The end of the 18th century went down in history under the banner of the industrial revolution. First, England, and then other European countries, gradually abandoned the usual use of manual labor, that is, manufacturing. The first looms, steam engines and other inventions appear. The era of the industrial revolution begins, the transition from manufactories to factories and factories.
Background
In the second half of the 18th century. in England, an ag-rar-naya re-vo-lu-tion is taking place. The pre-pri-n-ma-tel-skoe farm-mer-economy of the tra-di-tsi-on-peasant. This was due to the fact that practically all the land was in the hands of large owners, who surrendered -whether she’s in the rent-a-fer-me-ram. Warehouses of si-ste-ma ka-pi-ta-li-sti-che-skih from-no-she-nii between land-lor-da-mi (owners of the land) , fer-me-ra-mi-aren-da-to-ra-mi and na-em-ny-mi ra-bot-ni-ka-mi (ba-tra-ka-mi). This will lead to an improvement in the quality of land cultivation, the development of abandoned plots of land, and the development of mo-vyh cultural tour (for livestock). After the agricultural revolution, many people in the village were left without work and the means to support themselves. They went to the city, where they began to work at industrial enterprises .
Pre-reference to the pro-mouse revolution
. An accumulation of ka-pi-ta-la in the hands of pre-pri-ni-ma-te-leys, merchants and banks.
. The increase in the number of employed workers (the increase in the number of workers, in particular, was due to the agricultural revolution).
. Development of trade and growth of cities.
. Is there a sales market in quantity?
The immediate cause of the industrial revolution was the development of English weavers in connection with importing cheap fabrics from India into England. In order to maintain their production and compete with under-ro-gi-mi in-di-ski-mi fabrics, they needed -we can increase the productivity of labor and reduce the cost. (cm. )
Events
1733- John Kay invented a fur-no-che-sky (su-mo-summer) weaving mill.
1735 G.- Ab-ra-ham Der-bi-son introduced the advanced smelting of chu-gu-na on coke.
1784- image-re-ten to-car-nok Henry Mods-lee.
Rice. 2. James Hargreaves ()
Rice. 3. Spinning Jenny by James Hargreaves ()
Rice. 4. James Watt ()
Rice. 5. James Watt's steam engine ()
At the end of the 18th century there appeared lathes(Fig. 6). New technology led to a new organization of industry. Manufactures are becoming a thing of the past, and they are being replaced by factories and factories. It got real revolution in industry, which made it possible to significantly increase the growth of productive forces. The emergence of factories changed the lives of workers. For the first time in human history working day schedule appeared. A strict 12-hour working day was established from Monday to Saturday. This was very bad for the working class family. Previously, they could use their special talents and extra effort to earn extra days off and extra money. The workers lived in very difficult conditions. New factory towns were built next to coal mines (Fig. 7). In them, workers could rent only one or two rooms. Factory owners, taking advantage of their position, squeezed everything they could out of their subordinates. They fined workers for swearing, untidiness, and being late, used cheap child labor, and refused to pay for medical care. All this led to growing discontent among the workers. The first signs of such discontent were expressed in Luddite movement(Fig. 8). Participants in this movement called themselves Luddites after the legendary worker Neda Ludda(Fig. 9), who, according to legend, was the first to destroy his own machine. Following him, hundreds of people across England began to deliberately damage their hated cars. English manufacturers were very unhappy with this. Soon the government passed a law that imposed the death penalty for damaging a machine.)
Following England, the introduction of machine tools into production came to other countries. The demand for various inventors and their inventions has increased. More and more technical innovations appeared in Europe. Not only the quantity, but also the quality of manufactured products increased. Their prices gradually decreased.
To summarize, it is worth noting that the industrial revolution in Europe had a number of positive factors:
- Sanitation.
- Improving health care.
- Improving the quality of goods.
- Improving the nutrition of the population.
It is worth noting that all these factors did not appear immediately; it took years for Europe to find itself on the threshold of a qualitatively new period in its history.
