to isolate information content (information and information - political) from all network resources. If a network resource is not constantly updated, then it cannot be called a network media. A network resource, like media, needs to be licensed. This could be in the form of a website with information and news. It should be noted that press services and news agencies cannot be called online media. Some contain primary information, while others contain agent information. The press service is an information resource, not an online media outlet. Electronic versions of newspapers are the primary component of online media. Online media expand the field of activity of other media and create the possibility of interactivity. One of the prerequisites that influenced the emergence of online media is the NECESS FOR DIALOGUE. If previously there was correspondence between the reader and printed publications, now not a single newspaper has preserved such a section as reader letters. This is where the behavioral model of society comes into play when it is necessary to show a reaction to written material. It is the journalist who forms the positions and views on which he “plants” any behavioral models. With the advent of electronic media, print publications were able to publish their issues electronically. All media subsystems use the capabilities of networked media.
First Internet broadcast.
The first online media.
When did the RU portal appear?
Network media - the media does not have similar brands of other subsystems; it exists only in electronic form.
Djaz.ru is the first music portal. Online media must meet the requirements that are imposed on the media in the media law.
In 2000, about 50 television companies, programs and programs, 60 radio sites, and over 30 news agencies were registered in Russia, which provided their content to Internet users. There were also more than 1,200 newspapers and magazines, a third of which existed only online.
Federal legislation on the media. Russia has a legal system based on the Constitution and officially published laws. By type, it belongs to continental law - in contrast to case law, where the basis for decisions is not written, as if predetermined, norms, but similar cases from previous judicial practice. Precedential regulation of social life has been adopted, for example, in the UK, and the USA largely falls under this definition. Constitutional legislation is widespread in European countries (hence “continental”).
In the mass information field, there is a hierarchy of normative documents common to the entire legal system. The fundamental principles of legislation on the media are contained in the Constitution of the Russian Federation: freedom of thought and speech, a ban on inhumane propaganda in its various manifestations, the unhindered flow of information, a ban on censorship (Article 29), ideological pluralism (Article 13), inviolability of private life (Article 23 and 24), freedom of creativity (Article 44), etc.
We especially note that the Constitution includes in the national legal system generally recognized principles and norms of international law and international treaties of Russia, and moreover, they take precedence over domestic legislation (Article 15). The right of a citizen to appeal to interstate bodies for the protection of human rights and freedoms is also provided. This means that the imperfections of Russian laws or their arbitrary interpretation, directed against civilized forms of information exchange, are compensated by the efforts of the world community to assert natural rights and freedoms. Our country is no exception. For example, other states that have joined the Council of Europe are in the same situation. Their domestic legislation and enforcement practices must be adjusted to meet the organization's standards. The European Court of Human Rights recently created a precedent, which is useful for our compatriots to know. He delivered an acquittal in the case of a British reporter convicted in his home country of refusing to disclose a confidential source of information.
The details and development of the provisions of the Constitution are contained in special legislation (which, of course, should not contradict it, like all other normative documents). The central place in the legislation on the media is occupied by the Law of the Russian Federation “On the Mass Media”. To be fair, it must be said that this is not the first document in Russian history regulating mass information activities. In this regard, historians pay attention to the Decree of Peter I on the publication of the Vedomosti newspaper, the detailed censorship legislation of Tsarist Russia, the Decree on the Press, signed by V.I. Lenin, and later regulations. The immediate predecessor of the current Law was the USSR Law “On the Press and Other Mass Media,” adopted in 1990. It already reflected most of the connections and relationships that arise in the current Russian press.
The Law of the Russian Federation “On the Mass Media” protects editorial offices from forced influence from outside and interference in the production process, describes the mechanisms of interaction of editorial offices with the state, founders and publishers, sources of information and citizens, guarantees the journalist protection of his honor, dignity, health, life and property and provides him with personal independence in creative and civil relations, formulates the rights and responsibilities of a journalist. The document has stood the test of time; it creates the required conditions for effective journalistic activity. However, some additions to the text were made already in 1995, and it is likely that new clarifications will appear, prompted by work experience.
The law also withstood another, even more impressive load - already as a supporting element of a complex structure of legal acts and regulations. Today, a whole family of laws on the press has emerged - not ideally complete in composition and internal relationships, but still much more reliably meeting the needs of both society and journalism itself than it was just recently.
