Labor productivity as an economic category characterizes the effectiveness of living labor costs (labor costs) to create products within a certain period of time34. Features of accounting for the results and resources of labor at the macro, meso and macro levels determine different approaches to the statistical study of labor productivity (Fig. 5.7).

The main directions of statistical study of labor productivity are the assessment of its level, dynamics and factor analysis of these dynamics in order to identify possible growth reserves.

Direct level characteristic labor productivity at an enterprise is the volume of products produced per unit of working time (hour, shift, month, year), and the reverse is the amount of working time spent on producing a unit of product. The last indicator is usually called labor intensity of products.

The variety of units for measuring the volume of manufactured products and the corresponding costs of working time at enterprises led to the use of various methods for calculating labor productivity, namely: natural, cost and labor.

Rice. 5.7. V

natural method measuring the level and dynamics of labor productivity, the volume of production ($) is determined in natural or conditionally natural units. The advantages of this method are the most accurate measurement of the level of production, devoid of the influence of the price factor on the volume of manufactured products. At the same time, in the practice of economic and statistical analysis, this method has limited use in enterprises that produce different products that do not belong to the circle of statistical units being surveyed.

labor method measuring labor productivity, the volume of products produced is determined by multiplying the number of units produced by a fixed labor intensity (standard, average). This method involves the enterprise using a system of generally accepted or internally developed labor cost standards and a well-established labor accounting system. As a rule, labor productivity indicators are used in relation to the workplace, site, workshop of enterprises producing heterogeneous products, as well as in those enterprises that have significant volumes of work in progress, which are not measured in natural and cost units.

Universal in economic practice, and accordingly the most common in enterprises, is cost method accounting for labor results and productivity.

A complete list of labor productivity indicators that can be used at the enterprise level, taking into account methods for accounting for results and labor costs, is given in Table. 5.12.

Despite the content of statistical reporting on labor, the most generalized and widespread in the practice of statistical study of labor productivity is the indicator of production or sales of products per one employee of the enterprise. It can be further determined by calculation and analyzed based on the following functional models:

where ^rob~ the share of r^ workers in the average number of employees of the enterprise; ^d"i - the average number of days worked by one worker per year; N hours/day - average working day during the year, hours.

Table 5.12

The dynamics of labor productivity are analyzed using the index method. According to the nature of the indicators that are compared, labor productivity indices are divided into individual, aggregate and average values.

Using individual indices, you can evaluate changes in labor productivity at a specific enterprise:

where o)|, a>0 - labor productivity at the enterprise, respectively, in the reporting and base periods.

Composite indices are used to analyze labor productivity of groups of enterprises or within an enterprise that produces heterogeneous products.

There are three methods for calculating general indices: 1. Natural method - makes it possible to evaluate the dynamics of average labor productivity, expressed in natural units of measurement:

Labor method - evaluates the relative dynamics of labor productivity by comparing the cost of working time for the production of the same type of product:

where r0£; - the time required to produce products in the reporting period based on the labor intensity of the base period; - time spent on production of products in the reporting period.

Academician Strumilin’s index is also calculated using this method:

Where THOSE- man-hours or man-days actually worked by the enterprise’s workers in the reporting period; / - individual labor productivity index at a specific enterprise.

Cost method provides for an assessment of the dynamics of labor productivity, previously calculated by the cost method:

Note that in order to minimize the influence of the price factor in the analysis of labor productivity dynamics, it is important to fix product prices at the level of one (base) period or use average prices.

Taking into account the indicators of results and labor inputs provided for by statistical work programs in Ukraine, indices of labor productivity dynamics in certain types of economic activity and sectors of the economy can be calculated using the formula

where / is the composite index of labor productivity (in industry, agriculture, construction, etc.); Induction- index of physical volume of production (index of industrial production, construction, agriculture, etc.); IT(SKP)- index of actual working hours or the average number of employees in full-time equivalent.

Example 5.10. According to the statistical yearbooks of Ukraine, a table has been compiled with indicators of the dynamics (indices) of industrial production, the average number of workers in full-time equivalent (calculated value), on the basis of which the labor productivity index in industry can be calculated.

Table 5.13. c Calculation of labor productivity indices for one hired worker in Ukrainian industry, percent of the previous year

Note. Compiled and calculated on the basis of the statistical collection of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine "Industry of Ukraine in 2007-2010." .

To analyze the dynamics of average labor productivity for a group of enterprises or within one enterprise for a group of homogeneous products, a system of indexes of average labor productivity of variable composition, fixed composition and structural changes is used.

In general, the average labor productivity for a group of enterprises is determined by the formula

Variable Composition Index shows how the average labor productivity for a group of enterprises changed over two periods due to the simultaneous influence of such factors:

Individual changes in labor productivity at individual enterprises;

Changes in the structure of working time costs at the enterprises under study or in the structure of employed workers (if T is the average number of workers at the enterprise):

Fixed Composition Index reflects the influence of individual changes in labor productivity at each enterprise (the first factor) on its overall average level in the group of enterprises:

Index of structural changes characterizes the impact of changes in the structure of working time costs or employed workers on the level of average labor productivity for a group of enterprises:

So, the fixed composition index reflects the effectiveness of enterprises’ internal efforts aimed at improving the use of labor, and the structural change index reflects the effectiveness of the redistribution of labor or working hours between enterprises.

In factor analysis of labor productivity dynamics, it is important to distinguish between indicators such as average hourly, average daily, average monthly, and average annual labor productivity. Each of the following indicators in the above list has a larger number of possible growth factors. For example, the main factors for the growth of hourly labor productivity are the capital ratio and personnel qualifications. Daily, monthly and annual productivity depend on the level of staff workload, work organization, effective use of working time, and the amount of time lost. The combination of the main listed factors of labor productivity dynamics makes it possible to use the following multiplicative model:

Where X capital ratio; XI - capital return; AZ is the time actually worked by one employee.

In multiplicative models like in = a X b X With calculation of the level of influence of factors a, b, c changes in the effective indicator y (by the method of deterministic factor analysis, in particular chain substitutions), can be depicted using a system of equations:

Where Aw, Ay, Aus- changes in the value of the performance indicator as a result of the influence of relevant factors, b, p.

Determination of the influence of individual factors in multiplicative and multiple type models

in the index method it is based on the construction of partial indexes with sequential chain changes. The calculation of private indices is carried out using the formulas:

If we determine the difference between the product of the indicators that are presented in the numerator and denominator of the above formulas, we will obtain absolute increases in the effective indicator as a whole and due to each factor separately, i.e. as when using the chain substitution method.

Example 5.11 . In table Table 5.14 shows the results of calculating input data and factor analysis of labor productivity dynamics.

Table 5.14. V

The results obtained on the basis of pre-calculated values ​​of factor indicators in the multiplicative model of labor productivity and the use of the index method and the method of chain substitutions are presented in table. 5.15.

Table 5.15. V Factors of productivity dynamics for a group of enterprises and assessment of their impact

Deterministic factor analysis of productivity dynamics showed that due to capital-labor ratio, labor productivity increased by 299.7 UAH (per person-hour) or more than 3 times (3.254). This is due to a corresponding increase in the material assets of enterprises: the average annual value of fixed assets in the reporting year compared to the base year increased almost 3 times, while the number of employees decreased by 6.5% (Table 5.7).

Factors such as a decrease in capital productivity and the level of use of working time had a negative impact on labor productivity.

The decrease in the volume of products sold during the period under study due to the simultaneous increase in production capacity (increase in the cost of fixed assets) led to a decrease in capital productivity. As a result, labor productivity decreased by UAH 164.36, or 38.0%.

A decrease in working hours worked by one employee during the year indicates the existence of a problem of underemployment, which, accordingly, affects labor productivity. During the period under study, due to this factor, labor productivity decreased by 11,102 UAH per one man-hour worked, or by 4.1%.

So, the key factor in the growth of labor productivity over the period under study was the increase in the capital-labor ratio. At the same time, a significant lag in the rate of product sales from the rate of increase in fixed assets indicates that enterprises are not operating at full capacity. Further confirmation of this There is reducing the level of use of working time by employees.

Statistical assessments of the level and dynamics of labor productivity on a national scale and in individual sectors of the economy are carried out on the basis of the ratio of gross or net added value and living labor costs, expressed by the average number of employed workers or the number of man-hours worked. Indicators of gross or net added value are determined in prices of one (base) period, which makes it possible to eliminate the influence of the price factor on the dynamics of production volumes, and, accordingly, labor productivity.

In international statistical practice, at the macro level, dividing the hourly wage index by the labor productivity index (in the numerator - GDP or added value) calculates the labor cost index per unit of output or unit of added value (in the general case, the ratio of the dynamics of labor costs and the dynamics of GDP or added value). This indicator is related to the price level and the share of wages in expenses, so it plays an important role in the analysis of economic conditions and possible causes of inflation.

Characterized by labor productivity indicators.

Labor productivity is an economic category that expresses the degree of fruitfulness of people’s purposeful activities in the production of material and spiritual goods.

Labor productivity is determined by the amount of products (volume of work) produced by an employee per unit of time (hour, shift, quarter, year) or the amount of time spent on producing a unit of product (performing a specific job).

Labor productivity is calculated through a system of indicators of output and labor intensity. Output is calculated as the quotient of dividing the volume of work performed (products produced) by the number of employees (labor costs). Labor intensity— dividing labor costs (number of workers) by the volume of work (products). Indicators of production and labor intensity can be calculated in monetary terms, in standard hours, in physical terms and in conditionally natural terms. Output characterizes the volume of work (products) per unit of strength, and labor intensity characterizes labor costs per unit of production (work).

Labor productivity changes under the influence of factors that can be external to the enterprise and internal.

External factors include:

• natural— in difficult natural conditions (fog, heat, cold, humidity), labor productivity decreases;
• political- by the will of the state, capital is accumulated in the hands of a few, which leads to a massive reluctance to work;
• general economic— credit, tax policy, systems of permits (licenses) and quotas, freedom of entrepreneurship, etc.

Internal factors:

• change in volume and structure;
• application of achievements of science and technology in production;
• improving the organization of production and management at the enterprise;
• improving the organization and stimulation of work.

When determining labor productivity, one should distinguish between normative (time spent according to current standards); planned (planned costs per unit of production) and actual labor intensity of products (this is the actual time spent).

Depending on the circle of workers whose labor is included in the labor intensity, a distinction is made between production (labor costs of the main workers), full (main + auxiliary workers) and total labor intensity (the entire industrial production enterprise).

The enterprise may have reserves for labor productivity growth- these are unused opportunities for intensification, for quantitative and qualitative increase in personnel and production potential, etc. Reserves are divided into current and future.

The use of enterprise personnel depends on management’s ability to influence the employee’s ability to work in order to direct them in the direction necessary for the company.

Personnel management consists of:

• in the gradual process of identifying staffing needs, planning to meet those needs through recruitment and placement;
• in the process of training, advanced training and retraining of personnel in accordance with the changing conditions of production and sales of products and works (services) by the enterprise;
• in improving the organization and working conditions worthy of modern production;
• in ensuring the movement of personnel both horizontally (expanding the range of specialties mastered, the number of units serviced, etc.) and vertically (assigning regular or extraordinary tariff grades, classes, categories, ranks and occupying higher positions;
• in the development of forms of mentoring and apprenticeship;
• in creating comfortable social and psychological working conditions for everyone and the team as a whole.

Labor productivity statistics and analysis

Labor productivity— characteristic of the effectiveness of productive activities over a certain period of time.

Productivity levels can be measured using output and labor intensity.

Output

The inverse indicator is labor intensity (t)

Therefore, the output can be calculated as:

• Average hourly output. It is the ratio of the volume of output produced to the number of man-hours worked during a given period of time.
• Average daily output. Shows how much production was produced each day over a certain period of time. In order to calculate the average daily production time, it is necessary to divide the volume of products produced by the number of man-days spent on the production of a given volume (production time of a given volume).
• Average monthly output. It is the ratio of the volume of products produced per month to the average number of workers. The output for a quarter or a year can be calculated similarly.

