Download presentation environmental problems of the Urals. Presentation on the topic of environmental problems of the Urals. Presentation on the topic: Environmental problems of the Urals

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1. The largest economic and industrial region of Russia, the Ural economic region, is located at the junction of the territories of two parts of the world - Europe and Asia. The Ural Federal District (UFD) is a territory with enormous natural resource, production and scientific potential. The territory of the UER extends in the meridian direction for more than 2 thousand kilometers. The area of the region is 824 thousand km2, or 4.8% of the territory of Russia. The territory of the Ural economic region (Sverdlovsk, Perm, Chelyabinsk, Orenburg, Kurgan regions, the Republic of Bashkortostan and the Udmurt Republic) is almost entirely located within the Urals and the lowland Urals (Fig. 1). Modern natural complexes of the Urals and the Urals arose in the Neogene-Quaternary times and belong to the Russian Plain, the Urals and the West Siberian Plain. The Ural is a region of very sharp economic, natural and social contrasts. The Urals are the junction of: 1. two parts of the world 2. different parts of the earth’s crust 3. various landforms 4. basins of large river systems 5. climatic zones and regions 6. several natural zones 7. economic macro-regions of Russia

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The Urals are one of the largest old industrial areas in the world. In 1990, old problems in the region worsened and new problems arose. Among them are the problem of marketing finished products, unemployment, supplying factories with raw materials, updating technologies and environmental pollution. All of Russia's environmental problems come together here. The original appearance of the taiga Urals, the pre-Ural and trans-Ural steppes and forest-steppes has changed beyond recognition. The Middle and Southern Urals are an anthropogenically-natural region dominated by mining, forestry, pasture and arable landscapes. On the site of the Magnitnaya, Vysokaya and Blagodati mountains, giant quarries arose. In the 1930s, the creation of a large Ural metallurgy, the development of mechanical engineering, chemical, paper and forestry industries began in the Urals. Much work has been carried out to create a fuel and energy base. To supply electricity to the industry of the Urals, construction was carried out on the basis of local fuel at the Chelyabinsk, Egorshinskaya, Kizelovskaya and other power plants, and later at the Beloyarsk NPP, Reftinskaya, Permskaya, Iriklinskaya State District Power Plants, etc.

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Branches of market specialization of industry. The leading industry of market specialization in the Urals is ferrous metallurgy. The Urals are the main metallurgical base of Russia. More than 80% of the metal is produced by factories and combines - Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Tagil and Orsko-Khalilovsky. Of the old reconstructed factories, the most significant are the Zlatoust, Verkh-Isetsky, Lysvensky, Chusovskoy, and Beloyarsky plants. Full-cycle plants operate partly on local iron ores, ores from the KMA and neighboring Kazakhstan, and on imported coking coals from Kuzbass.

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Non-ferrous metallurgy is of national importance. The old branches of non-ferrous metallurgy include the copper smelting industry. The region is one of the leading places in the country in copper smelting. Copper smelters are located near copper deposits on the eastern slopes of the Ural Mountains.

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The sectors of market specialization of the Urals are also mechanical engineering and metalworking. Among them are such giants as the Ural Heavy Engineering Plant in Yekaterinburg (Uralmash) and the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant. Ekaterinburg Electrical Equipment Plant, Chelyabinsk Abrasive Plant and a number of others. Old factories have also been reconstructed, including the Zlatoust Tool Plant, the Chelyabinsk Agricultural Engineering Plant, the Miass Plant, etc. Currently, the leading industries are heavy, energy and transport engineering. Ural factories produce equipment for the metallurgical and mining industries, turbines, generators, railway cars, cars, trams, motorcycles, buses, river boats, etc. Orenburg, Orsk, Izhevsk and Kurgan have become major centers of mechanical engineering.

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An important branch of market specialization is the chemical industry. Its main products are mineral fertilizers, sulfuric acid, soda and organic synthesis products. The potash industry is especially notable, represented by the largest potash plants in Solikamsk and Berezniki. Cities with a developed metallurgical industry also became centers of the chemical industry. Here, the production of sulfuric acid is based on waste from ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. Oil production is carried out in Bashkortostan (Ishimbay, etc.), Perm and Orenburg regions, the oil refining industry is developed in Ufa, Sterlitamak, Orsk, Perm and Krasnokamsk. A new large gas production and processing region has been created in the Orenburg region.