Bibliography
1. Vedyushkin V.A., Burin S.N. Textbook on the history of modern times, grade 7. - M., 2013.
2. Dmitry Travin. Otar Margania. European modernization
3. Erofeev N.A. Industrial revolution in England. - M., 1963
4. Potemkin F.V. Industrial revolution in France. T. 1. From manufactory to factory. - M.: Nauka, 1971.
5. Hobsbawm E. Century of Revolution. Europe 1789-1848. - Rostov: Phoenix Publishing House, 1999.
6. Yudovskaya A.Ya. General history. History of modern times. 1500-1800. - M.: “Enlightenment”, 2012.
Homework
1. How do you understand the terms “agrarian revolution” and “industrial revolution”? When and in what country did they first occur?
2. What caused the industrial revolution?
3. Tell us about the consequences of the industrial revolution in England.
4. What famous inventions can you name? List the outstanding inventors of that time.
Under industrial revolution(or industrial revolution) understand the transition from an economic system based on agricultural production to an industrial type economy.
According to the Marxist approach, industrial revolution- this is a historical period during which the transition from manual labor to machine labor and the establishment of factory production on the scale of the national economy took place. There are two sides to the industrial revolution: technical - transition from manual labor to machine labor and social - the formation of social classes associated with factory production (wage workers and the bourgeoisie).
The end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries. the time when the industrial revolution took place in most European countries. A stage in economic development begins, which is called industrial, or machine. This name indicates that machines are increasingly being introduced into production and are replacing manual labor. Machines are turning into a kind of intrinsic value; the machine industry occupies the most important place in the life of society, determining its economic well-being, military potential, and international status. Dynamics and technological progress are the basis of life for a new type of civilization.
The ever-increasing speed of technological progress is possible only thanks to the gradually emerging close union between machine industry and science, oriented towards practical goals.
The Industrial Revolution had the following consequences:
1) the industrial revolution made factory production leading. Mass production turned the worker into an appendage of the machine. This was clearly demonstrated at the beginning of the 20th century, when G. Ford introduced a conveyor belt at his automobile factories in the USA. The level of labor productivity increased sharply, but labor was mechanized to the limit;
2) factory technology and the associated sharp increase in production volume went in parallel with changes in the production of raw materials, machines, transportation methods, etc. That is, a chain reaction is observed. The development of machine production creates a need for the production of machines themselves, and a new industry is developing - mechanical engineering. Thus, industrial production began to be divided into two groups: group “A” - production of means of production and group “B” - production of consumer goods;
3) technical changes in production restructured the market. It was no longer consumer demand that pushed the development of production, but factory production of goods required the expansion of markets and gradually formed demand;
4) the industrial revolution required large investments. Entrepreneurs, wanting to quickly recoup the costs of introducing machines, extended the working day without increasing wages. The situation of the working people worsened, they began to wage an economic and, subsequently, a political struggle;
5) one of the negative results of the technical revolution was industrial crises - periods during which entrepreneurs could not sell their products. They were called crises of overproduction;
6) new technical inventions and scientific discoveries led to the development of little-known industries and the creation of new, hitherto unknown ones. In the second half of the 19th century. The importance of the oil industry has increased sharply. Last third of the 19th century. became the era of the development of electricity, which gave production a new energy base. New industries emerged: electrochemistry and electrometallurgy. Advances in the field of chemistry made possible the rapid development of the chemical industry: the production of dyes, artificial fertilizers, synthetic and explosives began.
In the 19th century The formation of industrial civilization was completed, largely a consequence of scientific discoveries and the industrial revolution. Concept industrial revolution (or industrial revolution) covers a set of technical, technological, social, institutional and other changes associated with the replacement of manual labor with machine production.