The structure of industry law includes federal documents that in one way or another affect the sphere of mass media. Let us name the most notable among them: “On State Secrets” (1993), “On the Basic Guarantees of the Electoral Rights of Citizens of the Russian Federation” (1994), “On Information, Informatization and Information Protection” (1995), “On Advertising” (1995), Civil and Criminal Codes, etc. The practice of harmonizing various legal provisions is gradually being formed, without which it is impossible to achieve the implementation of each of them. Certain norms, which are succinctly presented in the Law “On the Mass Media,” receive detailed interpretation in special legal acts. Thus, a short mention of the obligation of the media to send free copies of publications to libraries and other repositories is, as it were, deployed in the Law “On Legal Deposit of Documents”. Article 42 (“Works of Authorship and Letters”) is supported by the deeply detailed Law “On Copyright and Related Rights”, etc.
In the fate of the Law “On State Support of Mass Media and Book Publishing of the Russian Federation” (1995), one can observe how the development of a package of complementary provisions gives real force to the new document. The law provides for the introduction of a number of economic benefits for the media in order to create equal conditions for everyone to establish themselves in the market and operate successfully. Accordingly, it was necessary to make additions and changes to such documents that, at first glance, are far from journalism, such as the laws “On Value Added Tax”, “On Profit Tax of Enterprises and Organizations”, “On Customs Tariff”. Next, a struggle developed to include in the state budget the costs of providing the announced benefits, then special departmental instructions were required (for example, for customs services), without which the decisions of the highest bodies of state power would not be implemented in the workplace.
This discipline contributes to the formation of the following competencies provided for by the Federal State Educational Standard in the field of preparation “Publishing”:
general cultural (OK):
- work with information in global computer networks (OK-14);
professional (PC):
- use information technology and software in the development of publishing projects (PC-14);
- formulate the structure and content of electronic publications, use software for their development (PK-23);
publishing process management:
- use digital assets and databases (PC-26);
distribution of publishing products:
- know the principles of operation and methods of constructing modern global book distribution systems.
The first computer networks appeared in the late 1960s, they were implemented by the American companies IBM and DEC. One of the most successful among the first computer networks - Arpanet - was developed by the US War Department. She connected US research centers with military institutions. At that time, telephone and telegraph channels were used as a data transmission medium. As part of this project, protocols of the TCP/IP family were developed for the first time, which made it possible to ensure data transmission in global and local networks. Subsequently, the TCP/IP protocol family was used as the basis for network interactions of Unix operating systems.
There are many classifications of computer networks. For example, by type of network topology. Topology is the way nodes are placed in a network and the structure of connections between them (Fig. 5.1).
Basic network topologies include: arbitrary; hierarchical; star-shaped; ring; tire; cell phone; mixed.
One of the principles of classification of computer networks is territorial distribution. Based on this principle, the following types of networks are distinguished.
- Local-area network (local computer networks). They cover individual premises or several adjacent buildings located in an area not exceeding a radius of 10 km.
- Wide-area networks (distributed computer networks) are networks on the scale of a college town or a large company (campus-area network), a large city (metropolitan-area network), several countries or continents (global-area network).
Computer networks perform many important functions. In particular, connecting computers into a network allows you to:
- carry out fast and reliable data transfer for immediate use of information;
- share computer hardware and software resources, which allows saving material and technical resources;
- organize access to the resources of all computers on the network while simultaneously providing software and information tools for the networks;
- gain access to remote databases.
Any local area network is provided with hardware and software support. Computer network hardware includes network adapters, communication equipment (this is the so-called data transmission medium) and personal computers themselves.
Network adapters are special devices designed to connect computers to a data transmission medium. Network adapters are usually installed on the motherboard located in the computer system unit. The choice of network adapter depends on the type of computer, the required data transfer speed and the characteristics of the communication equipment.
The data transmission medium is a special cable to which computers can be connected via special connectors. One of the ways to organize a simple computer network is to use a concentrator, or “hub,” in the form of a simple twisted pair cable. The hub has ports to which computers are connected via special cables. The following data transmission media can be used: coaxial cable, ordinary twisted pair wires, fiber optic cable, as well as wireless media. Wireless data transmission media include radio, microwaves, infrared and laser radiation.