Let's look at labor productivity statistics using the example of solving a problem

Define:

1. coefficients of the dynamics of the average annual output of workers for each enterprise that is part of the concern and for the totality of enterprises.
2. the impact on changes in production of changes in the efficiency of personnel use at each enterprise and the personnel structure;

Average annual output = Volume of products produced per year / Average number of workers

• SGV_1_0 = 150,000 rubles / 300 people = 500 rubles/person
• SGV_1_1 = 204,000 rubles / 400 people = 510 rubles/person
• DSGV_1 = 510/500 = 1.02

Compared to the previous period, in the reporting period the first enterprise increased its average annual output by 2%.

• SGV_2_0 = 500,000 rub / 200 people = 2500 rub/person
• SGV_2_1 = 1,040,000 rubles / 400 people = 2,600 rubles/person
• DSGV_2 = 2600/2500 = 1.02

Compared to the previous period, in the reporting period the second enterprise increased its average annual output by 2%

Now we count for the concern as a whole.

SGV_0 = 650000 / 500 =1300 rub/person

SGV_1 = 1244000 / 800 = 1555 rub/person

DSGV = 1555 / 1300 = 1.19

The overall productivity (average annual output) for the concern increased by 19%.

2. Use indexes

Let's check the correctness of the indexes. To do this, the sum of the individual indices must equal the change in the overall index.

Labor productivity analysis

Analysis of labor productivity is expressed by the following indicators:

• summary indicators: average annual, average daily, average hourly production per worker, as well as average annual production per worker. These indicators are determined by dividing the volume of production in rubles or in standard hours by the number of workers or all industrial production personnel;
• private indicators reflect the time spent on producing a unit of product or show how much product of a particular type in physical terms is produced per unit of time;
• auxiliary indicators give an idea of ​​the time spent on performing a unit of any work or the volume of work performed per unit of time.

Labor productivity is influenced by two groups of factors:

• extensive factors, i.e. use of working time;
• intensive factors, i.e. reducing the labor intensity of manufacturing products through the introduction of new technology, mechanization and automation of production processes, improving technology and organization of production, implementing organizational and technical measures aimed at reducing the labor intensity of manufacturing products.

The most important factors for increasing labor productivity are intensive, i.e. reducing the labor intensity of manufacturing products. Labor intensity represents the cost of working time to produce a unit of product or its total volume.

Influence of individual factors on average output:

On average number of days hours worked by one worker per year is affected by all-day downtime, absences from work with the permission of the administration, due to illness, absenteeism;

On average working day intra-shift downtime, shorter working hours for teenagers and nursing mothers, and overtime work have an impact. When analyzing, it is necessary to identify the causes of any unjustified losses of working time and outline ways to eliminate these causes;

On average hourly output per worker influence: fulfillment of production standards by piece workers, changes in the structure of production, i.e. the share of products with different labor intensity and price, implementation of organizational and technical measures aimed at reducing the labor intensity of manufacturing products.

Labor productivity planning

Labor productivity planning- part of the performance management process, which involves strategic and operational planning, organization, management and ongoing monitoring of the implementation of activities aimed at improving productivity.

Labor productivity planning methods:

Direct counting method— provides the opportunity to calculate the reduction in the number of personnel under the influence of specific organizational measures and the corresponding increase in labor productivity.

1. The planned number of personnel for individual categories is determined, taking into account its possible reduction as a result of planned activities.
2. Based on the calculated planned number of personnel and planned production output, the level of labor productivity and the rate of its growth compared to the base period are determined.

Factorial method— involves identifying factors that influence the level and growth of labor productivity and assessing their impact.

1. Initially, the basic number of personnel for the planned period is determined, subject to maintaining basic labor productivity.
2. The expected change in the number of personnel under the influence of each of the selected factors is calculated by comparing labor costs for the planned volume of production under planned and basic conditions.
3. The total change in the base number and increase in labor productivity in the planning period.

Factors of labor productivity growth

Scientific and technical	Organizational	Structural	Social
Introduction of new equipment and technologies Mechanization and automation of production Change in fleet structure or equipment modernization Changes in product design, quality of raw materials, use of new types of materials Other factors	Increasing standards and service areas Specialization of production and expansion of supply volumes Change in real working time Reducing losses from defective products Reducing the number of workers who do not comply with standards. Other factors	Change in production volume Changes in the share of certain types of products and individual industries in the total volume. Other factors	Change in the quality level of personnel Changing workers' attitudes towards work Changes in working conditions Other factors

, senior lecturer at the Department of Statistics, Arkhangelsk branch of the All-Russian Federal Institute of Economics and Economics

LABOR PRODUCTIVITY STATISTICS

Problems of statistical study of labor productivity. . Labor productivity indicators in certain sectors of the economy. Analysis of labor productivity dynamics. Studying the dynamics of average labor productivity for a set of units. Factor analysis of labor productivity. Analysis of the influence of productivity dynamics on the dynamics of labor costs. Studying the impact of changes in labor productivity on the volume of products produced. Correlation and regression analysis in the analysis of labor productivity. System of performance indicators in international statistics. International comparisons of labor productivity

1. Objectives of statistical study of labor productivity

The level of labor productivity is one of the most important indicators characterizing the efficiency of social production.

Labor productivity is the degree of efficiency of the purposeful activities of people, reflecting the ability to produce a certain volume of use values ​​per unit of working time. Labor efficiency should be understood as employees achieving the best results at the lowest cost.

At the micro level, the main tasks of labor productivity analysis include:

· Establishing the level of labor productivity in the enterprise, workshops and workplaces;

· comparison of the obtained indicators with indicators of previous periods, with planned and achieved at similar enterprises or workshops;

· study of labor productivity dynamics;

· determination of intensive and extensive factors of labor productivity growth and, on this basis, identification, classification and calculation of the influence of factors;

· study of the quality of applied production standards, their implementation and impact on the growth of labor productivity;

· identifying reserves for further growth of labor productivity and calculating their impact on product dynamics.

Economics began to study the problems of productivity in earnest at the end of the 19th century. In the United States in 1891, labor productivity began to be calculated as the average output per production worker in physical terms. These indicators were determined by the most important types of products manufactured in individual homogeneous industries. Then, the development of calculations of product indicators and labor costs in other industries and sectors of the economy made it possible to calculate labor productivity indicators not only in physical terms, but also in monetary terms, and not only in industry, but also in other sectors of the economy, including the service sector. Work is beginning to compare the level of labor productivity in individual sectors of the economy, as well as to study its dynamics.

At the first stages, productivity was studied as labor productivity, then the concept of global productivity, which treats labor productivity as private productivity, similar to the productivity of other factors of production, became generally accepted. With the emergence and development of the national accounting system in the post-war period, work began on the study of labor productivity at the level of the industry and the economy as a whole, as well as international comparisons.

In economic practice, the level of labor productivity is characterized through indicators of output (labor productivity itself) and labor intensity. These indicators are inversely related to each other. Labor intensity characterizes the labor costs for producing a unit of product. Output is called a direct indicator of labor productivity, since the greater its value, the higher productivity. Labor intensity is considered an inverse indicator, since as the labor intensity of manufactured products increases, labor productivity decreases. A reduction in the labor intensity of products and services can occur not only due to technical progress, but also due to the compaction of working time, that is, by eliminating unproductive losses of working time and increasing labor intensity.

Output (labor productivity) is the ratio of products and costs. In this case, the quantity of production and costs can be assessed using different indicators. Thus, the following are used as product indicators:

· cost volume of produced, shipped, sold products;

· gross, marketable output and other similar indicators (they include not only the value newly created in the current period at a given enterprise, but also the value created at other enterprises and transferred to the product in a given period);

· indicators characterizing the part of the product created by the labor of the employees of a given enterprise, i.e. without taking into account the costs of raw materials, fuel and other elements of intermediate consumption and depreciation of fixed assets (indicators of “added” products) - these are gross value added, net production, etc. P.

Costs mean either the costs of living labor (then this is an indicator of labor productivity in the narrow sense), or total costs, i.e., the sum of the costs of living and embodied labor (labor productivity in the broad sense).

2. Labor productivity indicators

In Russian statistics, productivity refers only to the productivity of concrete living labor (labor productivity in the narrow sense) - output (full or added) per unit of living labor input. Discussions about the feasibility and possibility of accounting for materialized labor have been ongoing in Russia since the 20s of the 20th century. In the 50s and subsequent years, academicians, professors and others proposed accounting for the “full factory cost” as the sum of the cost and payments for resources (payment for funds, interest on loans, etc.), i.e., the entire range of enterprise expenses for manufacturing products. However, these recommendations have not been translated into practical developments. Currently, the overwhelming majority of Russian economists believe that productivity characterizes the ratio of production results and living labor costs, and economic efficiency is the ratio of production results to living and embodied labor costs.

The costs of living labor are expressed in terms of either the average number of workers or the number of man-hours worked.

Until the end of the 50s. When calculating labor productivity in Russia, only the labor costs of workers were taken into account. Since the 60s. the labor costs of all categories of production workers are taken into account (in industry - industrial production personnel; in agriculture - workers engaged in livestock and crop production; in construction - workers engaged in construction and installation work, in auxiliary industries, etc. .).

As indicators of production results, depending on the specific conditions of the enterprise, the level of generalization, the availability of an information base and analytical purposes, natural, conditionally natural and cost indicators of products are used. In accordance with this, natural, labor and cost methods of measuring labor productivity are distinguished.

The system of labor productivity indicators is presented in table 1:

Table 1

Methodology for calculating labor productivity

	Indicators, characterizing performance labor	In fraction:
numerator	denominator
	Natural labor productivity indicators	Production products in kind	Time spent on production of products
	Conditionally natural labor productivity indicators	Production of products in conditionally - natural units	Time spent on production of products
	Cost indicators of labor productivity	Gross value added, gross output	Time spent production workers
	Labor intensity	Time spent on production of products	Production of products in physical terms

Natural and conditionally natural product indicators make it possible to determine the level and dynamics of labor productivity for certain types of homogeneous products. They are widely used to characterize labor productivity for the most important types of products. The advantage of this method is ease of calculation, clarity, and objectivity in measuring the level of labor productivity. But it can only be used at enterprises, sites, industries, and in industries where homogeneous products are produced or where labor time costs are recorded for each type of product produced. This method is used in transport enterprises; the useful result of the work is expressed in conventionally natural units.

Product cost indicators make it possible to obtain general characteristics of labor productivity by enterprise, economic sector and economic region. The cost method is the most universal, it allows you to measure labor productivity in the production of heterogeneous products, and provides summary data on industries, territories and the economy as a whole. When using monetary measures of production to study the dynamics of labor productivity or to characterize the implementation of plan targets, it is necessary to eliminate the influence of price changes, i.e., use data on the cost of manufactured products in comparable prices.

Labor productivity indicators are based on measuring the volume of products produced in standard working hours. Labor productivity indicators are determined by one or more types of homogeneous products. The co-measurement of various types of products or work is the standard labor intensity, which reflects the labor costs to produce a unit of product. Labor productivity is determined by:

where q is the number of units of each type of product;

tН – time standard per unit of product of each type,

ST – time worked during a given period.

The fraction on the right side shows production in standard hours per unit of actual working time; essentially, it is the inverse indicator of the fulfillment of production standards.

The labor method provides the ability to measure labor productivity when producing products of different names, while isolating the influence of all factors that do not depend on workers (the cost of materials consumed).

Labor costs of enterprise employees can be expressed:

· number of man-hours worked;

· number of man-days worked;

· average number of employees per month (quarter, year and

another calendar period).

Depending on how labor costs are measured, the following indicators of output (labor productivity) are distinguished:

· Average hourly output reflects the results of the work of one

worker per hour of actual work. It is equal to the ratio of the volume of products produced to the number of man-hours actually worked during a given period of time

Characterizes the average output of one worker per hour of actual work (excluding intra-shift downtime and breaks, but taking into account overtime work).