The first country to apply a new method (based on the use of machines and industrial technologies) in industrial production was Great Britain, in which the “old order” gave way already in the 17th century. place for parliamentarism and civil equality. The example of this country shows that the most important prerequisite for the industrial revolution is liberal socio-political transformations that affirm the principles of civil equality, economic freedom, inviolability of personality and property. An equally significant prerequisite for the industrial revolution is considered to be high agricultural productivity due to the so-called agrarian revolution. The agricultural revolution consisted of a transition from extensive to intensive methods of farming, which ensured its productivity and profitability. The birthplace of the agrarian revolution was also Great Britain, where, “thanks to” the policy of enclosure (continuously carried out from the end of the 17th and throughout the 18th centuries), profound changes took place in the production relations of agriculture, and a constant increase in agricultural productivity was observed. Geographical and natural-climatic factors also provided Great Britain with leadership in the industrial revolution. Thus, the country’s island position created “free” protection from destructive continental wars and cheap transport. The long coastline, natural bays and many navigable rivers removed the dependence on land transport, the underdevelopment of which had retarded the growth of trade and industry. Sufficient reserves of coal in England contributed to the rapid transition of English metallurgy from charcoal to stone. This allowed by the end of the 18th century. British metallurgy to take first place in the world.
Thus, the necessary prerequisites for the industrial revolution are the cause-and-effect relationship of geographical, natural-climatic and socio-political factors. Factors accelerating the industrial revolution are considered to be the free market of capital, labor and demographic growth.
In Great Britain, earlier than in other countries, the most important inventions in the cotton industry were made, which opened the era of the industrial revolution (the invention of the “flying shuttle”, the creation of a spinning machine, the invention of the Cartwright loom). It became possible to fully exploit the advantages of machine production after the invention of the universal steam engine by London university mechanic James Watt (1782). The beginning of the use of steam energy in industrial production is the central event of the industrial revolution. Subsequently, steam engines were constantly improved.
Industrial revolutions in different industries followed like a chain reaction. The revolution that began in light industry put forward the task of increasing the mass of machines; to meet this demand, a lot of metal was required, which, in turn, caused a revolution in metallurgy and mechanical engineering; the increased mass of manufactured products (goods) required changes in transport. So, in the 80s. XVIII century The world's first steamship was built by the English mechanic Symington. In 1814, the Englishman J. Stephenson built the first steam locomotive. In 1825 under his leadership, a railway (56 km) was built in South-West England to transport coal. The Rocket steam locomotive, designed by J. Stephenson, marked the beginning of the “railway revolution” in Europe. At the end of the nineteenth and beginning. XX century it was the turn of the so-called associated industries: telegraph, telephone, radio. By the end of the Industrial Revolution, Great Britain had become a leading economic power.
The main consequences of the industrial revolution:
the emergence of factory production;
the origins of mechanical engineering;
reduction in prices for consumer goods;
market restructuring: it was not consumer demand that shaped the development of production, but production that pushed the expansion of markets and formed demand;
increased capital investment and the need for rapid turnover led to longer working hours and lower wages;
the emergence of industrial crises - crises of overproduction;
the deterioration of the position of the working class and the beginning of social struggle;
accelerating the urbanization process, changing the ratio between urban and rural populations.
"Industrial Revolution" and its consequences"
- The beginning of the industrial revolution. Technical Advances
- The origins of industrial society
- Completion of the Industrial Revolution in England
- Economic development of England and France in the first half of the 19th century
- Features of economic development in the second half of the 19th century
- The role of the state in the economy
- Changes in the economies of major countries
Industrial Revolution
This is the transition from manual labor to machine labor, from manufactory to factory, observed in the leading Western powers of the 18th-19th centuries.
The main feature of the industrial revolution was industrialization - the transition from a predominantly agricultural economy to industrial production, as a result of which the transformation of an agrarian society into an industrial one occurs.
- The Flying Shuttle was invented in 1733.
(for making cloth)
- A few years later J. Hargreaves The famous spinning jenny was invented
- In 1765 James Watt built a steam engine, and six years later improved it
Industrial society is a society formed in the process and as a result of industrialization, the development of machine production, the emergence of forms of labor organization adequate to it, and the application of scientific and technological progress. It is characterized by mass, continuous production, mechanization and automation of labor, the development of the market for goods and services, and the humanization of social relations.