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Sectors of market specialization also include forestry, wood processing and wood chemical industries. The main forest resources of the region are located in the north, within the Perm and Sverdlovsk regions. The main centers of sawmilling are Ivdel, Perm, Yekaterinburg. The timber chemical and pulp and paper industries have developed. In the interregional division of social labor, the Urals also stands out for its developed construction materials industry, which operates on local non-metallic raw materials. Cement factories are located in Nizhny Tagil, Magnitogorsk, Nevyansk, Katav-Ivanovsk, Novotroitsk, Emanzhelinsk, etc. The Urals are the main producer of asbestos and products made from it, as well as refractory bricks, facing and other materials

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Transport and economic relations. The most important role among modes of transport in the Urals belongs to railways. The basis of the railway network is made up of latitudinal and meridional highways intersecting almost at right angles. The most important of the latitudinal highways is the section of the Trans-Siberian Railway Chelyabinsk - Vladivostok. Latitudinal highways cross the Urals at the latitude of Chelyabinsk and Orenburg, Orsk. Meridional roads simultaneously serve as distributors of goods arriving in the Urals in the order of interregional exchange. The network of meridional roads on the Eastern slope of the Urals is better developed. The line Polunochnoe - Orsk stands out; The Serov-Chelyabinsk road runs parallel to it. The Solikamsk-Bokal railway runs on the Western slope of the Urals. A railway was also built to the Tyumen region Ivdel - Ob. Pipeline transport has developed. The main oil and gas pipelines from Western Siberia to the European regions of Russia and the countries of Eastern and Western Europe pass through the territory of the Urals.

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Agriculture. Agriculture in the Urals specializes in the production of livestock products, grain and potatoes. In the north-west of the region, in the Perm region and Udmurtia, crops of rye, fodder crops, flax and potatoes predominate; Livestock farming has a dairy and meat direction.

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A special pain for the Urals is radiation pollution. Long before Chernobyl, the people of the Urals felt the menacing breath of nuclear death. The Mayak association (Chelyabinsk-65) has been producing nuclear fuel (plutonium) since 1949, located 100 km from Chelyabinsk. In 1957, half of the Chernobyl dose of radiation was released into the air. The radioactive cloud covered an area of 23 thousand km2: cities, towns and villages with a population of 450 thousand people. As a result of a major accident at the Mayak nuclear fuel cycle enterprise, an East Ural Radioactive Trace (EURT) was formed.

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Protecting the Urals from environmental disaster: creating an effective structure for state management of environmental protection; development of methods for economic assessment of negative environmental consequences, improvement of the licensing system for emissions, discharges of pollutants, and waste disposal; stimulating the development and implementation of effective environmental management systems at enterprises; improvement of economic and financial mechanisms for environmental protection, development of the market for environmental works and services; increasing the efficiency of state environmental assessment, environmental impact assessment procedures and a number of others.

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The Law of the Russian Federation “On the Protection of the Natural Environment,” adopted in 1991, defines the following types of specially protected natural areas. 1. State natural reserves - natural complexes (land, subsoil, water, flora and fauna), forever withdrawn from economic use and not subject to withdrawal for any other purposes, having environmental, scientific, environmental and educational significance as standards of the natural environment , typical or rare landscapes, places where the genetic fund of plants and animals is preserved. 2. State natural reserves are natural complexes designed for the conservation and reproduction of certain types of natural resources in combination with the limited and coordinated use of other types of natural resources. 3. National natural parks are natural complexes that have ecological, genetic, scientific, environmental, educational, and recreational significance as typical or rare landscapes, habitats for communities of wild plants and animals, places of recreation, tourism, excursions, and public education. 4. Natural monuments are unique natural objects and natural complexes that have relict, scientific, historical, environmental and educational significance and require state protection. 5. Resort and health-improving areas are specially protected territories and areas of water that have natural healing properties, mineral springs, climatic and other conditions favorable for the treatment and prevention of diseases. 6. Green zones - territories around cities and industrial settlements that perform environmental protection (environment-forming, ecological), sanitary, hygienic and recreational functions, allocated to suburban green zones, including forest park protective belts.