· Average daily output. It is equal to the volume ratio

manufactured products to the number of man-days actually worked by all working enterprises.

Characterizes the average output of one worker for one day of actual work (i.e., without taking into account the full-day loss of working time).

Average hourly and average daily output are calculated at the enterprise only for the category of workers. The average actual duration of the working day and working period is determined according to the working time balance.

· Average output over a period of time (monthly average, quarterly average, annual average) of one payroll worker or employee of all personnel directly related to the production of a given product (industrial production personnel). It is equal to the ratio of the volume of production to the average number of workers ( TR) or industrial production personnel ( Chamber of Commerce and Industry) respectively.

In this case, the denominator reflects not costs, but labor reserves.

Various approaches to measuring the level of labor productivity are shown in Fig. 1 .

The following relationships exist between the indicators of hourly, daily and monthly output of one worker enterprise:

Average daily output is related to average hourly:

, (6)

The average output per worker for a period is related to the average daily and average hourly:

Rice. 1 Labor productivity level indicators

The average output of one employee of industrial production personnel for the period is related to the indicators of the average output of workers:

, (8)

where is the output per employee of industrial production personnel for the period;

- the share of workers in the total number of industrial production personnel;

PRP- average actual duration of the working period in man-days (average number of days of actual work per payroll worker for the period);

PRD- average actual working day in man-hours.

As can be seen from the formula, the level and dynamics of production per enterprise employee are influenced by four factors:

average hourly output per worker;

· the share of workers in the total number of employees of the enterprise.

Thus, there is a multifactor multiplicative model of the average output of one employee of industrial production personnel for the period. The above model does not take into account the use of working time within the working day, which does not give an idea of ​​the reserves for increasing labor productivity through better use of working time. Therefore, the average working day is often divided into the average working day and the coefficient of increase in the working day due to overtime work.

Then we get a five-factor multiplicative model of the average labor productivity of an industrial production employee for the period:

Where PRPUR– average working day duration in hours;

The coefficient of increase in the average working day due to overtime work;

ChSU- the number of hours worked in excess of the established working day;

CHUST- the established duration of the working day in hours

In this case, the analysis of the impact of the use of working time on labor productivity is more complete, since shortcomings in the organization of production, which result in the use of overtime work, are indirectly taken into account.

The multiplicative model allows you to evaluate the influence of individual factors on the relative and absolute change in the average labor productivity of industrial production personnel over a period of time using the method of chain statements or arithmetic differences.

3. Labor productivity indicators in some sectors of the economy

Labor productivity indicators in some sectors of the economy are as follows:

· In industry - the volume of production in physical or value terms (commercial products) per employee of industrial production personnel, per man-day or man-hour worked; labor intensity of a unit of production or work. The volume of commercial output depends on the cost of materials; in material-intensive industries this dependence is very significant. Therefore, it is more preferable to express the volume of production by added value (conditionally pure products), which does not include the cost of labor items.

· In transport - with the natural method of measuring labor productivity, the volume of work is expressed by freight turnover in conventional ton-kilometers (in maritime transport - in reduced ton-miles). It correlates with the number of workers employed in transportation; with the average number of all employees of a transport enterprise. With the cost method of measuring labor productivity, all products produced, work performed and services provided are expressed by the total amount of income.

· In construction - the volume of construction and installation work at an estimated cost per employee of construction and production personnel engaged in construction and installation work and in ancillary industries listed on the balance sheet of construction organizations, per one worked man-day or man-day hour;

· A feature of agriculture compared to other sectors of the economy is that labor productivity can be calculated not only based on product indicators, but also at individual stages of agricultural production (for example, the number of hectares harvested and sown). Therefore, in agricultural statistics, a distinction is made between private indicators of labor productivity and general indicators of labor productivity. Private indicators characterize labor productivity in relation to certain types of agricultural work or specific types of agricultural products (for example, the number of harvested hectares per man-day, or the amount of milk produced per man-day. Indicators inverse to private indicators of labor productivity reflect the level and dynamics of: labor intensity of certain types of agricultural work or agricultural products (labor costs for plowing one hectare of land, for producing one centner of milk, for maintaining one head of livestock, etc.) In labor statistics in agriculture, indicators are also widely used , reflecting the quantitative result of the relationship between the volume of work, the area of ​​farmland (arable land, crops), the number of livestock, on the one hand, and the cost of working time, on the other hand. The system of indicators of labor productivity in agriculture includes:

a) general indicators calculated on the basis of cost indicators of products for various levels of agricultural producers (for individual farms, for agricultural enterprises, for branches of agriculture, for crop and livestock production, for agriculture in general). These indicators are defined as the ratio of the cost of production to the corresponding labor costs. Product indicators include gross output, gross added value, and net added value created by agricultural producers; labor costs are expressed in the average number of employees in the relevant agricultural enterprises, in working hours (in addition, there are proposals to also use the indicator of wages of hired workers in farms using hired labor);

b) private indicators of labor productivity for specific types of finished agricultural products. They are calculated as the ratio of the output of specific types of agricultural products in physical terms to the labor costs for the production of these products;

c) private indicators of labor productivity for certain types of agricultural work. These indicators reflect the level and dynamics of the volume of agricultural work per unit of labor input (per worker). They are determined by dividing the total volume of each homogeneous type of agricultural work by the corresponding labor costs.

A pressing methodological problem is the measurement of labor productivity in the service sector. As the economy becomes more service-intensive, labor productivity in this area becomes increasingly decisive for the growth of the economy as a whole.

From the point of view of assessing labor productivity, all services can be divided into three groups:

· services that are characterized by units of output or a simple method of valuation (household services, postal services, car service, etc.). In this case, the procedures for measuring labor productivity should be similar to those used in the production sector;

· services for which the end result is poorly identified and difficult to value (education services, health care, legal services, information services, etc.). In these activities, the theoretical basis of performance measurement is under development and expert proposals;

· services for which labor productivity in the generally accepted economic sense should not be calculated (the sphere of art, literature, cinema).

For example, in a service sector such as tourism, worker productivity can have three indicators:

a) labor productivity in valuation;

b) labor productivity in physical terms;

c) a comprehensive indicator of the dynamics of labor efficiency.

Determining the level of labor productivity of workers based on the labor intensity of products and services has not been widely used in tourism. This indicator is used only for calculating production and maintenance standards.

Labor productivity in valuation is measured by the ratio of revenue from the sale of a tourism product (per month, year) to the average number of employees for the corresponding period.

Labor productivity in physical terms shows how many tourists are served by one average employee of a tourism enterprise or company. It is measured by the ratio of the number of tourists to the average number of workers. Labor productivity in physical terms is of limited use. This indicator cannot be used to characterize the average level of labor productivity for the entirety of the tourism product. Therefore, the level of labor productivity in tourism as a whole is calculated in terms of value.

The term “labor productivity” is used with some convention in the market sphere and denotes turnover per one worker in the trade or service sector (more often it is calculated in relation to employees of the trading floor, service operators), per one person-day worked. This indicator is calculated:

Where W– labor productivity;

Q– trade turnover;

T– number of sales employees;

KTR– labor intensity coefficient (defined empirically as the normative ratio of labor costs for the sale of a unit of goods).

Labor productivity in this area depends on the size of the enterprise and the form of service, the level of mechanization, the level of qualifications of workers, turnover, and market conditions. All other things being equal, large stores have a higher turnover per employee than smaller stores. But this dependence is nonlinear; in the largest enterprises this growth slows down, and from a certain point begins to decline.

The efficiency indicator of living labor costs is calculated using the formula:

Where P- profit.

Traditional methods for measuring labor productivity in domestic practice have been developed and applied only in the production sector and do not cover the service sector. But even in the production sector, labor productivity is calculated either only for all employees of an enterprise, association, industry, or for a category of workers. The labor productivity of engineers, scientists, economists, programmers, managers, marketers, management staff, i.e. the so-called “white collar” workers, is not assessed. At the same time, in recent years, the share of this category of workers in the total number of employees has increased sharply, and for many modern, high-tech enterprises, the cost of paying labor that does not directly affect the material product is becoming predominant. In order to know the reserves for reducing these costs, it is necessary to evaluate their effectiveness. Measuring white-collar labor productivity has its own characteristics:

· “white collar workers” most often perform collective functions,

which does not allow us to talk about individual productivity;

· there is a difficulty in measuring the result of labor

"white collar" When assessing output, it is important to measure not just the result, but the result in the form of a service, which implies high-quality and timely satisfaction of the needs of a specific consumer of the service;

Labor productivity measures should not be aimed at

minimizing costs for the production of services, and improving the quality, timeliness, and usefulness of services;

· since the functions of “white collar” workers are diverse, the criteria

labor productivity are always several indicators, etc.

Despite the ambiguity and, as a consequence, the methodological lack of development of approaches to measuring the activities of “white collar” workers, a number of foreign companies are successfully implementing programs for measuring and increasing the labor productivity of this category of workers, using to assess labor efficiency as a classic ratio of output of the enterprise (or a given group of “white collar workers”). collar workers") and the number of “white collar workers” (the time they worked or the costs of paying for their labor), as well as more specific methods (assessing the effectiveness of certain specific operations, solving local problems facing the group, the usefulness and quality of developments, etc.) .

At domestic enterprises, the sphere of white-collar activity does not yet fall under measurement procedures, and therefore, a significant part of the resources is not analyzed from the point of view of efficiency and identification of reserves.

4. Analysis of labor productivity dynamics

To characterize changes in the level of labor productivity, labor productivity indices are calculated. The labor productivity index is obtained by dividing the level of labor productivity in the current period by the level of labor productivity taken as a comparison basis. With the help of indices, a plan target for the growth of labor productivity is established, the implementation of the plan is monitored, and the dynamics of labor productivity is characterized.

Indices of labor productivity, labor costs and production volume are interrelated, which makes it possible to establish the influence (in percentage and absolute values) of changes in labor productivity and labor costs on changes in production volume. Individual labor productivity index in physical terms (quantity of products produced per unit of time):

, (12)

where v1, v0 - labor productivity in physical terms in the reporting and base periods in individual areas producing homogeneous products;

q1, q0 - production output in physical terms in the reporting and base periods;

Т1, Т0 – labor costs in the reporting and base periods

In this case, the general labor productivity index in aggregate form:

(13)

In the case of the labor method of measuring labor productivity, when the standard value of the labor intensity of a unit of production in standard hours is used as a co-measurer of labor, the general index has the form:

(14)

The labor productivity index shows how the volume of production work, expressed in standard hours, has changed on average per unit of actual time worked.

The use of the labor method to assess labor productivity is possible only where costs are accounted for by individual types of products. The use of this index is possible when the standard labor intensity objectively reflects the necessary labor costs in specific production conditions. For areas of work for which selling prices are not set, this index is the main one. But this index expresses the dynamics of labor productivity only of the main workers, since only the costs of their labor can be directly taken into account in the production of products of each type.

One of the founders of domestic industrial statistics, proposed using the labor intensity of a unit of production of the base period as a labor co-measurer of production, and calculating the labor productivity index based on actual labor intensity using the following formula:

, (15)

where is the labor intensity index.

The index shows how many times the time (labor) cost of producing a product has changed as a result of a change in its labor intensity (labor productivity), or what % was the decrease (increase) in time spent on producing a product due to a change in labor intensity.

Since labor intensity is a measure of productivity, this method of measuring the dynamics of labor productivity is considered theoretically the most justified. This index is used when products of the same composition are produced in both periods being compared (i.e., there are no assortment shifts). The difference between the numerator and denominator of this index allows us to determine the absolute savings (additional costs) of working time due to an increase (decrease) in labor productivity.

The difference between the numerator and denominator of this formula shows how many man-hours the total labor costs for producing a product have changed as a result of a change in the labor intensity of its production:

The coincidence of indices calculated based on standard and actual labor intensity is not necessary. This depends on differences in the ratios of standard and actual labor intensity by type of product.

The individual labor productivity index according to the inverse indicator (by labor intensity) has the form:

where t is the time spent on producing a unit of production (labor intensity of a unit of production).