The Birth of Industrial Society
Industrial society developed most intensively in modern times in England.
The Birth of Industrial Society
The formation of a layer of hired workers and the creation of an internal market were combined in England with the rapid process of the so-called initial accumulation of capital.
- it is a collection of assets used to generate profit. Directing assets into the sphere of production or provision of services for the purpose of making a profit is also called capital investment or investment
- this is money that generates income
The Birth of Industrial Society
An industrial proletariat also emerges - people working in factories. Their work was very hard then. The working day lasted up to 18 hours a day, the wages were low. The invention of new machines led to mass layoffs, which caused indignation among workers
Origin industrial society Luddism
The Luddites were a group of English workers who protested in the early 1800s against the changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution, feeling their jobs were in danger. Often protest was expressed in the destruction of cars. The destruction of machinery (industrial sabotage) was declared a capital crime, and 17 people were executed in 1813. Many people were sent to Australia.
Completion of the Industrial Revolution in England
In the first half of the 19th century. The industrial revolution in England was completed. It was in this country that he acquired the most mature, classical forms of his development. Light industry turned out to be the most susceptible to new trends. This is due to the fact that quick profits can only be made by products that are necessary for the average consumer. The machines and machines needed by manufacturers bring profit only after some time.
England
Great Britain entered the 19th century in a state of extreme tension caused by continuous wars with France. Great Britain entered the 19th century in a state of extreme tension caused by continuous wars with France. Only the fear of invasion from France, which united the nation, helped to withstand the terrible stress of the war. The continental blockade imposed by Napoleon sharply increased food prices, which gave rise to “hunger riots.”
Economic development of England and France in the first half of the 19th century
England
Victory over Napoleon in 1815 ended the continental blockade, but caused new problems. Up to half a million people were dismissed from the army and navy. Cheap European grain began to arrive in England. The fall in prices gave rise to a panic that gripped not only farmers, but also the aristocracy - landlords. In 1815, the “Corn Laws” were adopted, which actually prohibited the import of bread into the country. As a result, bread prices increased incredibly. Despite significant difficulties, the accelerated development of industry and agriculture in England continued.
Economic development of England and France in the first half of the 19th century
France
Economic development of another leading Western European country - France in the first half of the 19th century. also progressed successfully. In the first decade of the 19th century. French industry grew by more than 50%. The development of the economy was facilitated by the influx of money and valuables from conquered countries. But the defeat in the fight against the anti-French coalition dealt a serious blow to the French economy, from which it managed to recover quite quickly. During the period of Bourbon rule in industry, manual labor continued to be replaced by machine labor. The number of factories and factories grew.
Economic development of England and France in the first half of the 19th century
France
By the end of the first half of the 19th century. The factory type of production was the leader in ferrous metallurgy and was intensively introduced into mechanical engineering. From 1825 to 1847, the volume of industrial production increased by 2/3. New industries, especially the chemical industry, developed rapidly.
In the second half of the 19th century. Changes are occurring again in the economies of advanced European countries. These changes are associated with the emergence of monopolies.
Monopoly is a large capitalist enterprise that controls the production and marketing of one or more types of products; This is a structure in which there is no competition in the market and one company operates. It produces a unique, unparalleled product and is protected from new companies entering the market.
19th century
Monopoly
Syndicate
Concern
Trust
Cartel
Syndicate
is an association of independent enterprises of any industry, based on an agreement on the joint sale of goods. The syndicate is created with the aim of ensuring monopoly dominance in the market, establishing monopoly prices and obtaining the highest profits.
Concern a large association of enterprises connected by common interests, contracts, capital, and participation in joint activities. Often such a group of enterprises unites around a strong parent enterprise (holding, parent company), which holds shares in these enterprises.
Trust- this is a form of association in which the merging enterprises lose their independence and are subject to a single management. The owners of enterprises included in the trust are deprived of the right to dispose of them directly.