If there is hardware support for computer systems, it is also necessary to install special software drivers that ensure data transfer through network adapters. Computer system software includes network operating systems that allow you to control the operation of the network according to one of two principles.
- Centralized management.
- Decentralized management.
In accordance with these principles, computer networks are divided into: peer-to-peer; with a dedicated server.
Peer-to-peer networks- these are networks with a non-dedicated server, i.e. networks in which interaction takes place between individual computers that are part of a computer network. All computers in such networks simultaneously play the role of both client and server.
In networks with a dedicated server, one of the network computers is designed to process requests and generate responses to individual computer network clients. As a rule, a powerful computer is used as a server, which is characterized by high performance, a large amount of disk memory, and increased reliability.
The advantages of peer-to-peer networks include: a fairly simple structure and direct access of network computers to each other’s resources. Their disadvantages include: the impossibility of centrally configuring network parameters, a small number of computers on the network (no more than 20), weak protection of computers, since individual users can influence their distribution on the network.
Dedicated server networks have the following advantages: good data protection, the ability to create large networks (hundreds and even thousands of computers), high network throughput. The disadvantages of such networks include: the high cost of network operating systems and server computers, as well as the fact that server computers are not workstations for users, thereby complicating the network configuration.
So, a computer network is understood as an interconnected set of data terminal equipment that generates and consumes information in a data network, which ensures the exchange of information between individual network subscribers. Data channel equipment converts information into a form that is used to transmit data over a network. The data network provides physical communication between remote subscribers.
There are dedicated and dial-up channels.
If a permanent connection is established between two subscribers, then the channel is called dedicated, or permanent. Such a channel can be your own or subscribed.
If a connection between subscribers is established every time data is transmitted, then such a channel is called switched. For such channels there are three stages of data transmission.
- Establishing a connection.
- The actual data transfer.
- Terminating the connection after the end of the data transfer.
The advantages of a dedicated channel include: high data transfer speed, high quality signals, no blocking, short time required to establish a connection between network subscribers. The disadvantages of such a channel include: the high cost of information transmission and lack of flexibility.
The switched channel also has a number of advantages, among them: flexibility and low cost of data transmission. The disadvantages of such channels are that blocking is possible, the quality of transmission is low, and the cost of transmitting information in the case of a large volume, on the contrary, is high.
Data transmission channels are classified according to the direction of information transmission into the following types.
Simplex channels are channels in which data transmission is carried out in one direction (examples: radio and television channels).
Half-duplex channels are channels in which information is transmitted in two directions, but in turn (example: transmission over a bus in a computer network).
Duplex channels are channels through which transmission is carried out in two directions simultaneously. This is achieved either by using a wired connection (telephone) or by using different frequencies.
Based on the type of signals transmitted, channels are divided into analog and digital. Over analog communication channels, data is transmitted in the form of sinusoidal harmonic oscillations. The transmission of information through such channels is carried out using modulation methods. Data encoding during analog transmission is carried out using the following types of modulation: amplitude, frequency, phase. Modern protocols for data transmission over analog channels also use combined types of modulation.
Digital channels of information transmission are carried out in pulsed form. With this method, there is no need to convert signals to analog and vice versa. When digital data transmission is used, different coding methods are used. Encoding methods must meet the following requirements: simplicity, self-synchronization, use of a single voltage level, maximum use of data bandwidth.
Within the framework of the international synchronization organization, a model of open systems interaction was developed - Open System of Interconnection (OSI). This model provides recommendations for the structural organization of network subsystems. These recommendations ensure the interaction of systems with different architectures and different software support.
This model is often called the seven-level model because it provides 7 basic levels of interaction. Most the lower level is physical. It defines interaction with the physical environment and sets mechanical, electrical and functional standards for interaction. At the physical level, a connection is established between subscribers, maintained and terminated.
The second level is channel. This layer, which directly interacts with the physical layer, is responsible for the transmission of individual frames or frames within a single data link. The data link layer adds a preamble to the packet coming from the network layer, namely the physical addresses of the source and receiver of the information. At this level, the control code is checked. The data link layer is also responsible for separating the data transmission medium, i.e. it defines the physical channel acquisition discipline.