The index shows how many times the labor intensity of producing a unit of one type of product in the base period is higher than in the reporting period.

The labor method of measuring labor productivity is used when calculating indicators of compliance with production standards by piece workers. Compliance with production standards is a characteristic of the growth of labor productivity of individual workers, teams, sections, and workshops.

Successful fulfillment of production standards by individual workers ensures an increase in labor productivity throughout the enterprise as a whole. The percentage of fulfillment of production standards is calculated by dividing the time based on the standards for the amount of work performed by the time actually spent on this work.

The degree of compliance with standards in the manufacture of products of different names is determined by the index:

(18)

However, on the basis of this general formula, in practice two indicators of meeting production standards are calculated: shift and hourly.

The indicator of fulfillment of shift production standards, in practice called the percentage of fulfillment of standards by calendar (shift) time, reflects the degree of fulfillment of production standards in the actual production conditions, i.e. in the presence of all organizational problems in production (defects not caused by the worker, intra-shift downtime , transfer to part-time work, deviations from normal working conditions, etc.). The formula for this indicator is:

, (19)

where is the number of units of suitable products of each type;

Basic time standard per unit of production;

Additional standard time per unit of production;

The total number of man-hours spent on correcting defects that were not the fault of the worker;

The total number of piecework man-hours worked;

The total number of man-hours of downtime due to no fault of the worker;

The total number of man-hours diverted to temporary work.

The indicator of fulfillment of hourly production standards, otherwise called the percentage of fulfillment of standards for actually worked time, is calculated in order to determine what would be the degree of fulfillment of production standards by a worker if there were no organizational problems in his work that were not dependent on him (defects, downtime , switching to time-based work). Its formula is as follows:

(20)

where is the number of units of defective products through no fault of the worker.

Comparison of performance indicators for shift and hourly production standards makes it possible to reveal untapped reserves for growth in labor productivity.

The main type of general labor productivity index is cost:

, (21)

where w is labor productivity in value terms,

Q = qpC - production volume in value terms,

pс - comparable unit price.

This method is universal. Since it can be applied at any enterprise, as well as at higher levels of generalization - at the level of industry, region, and economy as a whole. The problem in calculating this index is the comparability of prices, since prices can be formed in different ways.

In each production unit, production volumes can be recorded in different units (natural, labor, cost). To avoid the need to recalculate labor productivity in all departments into indicators using any one method, use the arithmetic average of the individual labor productivity index (Academician Strumilin’s index):

where iw is the individual labor productivity index for each division of the company,

T1 - labor costs in departments in the reporting period, they are the weight in this formula.

Since the number of workers is a universal indicator in this case, and also to calculate the index it is necessary to know not the level of labor productivity in each department, but its index, then the Strumilin index can be calculated even if in the departments for which it is considered, various methods of measuring labor productivity are used - labor, natural, cost. The peculiarity of this index is its dependence on the cost structure in the reporting period. If there are sharp changes in labor costs for individual production units in the periods being compared, the results of calculating summary indicators of labor productivity for the enterprise as a whole using the cost method and the Strumilin method may differ significantly due to the influence of structural changes in the distribution of personnel among individual production units.

To assess the dynamics of labor productivity of workers in the field of tourism services, it is proposed to use a comprehensive indicator of the dynamics of labor efficiency, which means the level of efficiency in the use of labor in this industry (region). It represents the geometric mean value of the product of labor productivity indices in monetary and physical valuation, calculated for the same period:

, (23)

where KP is a complex indicator of the dynamics of labor efficiency, %;

Index of changes in labor productivity in valuation, %;

Index of changes in labor productivity in physical terms, %.

5. Study of the dynamics of average labor productivity for a set of units

System of interrelated indices of average labor productivity using the cost method:

, (25)

Where - the index of average labor productivity characterizes the simultaneous influence on the dynamics of average labor productivity of changes in labor productivity for individual units of the population and changes in the structure of labor costs.

The index of structural changes characterizes the impact of structural changes in total labor costs for a set of production units - an increase (decrease) in the share of labor costs of production units with different levels of productivity on the dynamics of average labor productivity:

(26)

The labor productivity index of a fixed composition characterizes the impact of changes in individual labor productivity for individual units of the population on the dynamics of average labor productivity:

(27)

The difference between the numerator and denominator of the corresponding index shows the absolute change in average labor productivity under the influence of both factors together or each factor separately. There is also a relationship between absolute increases in average labor productivity:

where is the absolute change in average labor productivity due to changes in the structure of labor costs;

- absolute change in average labor productivity due to changes in labor productivity for individual units of the population.

The system of indexes of average labor productivity by labor method has the form:

, (29)

where is the share of the volume of products produced at individual sites in the total volume of products produced in the base and reporting periods;

t – labor intensity of production.

6. Factor analysis of labor productivity

The dynamics of labor productivity is a complex process that develops under the influence of many factors acting in different directions, with varying degrees of intensity.

The main task in studying the fatcores of labor productivity growth is to identify reserves for increasing the level of labor productivity, i.e., unused real opportunities for improving equipment, technology, organization of production, labor and management. Studying the influence of labor productivity growth factors makes it possible to determine reserves, and thereby actively and rationally influence the production process.

The variety of factors influencing changes in labor productivity can be divided into four main groups, each of which in turn is divided into subgroups:

· increasing the technical level of production (mechanization and automation, the use of new effective materials, improving the use of raw materials, materials, fuel and energy);

· improving the organization of production and labor (changing standards and service areas, production standards, improving production management, reducing losses of working time);

· changes in the volume and structure of production;

· other factors.

The most general indicator of labor productivity is the average annual output of one worker. Figure 2 shows the relationship between the factors that determine the average annual output of an enterprise employee:

Fig.2 Model of the factor system of average annual output per worker

The multiplicative form of connection between hourly, daily, and monthly production indicators of workers and employees allows, using a system of indexes, to analyze the factor-by-factor dynamics of labor productivity of enterprise employees over a period of time:

The dynamics of output per employee over a period is influenced by four factors:

· share of workers in the total number of employees of the enterprise;

· average actual duration of the working period;

· average actual working day;

· average hourly output per worker.

The influence of each factor in relative terms is measured by the corresponding indices:

(31)

the index shows by what percentage the labor productivity of one employee of an enterprise has changed as a result of changes in the structure of the enterprise's workforce, i.e., as a result of an increase (decrease) in the share of workers in the total number of employees;

(32)

the index shows by what percentage the output per employee has changed due to a change in the degree of use of the working period, i.e., an increase (decrease) in the actual duration of the working period in days;

(33)

the index shows by what percentage labor productivity at the enterprise has changed due to changes in the degree of use of the working day, i.e., an increase (decrease) in the actual duration of the working day in hours;

(34)

the index characterizes the change in labor productivity at the enterprise due to an increase (decrease) in the hourly output of one worker.

The difference between the numerator and denominator of the analytical index shows the change in output per enterprise employee due to each of the factors in absolute terms. Absolute increases in labor productivity of enterprise employees are also interrelated.

The connection between specific and general indicators of changes in labor productivity (both in multiplicative and additive form) is ensured only with a certain system of weighing and indexing characteristics.

The change in average hourly output is necessarily analyzed as one of the main indicators of labor productivity and a factor on which the level of average daily and average annual output of workers depends. The value of this indicator depends on factors related to changes in the labor intensity of products and their valuation. The first group of factors includes such as the technical level of production, production organization, unproductive time spent due to defects and their correction. The second group includes factors associated with changes in the volume of production in terms of value due to changes in the structure of products and the level of cooperative supplies. To calculate the influence of these factors on average hourly output, the chain substitution method is used.

Absolute change in average hourly output due to changes in labor intensity due to improved organization:

, (35)

where Q1 is the volume of production in the reporting period;

DQ(str) – change in production volume as a result of structural changes;

T1 - labor costs in the reporting period, man-hours;

TN - unproductive time, man-hour;

TE – above-plan savings in labor costs from the implementation of scientific and technical progress measures, man-hours.

Absolute change in average hourly output due to above-plan time savings due to the implementation of scientific and technical progress measures:

Absolute change in average hourly output due to the influence of unproductive time:

Absolute change in average hourly output due to structural changes in production:

(38)

7. Analysis of the influence of productivity dynamics on the dynamics of labor costs

The most important and universal indicator of labor productivity, both in general and under the influence of individual factors, is the saving of working time or the number of employees. This indicator can be compared and aggregated both for individual types of activities, industries and sectors of the economy, and for individual territories.

Various factors influence changes in labor productivity, which can be grouped into 4 groups:

· Increasing the technical level of production;

· Improving the organization of production and labor;

· Changes in the volume and structure of production;

· Other factors.

Three-factor model for analyzing the dynamics of labor costs (in units of working time or number of employees):

, (39)

where q – production volume;

t – labor intensity of a unit of production (labor costs in standard hours or man-hours per unit of production);

dq – the share of production of products with different labor intensity.

A similar relationship will be true for indices of these indicators:

, (40)

then the absolute change in labor costs will consist of three factor increases:

In this case, it is most convenient to calculate absolute factor increases in labor costs using factor indices:

Absolute change in labor costs due to changes in production volume:

(42)

Absolute change in labor costs due to the share of different types of products in total output (the influence of the structural factor):

Where - index of structural changes,

Average labor intensity per unit of production for various types of products in the base period.

Absolute change in labor costs due to changes in the share of purchased semi-finished products and cooperative supplies in gross output:

, (44)

where is the index of the share of semi-finished products of own production in gross output.

Absolute change in labor costs due to changes in labor intensity for certain types of products:

Where - index of labor intensity of permanent staff,

Average labor intensity per unit of production for various types of products in the reporting period.

The absolute change in labor costs (number of workers) due to an increase in the technical level of production is calculated using the formula:

, (46)

where IВН is the index of fulfillment of production standards after the implementation of measures to increase the technical level of production;

M – the number of months in the reporting year during which the new norms were in force,

q1 – actual output from the time of change in labor intensity until the end of the year,

NH1 – the number of hours actually worked on average by one worker after the implementation of the measure until the end of the year,

t0, t1 – labor intensity of a unit of production before and after the implementation of the event.

Absolute change in labor costs due to improved organization of production and labor:

, (47)

where Z is the service area for the production area (total number of machines, apparatus, units);

X6 – share in the production of goods and market services in terms of GVA, %;

X7 – average age of the employed population, years;

X10 – share of workers employed in trade and intermediary infrastructure sectors, %;

X11 – share of part-time workers, %;

X13 – share of non-state investments, %.

The high level of determinism of territorial differences in regional levels of labor productivity in these models is associated primarily with factors X4, X2, X11, X13.

To analyze the production of GVA per person employed in industry in the region, the following system of regression equations was obtained:

Y = -8101.347 + 163.3330X3 + 168.1636X11 + 145.1647X12 + 41.4574X20;

Y = 875.5151 + 7.3239X2 + 78.6454X12 + 59.8846X17 + 0.0600X19;

Y = -1448.2590 + 5.9833X2 + 43.2735X3 +149.3327X11 + 337.9150X20 ,

where Y is the regional levels of GVA production per person employed in the region’s industry, million rubles;

X11 – proportion of workers employed in harmful and dangerous working conditions, %;

X12 – share of people employed in the electric power and fuel industries, as a percentage of the total number of employees;

X17 – the share of investments from the funds of business entities, in% of the total volume of investments in the region;

X19 – level of capital-labor ratio in regional industry, million rubles. / person;

X20 – share of regions employed in market infrastructure sectors, %.

The greatest contribution to the total value of the coefficient of determination, which characterizes the quality of the models, is made by: the number of industrial production personnel, the share of GVA in the gross output of goods and services in industry, the share of workers employed in harmful and dangerous working conditions, the share of workers employed in electric power and fuel industry.

Correlation and regression analysis is used to determine the standard labor intensity of a production operation, and to determine the standard number of support workers, functional managers and specialists.

The initial formula for determining the relationship between the standard number of functional managers and specialists is:

, (54)

where K is a constant coefficient.