Cartel may provide for the establishment of minimum prices for goods that are mandatory for all participants, the delimitation of sales areas, the determination of the total volume of production or sales and the share of each participant in it.
Features of economic development in the second half 19th century
The emergence of monopolies was caused by progress in technology and the complication of the production process. It required more and more capital, as machines and raw materials became more and more expensive. Therefore, entrepreneurs began to unite. This unification was accelerated by economic crises .
Features of economic development in the second half of the 19th century
The first such crisis occurred in England back in 1825. In 1858, first world economic crisis. After the global economic crisis of 1873, the process of development of cartels began, which, however, quickly disintegrated. A new phenomenon was the emergence international cartels in mining, chemical, metallurgical, electrical and other industries.
The role of the state in the economy
First half of the 19th century
State intervention in the economy was sharply reduced. According to bankers and owners of industrial enterprises, the role of the state should have been limited only to the protection of general conditions favorable to the development of the country's economic life (roads of communication, means of communication, maintaining the stability of money circulation), and the protection of their external interests.
The role of the state in the economy
Second half of the 19th century
The role of the state in managing colonies is increasing, and wars are increasing for the victorious country to receive huge military indemnities. Old state-owned enterprises still exist, primarily in the military field, but are already losing their former importance. Only transport and roads of an important strategic nature remain in the possession of the state. The strongest influence of the state on the economy was in Germany. The nationalization of railways took place here, and a tobacco monopoly was introduced.
The role of the state in the economy
By the beginning of the twentieth century there was splice largest
monopolies with the state apparatus .
Government officials headed monopolistic associations. In some cases, monopolies are given the functions of state power. Often state and private monopolies intertwined with each other.
France
France finally turned into a country of monopoly capital at the beginning of the twentieth century. During these years there was a rapid increase in the concentration of production, an increase in monopolies and their strengthening. In 1897, the country began an economic recovery that covered all branches of industrial production, especially metallurgy.
Changes in the economies of major countries
England
They legalized trade unions (trade unions), giving them the status of a legal entity and judicial protection of their funds. The labor of children under 10 years of age in production was prohibited. In 1891, a law on free primary education was passed.
- Basovskaya N.I. England and France in the international life of Western Europe in the 12th – 15th centuries. // Middle Ages. – M., 1988.
- Manfred A.Z. Europe during the Napoleonic Wars // Brief World History. – Book. 1. – M., 1967. – P. 364–378.
- V.V. Artemov, Yu.N. Lubchenkov HISTORY for secondary specialized education. – M., 2010. – P. 202 – 207.
- Bartenev S.A. History of Economic Thought. - M.: Infra-M, 2000. - 455 p.
- Kovalev A.M. Laws of history and the appearance of the modern world - M.: PRIOR, 2003 - 401 p.
Intrasubject connections. Industrial Revolution. Agrarian revolution. Technical inventions of the late 18th century. Steam engine.
Basic facts and concepts. Government policy to encourage domestic industry, its forms.
Protectionism. Technical revolution, transition to machine production of machines. Railway revolution.
First version of the lesson
Lesson Plan Government policies to encourage industry. Technical inventions. Formation of new industrial areas. Railway revolution.
Progress of the lesson Material about government encouragement of industry (protectionism) is familiar to students from the courses New History of the 7th grade and History of Russia in the 18th-18th centuries, so it requires repetition and reinforcement rather than explanation. What prompted conservative governments to take care of the development of industry, since the interests of aristocrats and nobles did not require this? Remember what a policy of protectionism is. What were the forms of government support for industry? Did the British government pursue a policy of protectionism? Explain your opinion. What were the positive and negative results of protectionist policies for the development of industry in European countries? The question of technical inventions of the first half of the 19th century. can be studied on the basis of short student reports, or reading in groups of points the paragraph “Technical revolution in the textile industry”, “Rivalry of water and steam”, “Industrialization of metallurgy”, “The birth of steam shipping”, “Railway revolution”, or the teacher’s story. Any form of work is accompanied by filling out the table “The most important technical inventions of the 19th century.” When studying the material, it is advisable to draw students’ attention to the illustrations of the inventions being studied, which are placed in the textbook.