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Oh, man! Listen to the planet! Listen to the pulse and heart of the Earth. She is sick and moans like the wind, And asks us: “Save and preserve!”

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Environmental problems of the Urals.

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Currently, the leading industries are heavy, energy and transport engineering. Ural factories produce equipment for the metallurgical and mining industries, turbines, generators, railway cars, cars, trams, motorcycles, buses, river boats, etc. Orenburg, Orsk, Izhevsk and Kurgan have become major centers of mechanical engineering.

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Sectors of market specialization also include forestry, wood processing and wood chemical industries. The main forest resources of the region are located in the north, within the Perm and Sverdlovsk regions. The main centers of sawmilling are Ivdel, Perm, Yekaterinburg. The timber chemical and pulp and paper industries have developed. In the interregional division of social labor, the Urals also stands out for its developed building materials industry, which operates on local non-metallic raw materials. Cement factories are located in Nizhny Tagil, Magnitogorsk, Nevyansk, Katav-Ivanovsk, Novotroitsk, Emanzhelinsk, etc. The Urals are the main producer of asbestos and products made from it, as well as refractory bricks, facing and other materials

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Oh, man! Listen to the planet! Listen to the pulse and heart of the Earth. She is sick and moans like the wind, And asks us: “Save and preserve!”

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Thank you for your attention!

Environmental problems of the Urals

1) Deforestation 2) Air pollution 3) Landfills 4) Water pollution 5) Soil pollution and erosion 6) Radiation pollution Plan

The modern Urals are a place of industrial production, agricultural land and mining enterprises. This is what causes a large number of environmental problems in the Urals. Modern Ural

The city of Karabash, located in the Southern Urals, 90 km northwest of Chelyabinsk, has been declared an environmental disaster zone. Near the Karabash copper smelter, the lead content in soils reached 30-220 MPC, copper - 10 MPC or more. The total weight of emissions from the copper smelter for the full period of operation amounted to more than 14 million tons.

Open-pit mining and the creation of new industrial enterprises lead to the destruction and systematic deforestation of forests.

The most important future problem is the improvement of the environmental situation in the Urals. There are microdistricts here that are zones of environmental disaster, especially in the Chelyabinsk and Sverdlovsk regions. It is necessary to develop a special federal target program for the economic development of the Urals. Air pollution

The relatively high urban population density contributes to the emergence of numerous landfills. Landfills

The widespread development of industrial production in the Urals leads to pollution of water bodies with wastewater Water pollution

Solid and liquid particles released into the atmosphere settle on the soil. In the vicinity of mining industry enterprises, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, the content of heavy metals in soils exceeds the MPC (maximum permissible concentrations) by 50-2000 times. In steppe and forest-steppe areas, the problem of soil erosion is acute. Soil changes

As a result of a major accident at the Mayak association near Chelyabinsk in 1957, half of the Chernobyl radiation dose was released into the air. The radioactive cloud covered an area of 23 thousand km 2 with a population of 450 thousand people and spread to the northeast in the form of a 300-kilometer stripes. Radiation pollution

A serious danger to the ecology of the Kurgan region and Udmurtia is posed by chemical weapons stored here, some of which are highly toxic substances. The threat is increasing every day, as metal containers and ammunition containing toxic substances undergo corrosion over time, resulting in an increased risk of leakage of toxic substances. Chemical pollution of the Urals

1) Improving technologies for the exploitation of natural resources 2) Construction of treatment facilities at plants and factories 3) Creation of nature reserves and wildlife sanctuaries 4) Complete (if possible) waste disposal How to deal with this

Simakov Alexander (8a grade) worked on the presentation

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Water pollution from industrial and domestic discharges. In 1996, 937.5 million cubic meters were discharged into the rivers of the region. m of wastewater, of which there are 775 million cubic meters. m (82.7%) were contaminated. Here is how these runoffs were distributed across river basins: As can be seen from the table, the main water pollutants are organic substances, the processing of which requires oxygen. In water, organic matter is processed by bacteria that absorb oxygen. In this case, the oxygen reserves in the water are naturally depleted and oxygen starvation occurs, which is disastrous for all living things. Inorganic chemicals dissolved in water - acids, salts, compounds of toxic (heavy) metals - lead, copper, zinc, mercury and others can cause great harm. High levels of these substances can harm fish populations and other aquatic fauna; can reduce crop yields in fields (when irrigated), increase corrosion of metals and, finally, cause poisoning of people and animals.