For example, for the logistics and sales department this model is specified:

where NSPEC is the number of specialists in the department;

P – total number of workers;

m - number of names, standard sizes, articles, materials, semi-finished products, purchased products and manufactured products;

P – number of suppliers and consumers.

10. System of performance indicators in international statistics

Western economists interpret the category of labor productivity as the ratio of production results to the costs of all production factors. From their point of view, labor productivity is a partial indicator of global factor productivity along with the productivity of fixed capital, the productivity of intermediate consumption and other factors of production. Thus, Western economics understands productivity as an indicator that is close in content to the indicator of economic efficiency of social production. Western economists explain the most common use in calculating labor productivity indicators by the simplicity of measuring the cost of living labor. In addition, they recognize that living labor is still the dominant factor in creating value in many sectors of the economy.

There is no fundamental difference between living and materialized labor; this division is conditional, depending on time and space. The product of previous independent production appears in the form of costs of materialized labor in subsequent production. The expediency of calculating labor productivity taking into account full costs is due to the fact that it is possible to increase output per worker not only by intensifying and better organizing labor, but also by increasing the technical equipment of living labor.

Since labor productivity is considered as a private indicator of productivity and expended living labor is treated only as one of the factors of production, the importance of which decreases with the development of technical progress, to determine the level of productivity it is necessary to statistically measure the product and the factors of production that are involved in its creation.

Manufactured products can be measured in natural, conditionally natural and cost indicators. If natural or conditionally natural indicators of production are used to determine the level and dynamics of productivity, then they are compared only with the costs of living labor. As a result, indicators of product output in natural or conditionally natural terms per unit of living labor input are obtained, similar to the corresponding indicators widely used in Russian statistics. Labor productivity indicators calculated using this method are important for characterizing the level of labor productivity in sectors of the economy that produce homogeneous products, as well as for international comparisons of these levels.

The issue of choosing factors to determine productivity is complex and controversial. Most often in Western statistics, labor, constant capital and current production consumption are used as production factors. In some cases, entrepreneurial activity is added to these factors.

The most important factor of production is living labor. To measure it, you can use either the average number of employees for a given period or hours worked. To determine labor costs, two options are used:

1) weigh the time worked in a given industry by the hourly wage rate of that category of employees before taxes;

2) summarize the time worked, ignoring its qualitative heterogeneity.

In this case, another important practical problem arises - the delimitation of actually worked time from paid time. The only way to solve this problem is to conduct an appropriate sample survey and then further disseminate its results to all enterprises in this industry.

An even more difficult problem is determining the labor costs in agriculture and the labor costs of non-hired personnel. The length of the working day in agriculture varies greatly depending on natural factors, geographical area and crop grown. Therefore, approximate expert estimates are used to determine labor costs.

The calculation of labor costs of non-hired personnel is carried out either according to sample survey data on the average length of a working day or working week, or by conditionally equating the working day duration of different categories of non-hired personnel to the working day duration of the corresponding categories of hired personnel. These costs include the time worked by the entrepreneur (owner) and his family members working for free.

When characterizing the level of productivity in the country’s economy as a whole and the dynamics of this level, one can take into account not only the employed population, but also the unemployed, that is, based on the size of the economically active population. There are two sources of data on unemployment: official, clearly underestimated data, and data from trade unions, which reflect the actual situation. When calculating social productivity of labor, it is more correct to use data from trade unions.

To estimate the total costs, cost and labor approaches are proposed. In this case, the labor assessment of the embodied part of labor costs consists in recalculating cost costs into the conditional number of workers (time costs) necessary for the reproduction of available production resources (fixed and working capital) within a certain calendar time. The conversion of cost estimates into labor estimates can be done by dividing the average annual cost of fixed assets and working capital by the indicator of the level of productivity of living labor, characterized by the output of one worker (or per unit of time). Despite the great analytical capabilities inherent in this method, it has not become widespread, which is associated with many additional calculations and assumptions and difficult-to-interpret conditional values ​​obtained at the output. In addition, such schemes for measuring labor productivity are not linked to profit indicators, and this is one of the criteria for the practical significance of any economic indicator.

By combining product values ​​and factors of production in different ways, Western economists define the following productivity indicators:

1) gross labor productivity;

2) net labor productivity;

3) integral labor productivity;

4) global factor productivity;

5) total productivity of factors.

The indicator of gross labor productivity is very close in content to the indicator of output per unit of cost and is determined by the formula:

where GPL is gross labor productivity;

BB - gross output;

LT - labor costs.

When calculating this indicator, gross output is valued either at cost, or at factor prices, or at market prices. Labor costs can also be expressed as:

· number of employees;

· number of man-hours worked;

The main disadvantage of this indicator, according to Western economists, is that it takes into account only living labor, ignoring other factors of production. In particular, gross output is highly dependent on volume and prices of material inputs. This circumstance affects the dynamics of gross labor productivity, significantly complicating the comparison of labor productivity not only in different sectors of the economy, but even in the same industry. However, gross labor productivity is widely used in statistical practice in developed countries. This is explained by the simplicity of calculating this indicator and the availability of a sufficient amount of reliable statistical information.

The net labor productivity indicator is the ratio of the cost of net output to labor input. Net output (net added value) by economic sector is determined on the basis of the intersectoral balance of production by subtracting the value of intermediate consumption and consumption of constant capital from the value of gross output. The indicators of labor costs in this case are the same as when determining gross labor productivity.

Integral labor productivity is determined by dividing the value of gross output by the costs of labor and other factors of production, expressed in labor units. Its level and dynamics depend on the costs of living and past labor. This indicator is calculated very rarely in practice, which is explained by the difficulties of recalculating the costs of constant capital (depreciation) and the costs of variable capital (other material costs) into labor units.

The most important indicator of productivity, according to Western economists, is global factor productivity. It reflects the influence on the level of productivity not only of the costs of living labor, but also of the costs of other factors. Therefore, labor productivity acts as one of the partial productivity indicators in relation to global factor productivity. Along with labor productivity, private indicators of the productivity of other factors (constant capital, variable capital, etc.) are determined. The global factor productivity index is defined as the weighted arithmetic average of the factor productivity indices.

Global factor productivity is related to net labor productivity. When calculating net labor productivity, only the costs of living labor are placed in its denominator, and the costs of other factors of production are subtracted from the value of gross output in the numerator to determine net output. When determining global factor productivity, the numerator is the total cost of gross output, and the denominator is the costs of the remaining factors of production added to the costs of living labor.

So, factors of production can be factors that are quantitatively measurable (labor costs, constant capital, other material costs, etc.), and factors that are not subject to quantitative measurement (forms of management at the enterprise, methods of communication with related enterprises, the level of specialization of production and etc.). Of course, in practical calculations of global factor productivity, non-quantifiable factors cannot be taken into account. In addition, many factors that can be statistically measured are not taken into account when determining the level and dynamics of global factor productivity. These include: the degree of production capacity utilization; labor turnover; indirect taxes ; product range, grade and others. As a rule, the costs of living labor, the costs of variable and constant capital are considered as factors of production. Therefore, the indicator of global factor productivity is close in content to the general indicator of production efficiency in the cost version used in Russian statistics.

In determining global factor productivity, either the value of gross output or gross value added can be used as indicators of output.

Total factor productivity is calculated similarly to global factor productivity. The only difference is that the numerator of the total factor productivity indicator contains the value of net added value (net output). The denominator reflects the costs of labor and constant capital.

In addition to the productivity indicators discussed above, a number of economists propose using an indicator of real income per unit of labor input to measure labor productivity on the scale of the national economy. This indicator is determined by dividing the value of the gross domestic product produced by the labor costs associated with its creation. In this case, labor costs are expressed either by the number of people employed in the economy or by the number of man-hours worked.

The variety of productivity indicators used in international statistics is presented in table 2:

table 2

Labor productivity indicator system

No.	Indicators	In a fraction
numerator	denominator
	Natural indicators of labor productivity	Product output in natural units	Labor costs for production, in time units
	Conditionally natural indicators of labor productivity	Product output in conditionally natural units
	Cost indicators of labor productivity:
	Gross labor productivity	Gross value added, gross output	Labor costs for production in units of time
	Net labor productivity	Net added cost, net products	Labor costs for production in units of time
	Integral labor productivity	Gross added cost, gross output	All factors of production expressed in units of time
	Global labor productivity	Gross added cost, gross	All factors of production in monetary terms
	Total labor productivity	Net added cost, net products	Labor and constant capital in monetary terms
	Real income per unit of labor input	Gross domestic product (pure product)	Labor costs in units of time

Thus, to analyze labor productivity in practice, preference is given to cost models that allow linking two main performance indicators - profit and productivity.

The level of labor productivity in a broad sense (an overall indicator of productivity) can be represented as a ratio:

where q is products in physical terms;

p - unit price;

z - costs of living and embodied labor in kind;

c is the cost unit price.

In modern conditions of an unstable economic situation, inflation, limited competition, due to the monopolization of commodity and raw materials markets, high financial results are often explained not so much by the success of the company as by the successful market conditions. Therefore, when measuring productivity at the enterprise level, it is important to identify two groups of factors:

· factors that reflect the real level and dynamics of labor productivity and depend on the internal technological and organizational success of the company;

· factors reflecting certain market conditions, i.e. the level and dynamics of prices for raw materials, materials, energy, labor and other elements of costs, on the one hand, and product prices, on the other (inflationary component).

The level of productivity (cost efficiency) is affected by the following factors (Fig. 3):