The most important technical inventions of the 19th century.
| Industry industrial ness | date invention nia | A country | Invention | Meaning inventions |
| Textile industrial ness | 1801 | France | Silk loom | Increasing the number of products produced |
| | 1810 | France | Flax spinning machine | Increase speed spinning |
| | 20s XIX century | England | Automatic spinning machine | Increase speed spinning |
| | 20s XIX century | USA | Cotton ginning titular car | Increase production raw cotton |
| | Mid-19th century | USA | Sewing machine ("Singer") | Relief process sewing |
| Metallurgical industry | 1784 | England | A new method of smelting cast iron and iron - puddling | Improving metal quality |
| | Mid 50's XIX century | England | Bessemer method of melting iron into steel | Making steel from cast iron - a flexible, hard and durable material |
| | Mid 60's XIX century | France | Open hearth furnace | Making steel not only from cast iron, but also from scrap metal |
| Mashino structure | First half of the 19th century | England | Increasing the power of a steam engine to several hundred horsepower | Increase machine productivity several hundred times |
Ending
After filling out the table in a strong class, you can offer questions and tasks for its analysis. Determine in which countries the most important inventions were made. In which of the named countries were the most of them made? Explain why these countries were the first in the field of technical inventions. What new industry appeared in the first half of the 19th century? Why did technical innovations in agriculture appear much later than in industry and spread very slowly? 4. The issue of the formation of new industrial areas and the construction of railways can be studied on the basis of the teacher’s information message and work with two maps of the textbook: “The Industrial Revolution in Europe” (p. 127) and “Railroads in Europe in 1850-1885.” (p. 140).
The teacher says that a new feature of industrial development in the 19th century. began the formation of new industrial areas in which large-scale industry was concentrated. This happened due to the need to bring production closer to sources of raw materials, in particular coal. These processes are reflected on the map “Industrial Revolution in Europe”. An important factor
industrial development was a revolution in the transport system. The advent of railways significantly reduced the time and increased the volume of goods transported. The pace of railway construction is evidenced by the map “Railroads in Europe in 1850-1885.” A detailed analysis of maps can be offered to students as homework practice. Compare the size of the territories in which agriculture predominated and the territories in which industry developed. Draw conclusions. Find coal mining sites on the map. Name the cities or rivers near which they are located. What industries are located near coal mining? Is this a coincidence? Why are many businesses located near rivers? Which countries have the most industrial enterprises? Explain why. Study the map "Railroads in Europe 1850-1885." and determine in which areas railroads were built first and in which areas later. Which areas of Europe are almost not covered by the railway network? Guess why. Compare the maps "Industrial Revolution in Europe" and "Railroads in Europe 1850-1885." Which areas of Europe had the largest number of railways? Do you think there is a relationship between industrial development and railway construction? Explain your answer using cards.
Second lesson option
In a strong class, the lesson is conducted in the form of a laboratory-practical lesson.
Advance homework. The class is divided into four groups, each of which will represent
Select one of the countries: Great Britain, France, Germany, USA, Belgium. In the textbook, the materials of the paragraph are studied and the following tasks are performed:
a) on behalf of the government of the country, prepare a speech on industrial policy;
b) individual students prepare reports on technical inventions made in the 19th century and their significance.
Lesson Plan Government policies to encourage industry. Technical inventions. Development of major industries. Railway revolution.
Progress of the lesson The study of the issue of industrial policy of the governments of leading countries begins with presentations by groups prepared at home. In addition to the textbook, students can be provided with the following materials.