The third level is network. It is responsible for forwarding packets of information between networks. The network layer is organized by creating a logical channel for transmitting packets from the source network to the destination network. The main function of this layer is packet routing, i.e. selection of the optimal route for transmitting information. There are different routing algorithms that take into account channel congestion, their capacity and other factors.
The fourth level is transport. It organizes the delivery of a message from the source to the receiver. In packet-switched networks, this layer ensures that the message is split into packets and packages are assembled at the receiving node.
The fifth level is session level. It controls the communication session: it ensures establishment, maintenance and termination when the connection is completed. A session can be one-way (simplex), half-duplex or full-duplex, depending on what type of channels are used for communication. During the communication session, control points are recorded. In the event of an emergency communication breakdown, it is this level that ensures its restoration and continuation from the nearest control point. At this level, issues of access control, payment of resources for the server, and others are also resolved.
The sixth level is representative. It is responsible for the form of data presentation, for example, for transcoding data from one system to another. A frequently encountered example in practice of the need for such recoding is the exchange of information between large personal computers. On these types of computers, the same characters are represented by different codes, which is why they have to be recoded when exchanging data.
The seventh (highest) level is applied. This is the level of application subsystems of a computer network. Application network subsystems are understood as a group of subsystems that simplify access to resources and interaction on the network.
A network protocol is a set of rules that ensure the interaction of network subsystems of the same level. It determines the packet formats, the sequence of their transmission, the waiting time for responses, etc.
A network interface is a set of rules that determine the interaction of adjacent levels in one system.
When transferring data from upper layers to lower ones, headers are added to this data, and when moving back, headers are removed. The headers contain blocks of information that control interaction within the protocols of the corresponding levels.
Data transmitted at the 5th, 6th, 7th levels are called messages; transmitted at level 4 are called segments; at the 3rd level, called datagrams; at the 2nd level, called frames, or frames; The data transmitted at Layer 1 is called blocks of bits.
In order for computers to “find each other” during the exchange of information, there is a unified addressing system on the Internet based on the use of an IP address. Each computer connected to the network has its own unique 32-bit (binary) IP address. The IP addressing system takes into account the structure of the Internet, i.e. the fact that it is a network of networks, and not an association of individual computers. An IP address contains the network address and the address of the computer on that network.
To ensure maximum flexibility in the process of allocating IP addresses, depending on the number of computers on the network, addresses are divided into three classes - A, B, C. The first bits of the address are allocated to identify the class, and the rest are divided into the network address and the computer address (Table 5.1).
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End of the 20th century marked an unprecedented leap in the development of global information and communication technologies - the third since the opening of channels for transmitting audio and video signals, which radically influenced the development of the media system. Following radio and television broadcasting, network technologies were invented based on a different, digital, method of transmitting information, which led to the formation of a new environment for the dissemination of information flows. The form of organization of such information transmission channels is called the Internet.
The Internet is a system of connected computer networks on a global scale that provides data exchange services. In other words, the Internet is a network of networks that connects national, regional and local computer networks in which information is freely exchanged.
The Internet has become a means of global broadcasting, a mechanism for disseminating information, as well as an environment for cooperation and communication between people, covering the entire globe. Unlike radio and television broadcasting, the main function of which was the production and dissemination of mass information, the Internet turned out to be a medium for communication in a broader sense, including interpersonal and public forms of communication, both individual and group.
The Internet is a multifunctional system. Its main functions are:
· social, leading to the formation of new forms of communicative behavior in an environment where horizontal connections dominate and there are no territorial, hierarchical and temporal boundaries. This function influences cross-cultural processes occurring in society, and ultimately, according to experts, will lead to a change in cultural paradigms. A serious limitation for expanding contacts and entering other linguistic environments is language;
· informational, the peculiarity of which is that information contacts occur in a mode of openness and accessibility. Almost everyone can access the Internet; the only serious limitations are the low level of communication channels and lack of material resources. The information function provides storage, search mechanisms and access to available information;
· economic, aimed at obtaining commercial profit and manifested in an extremely effective impact on the global information infrastructure and stimulating its further development.