Output in value terms		Physical output volume		Unit prices
Overall labor productivity		Total labor productivity real (deflated)		Inflation factor (ratio between product prices and costs)
Costs in monetary terms for cost elements. This index model is interesting in that it can be used for statistical analysis of the financial position of an enterprise, since it is linked to the profit indicator from product sales. After all, productivity growth in any enterprise is considered not as an end in itself, but as a way to increase profits. The increase in profit caused by changes in real labor productivity can be calculated using the following formula: 11. International comparisons of labor productivity International comparisons of labor productivity are typically conducted across two countries. Comparing the level of labor productivity of three or more countries is much less common due to the difficulties in bringing indicators of production results and labor inputs to a homogeneous form. International comparisons can be made across the entire range of labor productivity indicators - natural, labor and cost. Comparing natural indicators of labor productivity undoubtedly has certain advantages over comparing other indicators, since in this case there is no need to solve the problem of comparability of the currencies of these countries. When comparing natural indicators of labor productivity, it is necessary to solve two problems: a) comparability of this type of product; b) comparability of costs associated with the production of this type of product. A comparison of natural indicators for individual types of products is carried out using the following formula: , (63) where qA ,qB – output of this type of product in country A and country B, respectively; TA, TV - labor costs associated with the production of this type of product in country A and country B. To compare labor productivity levels in different sectors of the economy, individual indices of labor productivity levels are calculated for representative goods, and then the ratio of the labor productivity level for the industry as a whole is determined as a weighted average of the individual indices: , (64) Where - the ratio of the level of labor productivity in the economic sector according to the weights of country A or country B; iW – individual labor productivity indices for representative goods; TA, TV - labor costs for the production of representative goods in country A and country B. Since territorial indices of labor productivity depend on the distribution of labor costs for the production of representative goods in countries A and B, most economists believe that the most accurate and objective ratio of labor productivity levels in a given sector of the economy is reflected by the geometric average of territorial indices constructed with different weights : (65) International comparisons of natural indicators of labor productivity have the following disadvantages: a) the quality of the compared products is not taken into account; b) the scope of comparability is limited to a few types of products. And even the use of conditionally natural indicators does not greatly expand the scope of application of these comparisons. Labor productivity indicators are even less commonly used in international comparisons. In this case, the calculation is made using the following formula: , (66) where qA ,qB – output of this type of product in natural units, respectively, in country A and country B; tA, tB – labor intensity of these types of products in countries A and B. This indicator characterizes the level of labor productivity in country A in relation to the level of labor productivity in country B. The scope of international comparisons of labor productivity levels, expressed in physical or labor indicators, is limited to one or more types of homogeneous products. Comparisons of cost indicators of labor productivity are more important, as they make it possible to compare productivity levels across individual industries and the economy as a whole. One of the most commonly used methods is to compare the volume of output per unit of labor input. In this case, the volume of production is determined in a single assessment for the countries being compared. In this case, the calculation is made using the formula: , (67) where qA ,qB – production output in country A and country B, respectively; TA, TV - labor costs for this release in country A and country B; P – comparable prices for manufactured products. The disadvantage of this indicator of labor productivity is its strong dependence on the amount of transferred cost (material costs for production). Therefore, some Western economists propose using indicators for comparison based on excluding the transferred cost from the cost of manufactured products. These indicators include: a) production of gross value added per unit of labor input; b) production of net added value per unit of labor input. International comparisons of labor productivity cost indicators require solving the following problems: a) revaluation of product indicators and material costs in single currency; b) choosing a product indicator for comparison; d) assessment of the influence of natural factors on the level of labor productivity in various sectors of the economy and on the level of national labor productivity. The development of such methods is one of the important tasks of statistics at the present stage, as it makes it possible to carry out not only international, but also regional comparisons within one country. Thus, the Russian practice of assessing and analyzing labor productivity still differs from the practice adopted in Western countries. Currently, in Russia it is necessary to create an appropriate information base and methodological support for calculating general and multifactor indicators of labor productivity for the transition to world practice. In a market economy, methods for assessing labor productivity indicators are changing. These should be: production of new types of products per unit of time; the time it takes for a new product to enter the market. The most productive firms will be those that achieve success in the production of complex, knowledge-intensive types of high-quality products and receive a sufficiently high level of profit. Labor productivity should be linked to profit, then it will act not as the maximum volume per unit of time, but as the ability to produce, faster than its competitors, fundamentally new products that meet the needs of the consumer. Literature 1. , Sheremet economic analysis: Textbook. – 4th ed., add. and processed – M.: Finance and Statistics, 1997 2., Karpukhina labor statistics: Textbook. – M.: Publishing House “Delo and Service”, 2001 3. Bashkatov agriculture. with the basics of the general theory of statistics. Lecture course. – M.: Association of Authors and Publishers “Tandem”. Publishing house "EXMOS". – 2001 4. Godin: Textbook. - M.: Publishing and trading corporation "Dashkov and Co", 2002 5. Golub - economic statistics: Textbook. A manual for students. higher textbook establishments. – M.: Humanite. ed. VLADOS center, 2001 6. Marshal's Labor: Textbook. – 4th ed., revised. and additional – M.: Finance and Statistics, 1988 7., Bychkova statistics: Textbook. allowance/, ; Ed. . – M.: Finance and Statistics, 2003 8. Kolesnikova - economic statistics: Textbook. manual - Mn.: New knowledge, 2002 9. Pashuto and labor rationing in an enterprise: Proc. allowance. – Mn.: New knowledge, 2001 10. , Keves transport: Textbook/Ed. . – M.: Finance and Statistics, 2001 11. Popov and modeling of labor indicators: Textbook. – 2nd ed., add. and processed – M.: Finance and Statistics, 1999 12. Regional statistics: Textbook. Ed. , . – M., 2001 13. , Rusak analysis of a business entity: Reference. allowance. – Mn.: Higher. school, 1997 14. Savitskaya economic activity of enterprises: Textbook. allowance / . – 7th ed., rev. – Mn.: New knowledge, 2004 15. Shpakovskaya - economic statistics: Textbook. – M.: Yurist, 2001 16. Socio-economic statistics /, etc.; Ed. : Textbook. allowance. – Mn.: BSEU, 2000 17. Statistics. Textbook / Ed. Prof. – M.: , 2002 18. Statistics of the market of goods and services: Textbook. – 2nd ed. reworked and additional / , and etc.; Ed. . – M.: Finance and Statistics, 2002 19. Economics and statistics of companies: Textbook /,; Ed. Doctor of Economics sciences, prof. . – 3rd ed. reworked and additional - M.: Finance and Statistics, 2000 20. Yakovlev and tourism statistics: Textbook. – M.: RDL Publishing House, 2002

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

• Introduction
• 3.5 Problem
• Conclusion
• List of sources used

Introduction

Economic statistics is one of the most important branches of statistics as a scientific discipline and type of practical activity of state statistics bodies, which deals with the quantitative characteristics of mass phenomena and processes in the economy. The simplest indicators of quantitative measurements of economic phenomena are indicators of price dynamics, volume of production, population and labor resources, unemployment, degree of uniformity of income distribution, availability of fixed and working capital, etc. In some cases, economic statistics quantitatively measure more complex economic processes and phenomena, and also establish relationships between them. Economic statistics data allow us to provide a systematic quantitative description of all the main aspects of the economic process and the economy as a whole. They are necessary primarily for government bodies to resolve issues related to regulating the economy and developing economic policy.

Economic statistics is an independent scientific discipline, but the quantitative measurement of economic processes and phenomena is based on the provisions of economic theory, the results of studying the qualitative aspects of economic processes obtained within the framework of general economic theory and various applied branches of economic science. In turn, economic theory uses the results of a statistical description of economic processes to verify, and in some cases, to clarify individual postulates, concepts, provisions and conclusions.

An important feature of economic statistics is its systematic approach to the study of economics. The systematic nature of economic statistics implies consistency between the various indicators used to describe and analyze different but interrelated aspects of the economic process.

One of the main tasks of economic statistics is to bring the collected accounting data into conformity with the requirements of economic statistics. Thus, economic statistics are closely related to accounting.

Primary data collected from various sources are ultimately processed in order to calculate general indicators.

The main objectives of economic statistics are:

§ providing government bodies with the information they need to make decisions on a wide range of issues related to the formation of economic policy, the development of various government programs and measures for their implementation;

§ providing information on the development of the economy and social sphere to heads of enterprises and companies, managers, production organizers and businessmen, which they need to better understand the macroeconomic climate in which their companies operate;

§ informing the general public, research institutions, socio-political organizations and individuals about the main results and trends of socio-economic development.

Thus, the main tasks of statistics in a market economy are the systematic description and analysis of the following economic phenomena and processes:

b the number and structure of the country's population, its distribution by regions and territories, the most important indicators of reproduction (indicators of fertility, mortality, natural increase, etc.);

statistics productivity labor dynamics

b economic resources of the country, their structure and dynamics, distribution by industries and sectors of the economy, efficiency of their use;

b the main results of the economic process, the size and structure of the produced product, the rate of economic growth, the use of the produced product for accumulation and consumption, the proportions between industries and sectors of the economy, etc.;

b results of production in the main sectors of the economy and the most important goods or groups of goods, as well as the provision of services;

b distribution of income: primary and secondary distribution, formation of final income and their use, differentiation in the distribution of income between different groups of the population, etc.;

b inflation and factors influencing it;

b employment and unemployment, factors influencing employment and unemployment rates;

b standard of living of the population and its dynamics, main factors influencing the level of well-being, consumption of goods and services, income and savings, household property, financial assets of households, availability of durable goods, socio-cultural living conditions;

b development of the social sphere, education and healthcare, relationships between indicators of development of the social sphere and economic growth;

b health status of the population (morbidity, mortality, average life expectancy, etc.);

b housing and communal services and services, size and structure of the housing stock, provision of housing for the population, utilities and amenities;

b investment process, volume of investments and their structure, sources of financing and their effectiveness;

b functioning of the financial system: state budget, financial transactions carried out by various sectors of the economy, money supply in circulation, volume of loans provided, financial debt, operations of insurance companies, stock market, transactions with securities, etc.;

b development of science and technology, the impact of technical progress on economic growth;

b state of the environment and measures to protect it, costs of environmental protection;

b the most important qualitative characteristics of economic development: labor productivity, efficiency of use of fixed assets and other economic resources;

Of course, this list does not cover all phenomena and processes that are analyzed by state statistics bodies. It gives an idea only of the most general and important tasks that are specified in the course of the current activities of statistical authorities.

The main statistical body of Russia is the State Committee of the Russian Federation on Statistics (Goskomstat of Russia). It is the federal executive body responsible for managing Russian statistics.

The main tasks of the State Statistics Committee of Russia are:

ь provision of official statistical information to the President, Government, Federal Assembly, federal executive authorities, the public, as well as international organizations;

b development of scientifically based statistical methodology that meets international standards;

b coordination of statistical activities of federal and territorial executive authorities;

ь development and analysis of economic and statistical information;

b compilation of national accounts and balance sheet calculations.

In accordance with the tasks assigned to it, the State Statistics Committee of Russia organizes the collection of necessary information, its processing and storage; coordinates programs for conducting sectoral (departmental) statistical observations; ensures the functioning of the Unified State Register of Enterprises and Organizations (USRPO), created for unified state registration of all business entities on the territory of Russia with the assignment of identification codes to them based on all-Russian classifiers; interacts with regional and industry information and computing systems; introduces the latest information processing technologies. In addition, the State Statistics Committee of Russia produces reference information and analytical publications, publishes magazines, etc.

Goskomstat of Russia has the right to receive government reports and other necessary materials from all legal and other business entities; issue, in accordance with the established procedure, resolutions and instructions on statistical issues and monitor their implementation; enter into cooperation agreements with statistical agencies of other states in the manner prescribed by law; convene meetings on statistical issues.

Section 1. The role of industry in the development of the country's economy

1.1 Industry of the Russian Federation and its leading role in the development of the country’s economy

Russia has all the conditions to become one of the most developed countries in the world in the very near future. Its living space is 7.1 million sq. km; this is approximately 1.5 times the territory of the USA, England, Germany, France, Italy and Japan combined.

The population of Russia is 148 million people; labor resources - almost 87 million people, including 70% of people with higher and secondary education. The number of scientific workers exceeds 1 million people - almost 70% of the all-Union.

Russia has almost all the natural resources necessary for its further development. Russia's forest reserves are equal to 81.6 billion cubic meters; There are 5 hectares of forest per capita (in the USA - 0.8 hectares, in Canada - 8.6 hectares). The area of ​​agricultural land is 650 million hectares.

The economy of any country consists of many sectors: industry, agriculture, transport, construction, communications, trade, etc. But its basis, its foundation is still industry.

Industry is a leading sector of the economy for the following reasons:

the development of industry, especially such industries as electric power, mechanical engineering and chemicals, is the basis for accelerating scientific and technological progress throughout the national economy;

industry, especially its heavy industry, is the foundation of the entire economy, the basis for expanded reproduction and economic development of all subjects of Russia;

the defense capability of the state is largely determined by the level of industrial development;

The provision of the country's citizens with consumer goods depends on the development of the light and food industries.

Thus, industry is the leading sector of the national economy and the basis for increasing the efficiency of social production.

According to the latest data from the State Statistics Committee, industrial production and GDP increased by 7% in 2003. A really serious figure (note that in China, GDP rose by 9.1%). Experts’ calculations (and Prime Minister M. Kasyanov agreed with this) show that the increase in oil prices brought 1.5% into the GDP. Another 3.0% is a physical increase in the volume of our exports (based on oil, gas, metals). And only 2.5% was contributed by all other sectors of the economy. This is approximately the structure of growth in industry.

The growth of industry in the Republic of Tatarstan is also very encouraging. In 2003, the industry of the Republic of Tatarstan produced products in current prices worth 252,037 million rubles. The largest share in the production structure belongs to the fuel industry. In 2003, fuel industry enterprises produced products worth over 82 4 billion rubles. Oil companies of the Republic of Tatarstan produced 29.2 million tons of oil. Compared to 2002, production increased by 1.5%. At the same time, OAO Tatneft produced 24.7 tons of oil, which is 0.2% more than in 2002.

The energy industry is one of the stably operating industrial complexes of the republic, which in a certain way influences the state and prospects for economic development, providing 7.5% of industrial production. The basis of the energy system of the Republic of Tatarstan is JSC Tatenergo, which produces, dispatches, transmits, sells and distributes electrical and thermal energy. The output of JSC Tatenergo amounted to 23,422 million kWh.