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Pollution of lakes in the region. Lakes, with the exception of those located within the boundaries of Chelyabinsk and Kopeisk, do not experience such man-made pressure as rivers. Wastewater from Chelyabinsk enterprises and polluted stormwater from city streets are discharged into some of these lakes (they usually account for 7-10% of the volume of all wastewater). One of the serious reasons for the deterioration of the condition of the most beautiful Ural lakes is the forced withdrawal of water to meet the needs of large industrial centers - Chelyabinsk and Miass. As a result of pumping, the water level in lakes Turgoyak and Uvildy has dropped significantly and autumn is recovering slowly, which affects the state of the lake fauna and flora. It is very dangerous to pollute surface waters with pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and helminths that enter the water from sewer systems and with wastewater from livestock farms. Lake Turgoyak Lake Uvildy

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Consequences of mineral development The beginning of the development of mineral wealth in the Southern Urals dates back to the Bronze Age. Copper began to be mined approximately 4 thousand years ago. The largest ancient mine known to us today was Kargalinsky, located near Orenburg. Here, ancient miners mined ore sandstones containing copper minerals such as chalcopyrite, bornite and malachite. The copper content in these ores reached 8-10% or more. The creation of large quarries and mine fields is accompanied by the activation of various engineering-geological and physical-chemical processes: - deformations of the sides of the quarry and landslides occur; - subsidence of the earth's surface occurs over worked-out mine fields. In rocks it can reach tens of millimeters, in weak sedimentary rocks - tens of centimeters and even meters; - in areas adjacent to mine workings the processes of soil erosion and gully formation are intensifying; - in mine workings and dumps, weathering processes are activated many times over, intensive oxidation of ore minerals and their leaching occurs, many times faster than in nature, migration of chemical elements occurs; - within a radius of several hundred meters, and sometimes kilometers, soil contamination occurs with heavy metals during transportation, wind and water distribution; soils are also contaminated with petroleum products, construction and industrial waste. Ultimately, a wasteland is created around large mining cities where vegetation cannot survive. For example, the development of magnesites in Satka led to the death of pine forests within a radius of up to 40 km. Dust containing magnesium entered the soil and changed the alkaline-acid balance. The soils changed from acidic to slightly alkaline. In addition, quarry dust seemed to cement the needles and leaves of plants, which caused their depletion and an increase in dead spaces. Ultimately, the forests died.

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Among the natural resources of the Urals, the most important are its mineral resources. The Urals have long been the country's largest mining and metallurgical base. Back in the 16th century, deposits of rock salt and sandstone containing copper were known on the western outskirts of the Urals. In the 17th century, quite numerous iron deposits became known and ironworks appeared. Placers of gold and deposits of platinum were found in the mountains, and precious stones were found on the eastern slope. The skill of searching for ore, smelting metal, making weapons and artistic items from it, and processing gems was passed on from generation to generation. Unfortunately, the main mineral reserves of the Urals (in particular, precious stones) are currently depleted.

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Oh, man! Listen to the planet! Listen to the pulse and heart of the Earth. She is sick and moans like the wind, And asks us: “Save and preserve!”

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Presentation on the topic: Environmental problems of the Urals

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Sectors of market specialization also include forestry, wood processing and wood chemical industries. The main forest resources of the region are located in the north, within the Perm and Sverdlovsk regions. The main centers of sawmilling are Ivdel, Perm, Yekaterinburg. The timber chemical and pulp and paper industries have developed. In the interregional division of social labor, the Urals also stands out for its developed building materials industry, which operates on local non-metallic raw materials. Cement factories are located in Nizhny Tagil, Magnitogorsk, Nevyansk, Katav-Ivanovsk, Novotroitsk, Emanzhelinsk, etc. The Urals are the main producer of asbestos and products made from it, as well as refractory bricks, facing and other materials

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Oh, man! Listen to the planet! Listen to the pulse and heart of the Earth. She is sick and moans like the wind, And asks us: “Save and preserve!”

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