Student materials
In the 30s The radicals of Great Britain raised the question of introducing free trade, because the workshop of the world had nothing to fear from the competition of foreign goods. The government could not ignore the ongoing campaign. Prime Minister Lord Melbourne decided to look into the customs duties system. The commission created for this purpose discovered 500 types of goods that were subject to customs duties. Of these, 10 brought in 80% of the income, and the rest were a ridiculous trifle. Thus, the average annual fee from the import of glass eyes for dolls (there was such a thing!) was one shilling three and a half pence,
i.e. less than the then Russian fifty dollars. As a result of the reform of the customs system in 1846, the Corn Laws were abolished in England, and in 1849 the Navigation Acts, which protected the British merchant fleet from foreign competition, were abolished. Thus, the government pursued the principle of free trade.
Railroad construction in the United States was encouraged by federal loans and land grants to railroad companies. By the end of the century, railroads connected all the states, and four highways connected the Pacific and Atlantic coasts.
In 1834, the German Customs Union was created in Germany, which gradually expanded. In 1854, the Customs Union covered almost all German states, with the exception of Austria. By demanding uniform customs rules and decisions, it provided its members with
low import duties and contributed to the inclusion of German states in international trade.
Next, independent work of groups is organized with the texts of textbook documents characterizing government policy: for Germany - a document and a question for it on p. 162-163; for Great Britain and France - the document and the assignment for it on p. 163.
A representative from each group reports to the class the results of the work done. A group representing the United States summarizes these results, and the class outlines government policy guidelines for promoting industry. We propose to study the issue of technical inventions during the educational game “World Industrial Exhibition”. The teacher says that in 1851 a world exhibition was held for the first time in London, at which the successes of industrial development and technical inventions were presented (for material on this, see § 15). Students represent the five “pavilions” of the exhibition (corresponding to the five industries) in which the most important inventions were made. Pictures representing these inventions are placed on the tables. Each group talks about inventions in their industry, and the rest determine the significance of these inventions for industrial development. The development of the main industries and their relationship in different countries is studied based on the analysis of three statistical tables placed in the textbook on p. 167. Study data on the development of each industry in your country. Calculate how many times production has increased in each industry. Compare the final figures (by the end of the 19th century) obtained in your country with similar indicators in other countries. Draw conclusions about the overall level of development of your country compared to others. Determine the reasons for such indicators.
The group representing the United States is offered a fragment of a document containing statistical data on the development of this country.
General data on the development of US industry
In almost all parts of the country, especially on the Atlantic coast, there is an abundance of water power, which has been widely used for various industries.
new goals. The creation of hydraulic machines, stationary and movable steam engines and various mechanisms used in mines, factories, blast furnaces, forges, factories, in the construction of roads, bridges, canals, railways, etc., has acquired great importance. The annual output of machine-building enterprises, according to the 1850 census, was estimated at $27,998,344, and in 1860 - at $47,118,550, excluding sewing machines. The middle states, which provided over 48% of the total production, are considered as the largest suppliers, but in terms of the pace of development, a comparatively greater increase was noted in the southern and western states. The relative growth is evident from the following data: New England - 16.4%, middle states - 55.2%, southern states - 387% and western states - 127%.
The cotton industry ranks first in terms of production value and amount of invested capital. She grew up at an unprecedented speed. The total value of cotton goods manufactured in New England increased by 83.4%. Determine which industries were leading in the United States. By what percentage has the annual production of mechanical engineering increased over 10 years? Do you think this is a lot or a little? Estimate the rate of industrial development in different states over 10 years. In which states were they highest? What industry do you think was especially developed in the southern states? The last stage of the lesson is devoted to the study of the railway system in Europe. Students work with the map “Railroads in Europe 1850-1885.” and the statistical table “The length of railways in individual countries” (p. 168). Study statistics on the length of railways in your country. Calculate how many times it increased from 1840 to 1900. During what period was road construction most intensive? Compare your country's totals (back to 1900) with those of other countries. Determine the country's position based on the length of its railways. Do not forget that it is possible to objectively assess the scale of railway construction only by correlating data on the length of roads with the size of the country’s territory.
At the final stage of the lesson, the results of the industrial development of the countries under study and Europe as a whole by the end of the 19th century are summed up, the leading states in the economic situation are determined, and the reasons for this situation are clarified.