In 2003, enterprises of the petrochemical complex of the Republic of Tatarstan produced products worth 47.9 billion rubles, which is 3.1% higher than the 2002 level.

The volume of industrial production of mechanical engineering and metalworking in 2003 amounted to about 63 billion rubles, or 108.3% of the 2002 level. In recent years, the financial and economic performance of KamAZ OJSC has improved significantly. At the end of 2003, 24.3 thousand trucks and 40.3 thousand cars were produced.

In 2003, enterprises of the military-industrial complex produced products worth 15.5 billion rubles, which is 3.7% more than the 2002 level.

In 2003, the production volume in light industry amounted to 2022.5 million rubles and decreased by 3.3% compared to the 2002 level.

The food industry is one of the socially significant sectors of the economy, designed to ensure a sustainable supply of the population with the necessary quality food products. In 2003, products worth 22,871 million rubles were produced, or 102% of the previous year's level.

Forecasts for 2004, unfortunately, say that there will not be such relatively high indicators as in 2003. Even according to the optimistic version of the Ministry of Economic Development, GDP will increase by 5.5%. This is if the average annual price of our oil does not turn out to be less than $22.5 per barrel (compared to $27.5 on average for 2003). A decrease in growth rates in the oil industry along the chain will correspondingly affect the entire economy. Therefore, entrepreneurs should start making adjustments to their activities now.

1.2 The essence of the industry and the sectoral structure of the industry

Industry consists of many industries and industries that are interconnected. The main features that distinguish one industry from another are:

1) economic purpose of manufactured products;

2) the nature of the materials consumed;

3) technical production base and technological process;

4) professional composition of personnel.

Sectoral differentiation of industry, the emergence of more and more new industries, is a constant process determined by the development of the social division of labor.

There are three forms of social division of labor: general, private and individual.

§ the general division of labor is expressed in the division of social production into large spheres of material production (industry, agriculture, transport, etc.);

§ private division of labor manifests itself in the formation of various independent branches within industry, agriculture and other branches of material production;

§ unit division of labor finds its expression in the division of labor directly at the enterprise.

All forms of social division of labor are interconnected. Under the influence of the general division of labor, private division occurs. Under the influence of the private division of labor, in connection with the specialization of individual industries, the individual division of labor in enterprises is being improved. In turn, due to the concentration of production and technical progress, the unit division of labor influences the emergence of new industries.

An industrial sector is a set of enterprises characterized by the unity of the economic purpose of the products produced, the uniformity of the materials consumed, the commonality of the technical base and technological processes, a special professional composition of personnel, and specific working conditions.

An industrial complex is understood as a set of certain groups of industries, which are characterized by the production of similar products or the performance of work (services).

The sectoral structure of industry refers to the composition of the industries or complexes included in the industry, and their share in the total volume of industrial production. The sectoral structure of industry is constantly in flux. It is influenced by the following factors:

§ acceleration of scientific and technological progress. It is under the influence of this factor that new branches of industry and production are formed;

§ economic policy of the state. The state, implementing its chosen policy, can support certain industries that are the most significant economically and socially, and thereby influence the pace of their development;

§ the presence in the country of mineral resources suitable for industrial development. The richer a country is in certain mineral resources, the higher, other things being equal, is the share of extractive industries in the total volume of industrial production;

§ level of culture and material well-being of the people. This factor influences the industry structure in many ways. The people’s ability to purchase consumer goods depends on the material standard of living, which is the basis for the development of the industries that produce them. The presence of a middle class in the country contributes to the development of industries producing durable goods: cars, refrigerators, VCRs, radio equipment, etc.;

§ traditionally established specialization:

§ planned sectoral structure of capital investments financed from the state budget.

Other, less significant factors also influence the industry structure.

To analyze the sectoral structure of industry, the following indicators are usually used:

1) the share of a particular industry or complex in the total volume of industrial production and its change in dynamics;

2) the share of progressive industries in the total volume of industrial production and its change in dynamics. All industries can be divided into progressive and less progressive. Progressive industries include those whose development ensures the acceleration of scientific and technical progress throughout the national economy. The efficiency of all social production largely depends on their development.

Progressive industries usually include mechanical engineering, electric power and the chemical industry. An increase in their share in dynamics means that progressive changes are taking place in the industry structure, which has a beneficial effect on the country’s economy;

3) advance coefficient. It expresses the ratio of the growth rate of an industry or a separate complex to the growth rate of the entire industry:

(1)

where K op is the advance coefficient;

T neg - rate of development of the industry or complex;

T prom - rate of industrial development;

4) the relationship between the extractive and processing industries. The rapid development of processing industries compared to extractive ones usually characterizes positive trends in economic development in the country;

5) the share of the military-industrial complex in the total volume of industrial production.

In general, the sectoral structure of industry is characterized by:

b level of industrial development of the country;

b level of technical development of the country;

b the degree of economic independence of the country;

b level of productivity of social labor.

The state must manage structural changes in the economy, including in industry, to achieve its immediate and long-term prospects.

1.3 Legal entities of industry and their classification

A legal entity is an organization that has separate property under its own economic jurisdiction or operational management and is liable for its obligations with this property; it can, in its own name, acquire and exercise property and personal non-property rights, bear responsibilities, and be a plaintiff and defendant in court.

There are a variety of legal entities operating in the economy, which differ from each other in a number of ways: their sectoral affiliation; sizes; degree of specialization and scale of production of similar products; methods of organizing production and the degree of its mechanization and automation; organizational and legal forms, etc.

The classification of legal entities is based on three main criteria:

E on the right of founders (participants) in relation to legal entities or property;

E for the purpose of economic activity of legal entities;

Yo on the organizational and legal form of legal entities.

Depending on what rights the founders (participants) retain in relation to legal entities or their property, legal entities can be divided into three groups:

· legal entities in respect of which their participants have rights of obligations. These include: business partnerships and societies, production and consumer cooperatives;

· legal entities to the property of which their founders (participants) have ownership rights, or, in other words, property rights: state and municipal unitary enterprises, including subsidiaries, as well as owner-financed institutions;

· legal entities in respect of which their founders (participants) cannot have any property rights.

Depending on the purposes of its activity, every legal entity belongs to one of two categories:

· commercial organizations;

· non-profit organizations.

Commercial organizations are legal entities that pursue profit as the main goal of their activities. Commercial organizations can be created in the form of partnerships and societies, production cooperatives, state and municipal enterprises.

Non-profit organizations do not aim to generate profits and distribute them among participants.

Legal entities that belong to non-profit organizations can be created in the form of consumer cooperatives, public or religious associations, charitable and other foundations. Such legal entities have the right to engage in entrepreneurial activities only to the extent that this is necessary for their statutory purposes.

Section 2. Enterprise as a subject of study in statistics

2.1 Essence, role and features of the operating conditions of enterprises in market conditions

In conditions of market relations, the center of economic activity moves to the main link of the entire economy - the enterprise. An enterprise is an independent economic entity created by an entrepreneur or an association of entrepreneurs to produce products, perform work and provide services in order to meet public needs and make a profit. The most qualified personnel are concentrated at the enterprise. Here the issues of economic expenditure of resources, the use of high-performance equipment and technology are resolved. The enterprise strives to reduce production costs to a minimum. Business plans are developed, marketing is applied, and effective management is carried out. In a market economy, only those who most competently and competently determine the market requirements, create and organize the production of products that are in demand, and provide a high income for highly qualified workers survive.

On October 1, 1952, the Almetyevneft oil producing trust began operating, created on the basis of the second oil field of the Minnibaevskaya area and by that time had a two-year history and thirty-two wells in operation.

“Almetyevneft” has turned from a small field into an oil and gas production department, one of the top ten enterprises in the oil industry in terms of oil production and well stock.

Currently, the department employs more than five thousand people. Representatives of over sixteen nationalities work here: Tatars, Russians, Chuvash, Mordovians, Germans, Jews and others.

The enterprise has 25 workshops and structural divisions, six oil fields, production service workshops, transport management, housing and communal services, and the Neftyanik diversified state farm.

NGDU Almetyevneft has always been among the leaders in the development and implementation of scientific and technical innovations in production. They pay special attention to environmental problems. Thanks to a competent engineering approach and high technological discipline, the service life of water pipelines has been increased by two to three times. Emissions have been reduced by 13 times light fractions of hydrocarbons into the atmosphere. The turnaround period of production wells doubled by 1992. Dynamic methods made it possible, without reducing field development indicators, to reduce fresh water consumption by three times.

The enterprise's activities are aimed primarily at improving the living standards of its employees and their family members. They work in an area that is of key importance for the development of the republic’s economy and thereby has a direct impact on the well-being of every citizen.

2.2 Production and workshops of an industrial enterprise, and classification of its divisions

The production divisions of an enterprise - workshops, areas, service facilities and services, connections between them, taken together - constitute its production structure.

CITS - provision and implementation of daily and monthly plans for oil and gas production, organization of control over the implementation of daily tasks.

TsDNG - oil and gas production workshops.

TSPP - reservoir pressure maintenance shop.

TsKPPN - workshop for complex preparation and pumping of oil.

TsKPRS - workshop for capital and underground repair of wells. The main task is the timely and high-quality replacement of failed electric centrifugal plants and underground equipment.

PRTSGNO is a rolling and repair shop for deep-well pumping equipment. The main task is to carry out repairs and revisions of crimping.

TsNIPR - workshop for scientific research and production work. The main task is to monitor field development using field research methods.

DAC - production automation workshop. The main task is to maintain and ensure reliable operation of instrumentation.

TsAKZO - workshop for anti-corrosion protection of equipment.

PRTSEiE - rolling and repair shop for electrical equipment and power supply.

AUTT-1 - Almetyevsk Department of Technological Transport. The main task is high-quality and timely transport services and performance of work with special equipment for enterprises.

TsRZiS - workshop for the repair of buildings and structures. The main task of the workshop is the overhaul of buildings and structures of the NGDU.

RSC - repair and construction shop. The main task of the workshop is to implement the production program for the development of oil fields.

CR and PT - restoration and pipe coating workshop. The main task of the workshop is to increase the service life of oilfield equipment through internal and external insulation of pipes, as well as restoration of used pipes and hard-hat repair of pipelines.

2.3 Structure and organizational activities of the enterprise

The complex of production divisions, enterprise management and employee service organizations, their number, the magnitude of the relationship and the relationship between them in terms of the size of occupied space, number of employees and throughput represent the general structure of the enterprise (association).

2.4 Main goals and results of the enterprise’s activities

The main goal of NGDU's activities is to make a profit.

The directions of the Company's business activities are determined by it independently. Entrepreneurial activity is carried out through property complexes, through the creation of branches, representative offices, as well as business companies and partnerships or participation in them.

The main activities of NGDU are:

search and exploration, drilling and development of oil and gas and bitumen deposits, as well as deposits of common minerals, fresh and mineral groundwater;

extraction of oil, gas, bitumen, fresh and mineral waters, other minerals, their transportation by various modes of transport, processing and sales;

construction of industrial and social facilities, design, construction - installation work;

provision of services for all types of communications and data transmission;

production, sales, testing of metrological equipment;

flaw detection;

training of specialists, special maintenance of facilities reporting to the bodies of Gosgortekhnadzor;

personnel training and certification;

cultivation, procurement, processing, storage and commercial use of forestry and agricultural products;

conducting operations with securities, their issue;

Activities that are subject to licensing in accordance with current legislation are carried out only on the basis of licenses.

Table 2.1

Results of the enterprise's activities for 2000-2001.