Internet functions are provided through the most popular network services. The main forms of their organization are described below:
· e-mail refers to the system of individual communication. Crossing national borders, email allows messages to be created and forwarded within seconds from the source to one or more recipients. E-mail is also used by news agencies to send packages of messages by direct mail.
· teleconferences (newsgroups) --- a collective communication system that serves for prompt discussion of a wide range of topics and current issues. The division of news into thematic groups led to the creation of interactive electronic conferences (discussion groups), accessible to the mass user and allowing thematic correspondence between participants to be maintained. Teleconferences can be conducted either online or in batch or notification mode. There are currently over 10,000 discussion groups on the Internet, each with its own unique name.
· IRC (Internet Relay Chat) is an interactive system of collective communication that supports discussions in real time. With the help of IRC, dozens of “live” people from different parts of the world can simultaneously participate in one discussion, without planning their time in advance. The IRC service is often used for both entertainment purposes and serious international discussions. For example, thanks to IRC, the world was able to learn about what was happening in the Persian Gulf region not only from one source - CNN, but also to receive alternative information from eyewitnesses, ordinary people under fire. In 1993, with the help of IRC, a live channel was organized to broadcast news from the Russian Parliament building.
· WWW (“World Wide Web”) is a global hypertext system that uses Internet channels as a medium for sending electronic documents. A set of documents related according to certain rules (protocols) forms a hypertext data field. You can navigate in a hypertext environment by activating hyperlinks between document chains. The great thing about working with the Web is that the document you find and see on the screen may be stored in the next room, or perhaps in another hemisphere. According to experts, by the end of 1998 there were about 100 million documents on the WWW; in 2002 - 1 billion.
In addition to the listed services, the Internet offers users other opportunities for transmitting information (sending fax messages using a fax modem, downloading files on-line using FTP-service, downloading files off-line using FTP-mail), as well as on-line gaming - an entertaining gaming service in real time and many others.
Of professional interest to journalists are e-mail, which helps establish a quick interactive connection with a source, as well as the World Wide Web Service, which contains the main information resources of the Internet. In addition, the World Wide Web itself is part of the media system due to the network media represented in it, as well as electronic versions of traditional media.
User access to information networks is provided by special organizations - Internet providers. Providers are the main providers of telecommunications services; the price and availability of information resources depend on their policies.
Let's consider the typology of online media
All publications on the Internet can be clearly divided into two categories - online publications themselves and online versions of print media. This classification, as a rule, does not cause controversy or misunderstanding, although there are contradictions and misunderstandings. Thus, it is not always the case that an online publication with a name similar to the name of a printed publication represents its counterpart on the Internet. From this series is the story of the Pravda newspaper. In 1999, journalists who disagreed with the views of the management left the editorial office. The breakaway part of the team created and officially registered the electronic periodical “PRAVDA On-line” (http://pravda.ru). The difference between the two newspapers lies, first of all, in the approach to determining their political orientation: the old Pravda adheres to a purely party position - the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, the new online one, according to the information on the website, prefers to focus on the government.
Often, electronic versions of newspapers and magazines appear on the server and become available to readers when their printed counterparts are just being signed up for publication. This means that the efficiency of informing the reader increases, which is important for printed publications, which are inferior in efficiency to the electronic press. However, the main advantage of all electronic media is their interactivity, which allows you to interact with the audience in a dialogue mode.
As for the other categories, they are all to one degree or another conditional, due to the fact that the history of the online press goes back only a few years, and the online publications themselves have not yet developed for themselves either a clear classification, stable genre forms, or literary standards .
First of all, all resources existing on the Internet can be divided into two categories: professional and amateur. By this criterion, in fact, by the type of founder, we can classify online publications with the same success as print ones.
The division of the press into news, information and analytical is typical only for the Internet. However, sometimes it is not possible to determine at first glance which of these categories a particular project belongs to. The difference is that all news is information, but not all information is news.
News sites are a type of information sites, but they specialize primarily in prompt delivery of news. A classic example of news sites is information feeds created in large numbers by news agencies. These feeds can be either general in nature, offering a selection of news on a variety of topics (Lenta.ru, rbc.ru), or specialized, reflecting news from the economy, politics or computer market (www.finmarket.ru, cnews.ru).
Information agencies (news agencies) have also begun to play a new role on the Internet. Previously, they were part of the infrastructure of the media market, but were not mass media in themselves. Thanks to the Internet, they were able to move from behind-the-scenes players to market leaders, specializing in providing concise but timely information. The value of such resources for the user lies, first of all, in the ability to quickly receive messages about events, however, for more detailed information, as well as comments on what happened, one has to go to analytical sites.
Another criterion that makes it possible to differentiate online publications came to the Network from the traditional press. This is the so-called character of the audience, according to which the press is divided into general and specialized. General press are those publications, when reading which you do not have to think about the meaning of words and expressions. As for specialized publications, they usually indicate on the first page which specialists they are intended for. Only in some areas did sites that regularly supply high-quality specialized information recognize themselves as media and began to shape their image accordingly, study the audience, and systematically attract advertisers. More or less confidently, this trend can be seen in the field of computer, financial and sports information. In other areas, potential specialist media have not yet clearly emerged.
An interesting situation has developed around online media dedicated to the Internet itself. There is a movement in the opposite direction here. Just a few years ago the media working in this area could be considered general. These were, for example, “Internet.Ru” (www.internet.ru) in the old version and “Evening Internet” by Nosik (http://vi.cityline.ru/vi). However, recently, the rapid change in the demographics of the Internet has led to the fact that such media have begun to be perceived as specialized - interesting and understandable to the same members of the Internet crowd, whose share among the total number of Internet users is now small.
It is much more difficult to distinguish between popular and elite publications. A publication prone to “yellowishness” can be distinguished by its catchy headlines and accentuated sensationalism. Another distinctive feature of this kind of press is the appeal (often after the fact) to the details of criminal incidents, disasters - in general, everything that, according to psychologists, arouses increased interest among most people.
Elite publications include “Russian Journal” - www.russ.ru. A certain respectability, analyticality, consistency of style - these are the properties that allow us to classify this publication as quality.
Another criterion that allows one to clearly differentiate publications is the availability of information. Despite the fact that the goal of most Internet users is to search for information, some publications do not at all strive to help those suffering in achieving this goal. There are often cases when a user who has found a link to a page with the information he needs through a search engine comes across a warning that he does not have rights to view this page. Some, of course, are trying to somehow clarify the conditions for access to “closed” information, but the majority are simply trying to find the necessary information on other resources. Realizing the seriousness of the situation, most owners of information resources refused to provide paid access. However, some sites, mainly those whose information has a real market value (market research results, for example), still adhere to just such a policy.
Examples of paid access to information are often found in foreign practice. Thus, the popular American weekly The Wall Street Journal (www.wsj.com) offers its readers the opportunity to view the online version of the publication for free for two weeks. In the future, those who liked the content of the site are invited to take out a paid subscription for a year for $59.
Another integral characteristic of any publication is the method of its distribution. For online media there are two of these methods. The first is the creation of a website on which materials intended for readers are posted in an open or limited mode. The second is the organization of mailing. Typically, the newsletter serves as a kind of addition to the publication’s existing website, helping to inform the reader about the arrival of new materials and forming a stable, friendly audience. Another important function of the newsletter is the ability to collect information about subscribers, which allows you to study in detail the most active part of the audience.
A separate case is a mailing list that exists without a website. This is a unique type of media that has no analogues in the printed press. The traditional newspaper or magazine format requires significant investment in printing resources and distribution services. To recoup the costs, you need to gather a large audience. To do this, the publication is compiled from a large number of headings, in the hope that each of them will attract a specific group of readers. Readers, in turn, often buy newspapers and magazines for one column or even an article. It is impossible to imagine a commercially successful printed publication consisting of one author's column.
The transition to online, dramatically reducing costs, allows one author to create a media outlet from one category and gather exactly those readers who need it. There are plenty of examples of such media on the website www.subscribe.ru. Such resources are created and maintained by one private individual. Many of them are essentially archives of mailing lists and provide the ability to access old issues of the mailing list.
It is in mailing lists that the specifics of the Internet are manifested to the maximum extent. It is impossible to draw a clear line between mass media mailings and mailings aimed at a limited, specially selected group of people. Here we can observe the transition from mass media to mass communication.