	Index		last year	reporting	ind. growth
	Oil production - total	thousand tons
	Commercial products
	Volume of treated oil (delivery)	thousand tons
	Commissioning of new wells oil injection
	Operating well stock at the end of the year oil injection
	Average daily well flow rates by liquid
	Between repairs of wells (total for oil and gas production departments)
	Current (underground) well repair number of repaired scope of work
	Overhaul of wells (household/possible) number of repairs scope of work
	Oil water cut
	Capital investments, total
	Entering fixed assets
	Average list number
	Labor productivity of 1 PPP employee (with UTT)	thousand t/person
	Payroll fund - total
	Amounts of labor and social benefits, financial assistance, insurance
	Average salary of 1 employee with payments from the Fund, total
	Costs of production of commercial products
	Operating costs per 1 ton of commercial oil
	Price of 1 ton of oil

In 2001, the team of the Almetyevneft oil and gas production department successfully completed the production program. Due to stable prices over the past 2 years, the material and technical base and social sphere have significantly strengthened.

In 2001, 3813 thousand tons of oil were produced. The excess against the selection standards was 92 thousand tons and 31 thousand tons higher than the volume in 2000.

Due to the implementation of geological and technological measures, additional oil production amounted to 733 thousand tons. 196 production wells were commissioned from the idle stock, from which 67 thousand tons of oil were obtained.

By means of workover works, 111 injection wells were launched from inactivity, and 61 wells with an average flow rate of 4 tons per day were put into operation from drilling. 60 focal injection wells were put into operation. 2.6 million m3 of water was pumped into the formations. Commercial products were produced in the amount of 8336 million rubles. The supply of a wide fraction of light hydrocarbons amounted to 61.4 thousand tons.

The main technical and economic indicators of wells have been improved. The overhaul period of production wells increased to 740 days. The number of ruptures in the oil collection system has been reduced by 34% from the 2000 level. - from 547 to 342. This is the best indicator in OAO Tatneft; the average number of all personnel was 4867 people, including 4045 industrial production personnel. The average salary for the enterprise increased by 1.4 times. The terms of the 2001 collective agreement are being met. Due to the implementation of measures for economic stabilization, 331 million rubles of savings were obtained. During the reporting period, 3,033 million rubles of balance sheet profit were received on commercial products, 72.6% of the profit was directed to paying taxes to the budget, financing capital investments, and replenishing the standard of own working capital. The remaining part of the profit is directed to the maintenance of the social sphere.

Section 3. Labor productivity statistics

3.1 Indicators of the level of labor productivity and methods for measuring them

Labor productivity is the effectiveness of specific labor, the effectiveness of its expedient productive activities to create a product over a certain period of time.

The level of labor productivity is measured by two indicators - output and the opposite - labor intensity.

Product output per unit of working time spent is the most common and universal indicator of labor productivity. Working time costs can be expressed by the number of man-hours worked, man-days, the average payroll number of workers or all employees of the enterprise; there are indicators of average hourly, average daily output and indicators of average output per one payroll worker or employee of all personnel directly related to production of this product.

Average hourly output is determined by dividing the number of products produced for any period by the number of man-hours actually worked during this period.

Average daily output is determined by dividing the number of products produced for any period by the number of man-days worked during this period.

Average monthly output is calculated by dividing the output produced during the period under study by the average number of workers.

All these indicators are interconnected:

Average daily output = Average hourly output Average working day;

Average monthly output per worker = Average daily output Average duration of a working month;

Average monthly output per worker = Average monthly output per worker Share of workers in the total number of workers.

A similar relationship exists between the indicators of the dynamics of the levels under consideration.

Output (W) of products per unit of time is measured by the ratio of the volume of production output (q) and the cost of working time (T):

W = q / T (1)

The complexity (t) of manufacturing a unit of product is characterized by the cost of working time per unit of production:

t = T / q (2)

By definition, there are dependencies between the considered quantities that can be used in economic calculations:

W = 1/ t ; q = W.T. ; T = tq (3)

Depending on the cost of calculating the volume of production, statistics uses in the most general terms three methods of measuring labor productivity: natural, labor cost (value).

Natural indicators are possible and advisable to use to characterize labor productivity in teams, in sections and at individual workplaces. The evaluation method is simple, intuitive and reliable when homogeneous products are produced. However, most often, although homogeneous products are produced, they differ in some properties. In these cases, it is advisable to use a conditionally natural indicator of labor productivity, in which one type of product or work is equated to another in terms of relative labor intensity.

Indicators in the labor dimension can be used in cases where a large number of products are produced at workplaces, in teams and sections, the range of which changes frequently. In this case, production is determined in constant standard hours. This indicator has a number of disadvantages, which does not contribute to an objective assessment of the level and dynamics of labor productivity, even at individual workplaces and in teams.

In conditions of production of heterogeneous products, it is advisable to use cost indicators of labor productivity at the level of enterprises, industries and for the economy as a whole.

The cost indicator of the level of labor productivity can be expressed in the following formula:

W =qp / T (4)

Where qp - volume of production in monetary terms;

T - labor costs for the production of the specified volume of products.

3.2 Units of working time used in calculating indicators

The statistical concept of working time includes three categories: normal working time, actual time worked and paid time.

Workers' working time is measured in man-days, man-hours. A man-hour worked is 1 hour of work by an employee at his workplace. A person-day worked is considered to be the employee’s attendance at work and the fact that he started work, regardless of the length of working hours.

The use of working time is characterized by a system of indicators - coefficients of use of time funds, coefficients of use of the working period and working day, integral coefficient of use of working time.

The initial indicator is the calendar fund of time - the number of days of a certain calendar period per employee or per set of employees.

The coefficient of use of calendar time fund is equal to:

TO And. k.f. = T f / T k.f (5)

Where T f - number of man-days actually worked;

T k.f. - calendar fund of time in man-days.

The coefficient of use of the time fund is equal to:

TO And. t.f. = T f / T t.f (6)

Where T t.f. - time fund of working hours in man-days;

The coefficient of use of the maximum possible working time fund characterizes the degree of actual use of the time that the enterprise’s employees could work to the maximum, and is calculated by the formula:

TO m.v. f. = T f. / T m.v. f. (7)

Where T m.v. f. - the maximum possible working time in man-days;

The degree of use of working time reflects the utilization rate of the working period:

TO And. R. P. = D f / D n (8)

Where Df - the average number of days actually worked by the employee during the period;

Day - the number of days that one employee had to work during the period according to the operating mode of the enterprise.

3.3 Factors influencing labor productivity growth

Labor productivity is a dynamic indicator, constantly changing under the influence of many factors.

All factors affecting labor productivity can be divided into two groups.

The first group includes factors acting in the direction of increasing labor productivity, improving the organization of labor and production and the social living conditions of workers.

The second group consists of factors that negatively affect labor productivity. These include unfavorable natural conditions, poor work organization, and a tense social environment.

At the level of an individual enterprise or organization, all factors can be divided into internal and external.

The first include the level of technical equipment of the enterprise, the efficiency of the technology used, the power supply of labor, the organization of production, the effectiveness of the applied incentive systems, personnel training and advanced training, improvement of the personnel structure, etc., i.e. everything that depends on the team of the enterprise and its managers.

External factors include: changes in the product range due to changes in government orders or demand or supply in the market; socio-economic conditions in society and region; level of cooperation with other enterprises; reliability of material and technical supplies, natural conditions, etc.

3.4 Construction of index models to study the influence of labor dynamics and hours worked on changes in production volume

Important tasks of the statistical study of labor productivity are to establish connections and identify the role of individual factors in the growth of labor productivity. Measuring the influence of individual factors makes it possible to identify reserves and prospects for growth in labor productivity.

The growth of labor productivity is the most important factor in the growth of production volume. The volume of output is multiplicatively related to labor productivity and hours worked. Consequently, there is a similar relationship of indices between their corresponding indices, i.e. The following system of interconnected indices takes place, allowing for factor analysis of the dynamics of production volume.

For certain types of products (works, services), calculations are carried out using both direct and inverse indicators of labor productivity.

So, for direct indicators, the individual labor productivity index can be written as follows:

(9)

where the symbols are the same as in the previous formulas.

For inverse indicators (labor intensity), the individual labor productivity index:

(10)

Depending on the units in which the product is expressed, and therefore the average output compared for two periods, general indices are usually calculated using natural, labor and cost methods.

Natural labor productivity index:

(11)

Where q 1, q 0 - production volumes in physical terms in the reporting and base periods, respectively;

T 1, T 0 - labor costs for the production of these products in the reporting and base periods, respectively.

Labor productivity index:

(12)

Where t H - fixed levels of labor intensity - standard labor intensity, i.e. labor costs according to the norm for the production of a unit of output.

Since the units of measurement of labor intensity for the periods being compared are fixed, the dynamics of labor productivity are assessed quite accurately.

In cases where products of the same composition are produced in both periods being compared, the value of the labor intensity of production per unit of output in the base period is used as index weights. Then, after elementary transformations of formula (12), we obtain the so-called classical formula for the labor productivity index according to the labor method:

(13)

This formula is widely used in economic calculations, since the difference between its numerator and denominator directly characterizes the achieved savings (increase) in actual labor costs due to changes in its productivity:

(14)

Labor productivity cost index:

(15)

where is production output per unit of time (or per worker) in value terms in comparable prices (p), respectively, in the reporting and base periods.

The cost index of labor productivity allows you to analyze the labor productivity of all employees of the enterprise, and not just workers.

The cost index is the main index of labor productivity, particularly in industry. It applies to individual enterprises and to aggregate enterprises. The general labor productivity indices considered are indices of variable composition.

The natural labor productivity index of variable composition will have the form:

(16)

Let us denote by and the share of working time spent on production at a given enterprise in the total working time spent, respectively, in the reporting and base periods, i.e.:

; ;

Then the labor productivity index of variable composition can be presented as follows:

(17)

To exclude the influence of changes in the cost structure on the value of labor productivity, the constant composition index is calculated:

(18)

The constant composition index can be obtained as shown above and based on labor intensity:

(19)

The two constant composition indices have different economic meanings. The first makes it possible to calculate the increase in production volume due to an increase in labor productivity: (, and the second shows what savings in labor costs have been achieved in this regard: .

The index of structural changes reflects changes in average output due to changes in the share of time worked at individual enterprises with different levels of labor productivity in the total cost of working time:

(20)

The named natural indices of labor productivity are closely related to each other:

(21)

The difference between the numerator and denominator of each of these indices shows the absolute change in output in the reporting period compared to the base period due to the above factors.

Thus, the total absolute change in average output () is equal to:

3.5 Problem

Table 6

1. Main technical and economic indicators of the enterprise

	Indicator name		Base period		Deviation
	Product cost
	Total production costs
	Average list number of employees of the enterprise
	Personnel movement indicators:
	Arrival rate
	Attrition rate
	Total turnover ratio
	Staff turnover rate
	Replacement rate
	Stability factor
	Labor productivity indicators
	Production in nat. expression	thousand t/person
	Production costs. expression
	Labor intensity
	Salary fund
	Average annual cost of fixed assets
	Condition indicators, movement and effective use of basic funds.
	Condition indicators
	Wear rate
	Usability factor
	Indicators of movement of fixed production assets
	Basic input coefficient funds
	Attrition rate
	Indicators of effective use of basic funds
	Capital productivity
	Capital productivity is worth. expression
	Capital intensity	thousand roubles. /rub
	Capital-labor ratio
	Equity return
	Working capital turnover indicators
	Turnover ratio
	Duration of turnover in days
	Working capital utilization factor
	Costs per 1 ruble of manufactured products
	Product profit
	Profitability
	Return on Equity
	Enterprise profitability
	Product profitability

2. Enterprise analysis

2.1 The absolute and relative influence of the following factors on the overall change in product costs:

2.1.1. Average number of employees of the enterprise;

The cost of fixed assets due to a change in the average number of employees of the enterprise by 20.2% increased by 1092955.305 thousand rubles.

2.1.2. Labor productivity per 1 worker

The cost of fixed assets due to changes in labor productivity per 1 worker increased by 7045.01 thousand rubles.

The cost of production in the reporting period compared to the base period due to the influence of the average number of employees of the enterprise and labor productivity per 1 worker increased by 1,100,000 thousand rubles, which was an increase of 20.3%.

2.2 The absolute and relative influence of the following factors on the overall change in product costs:

2.2.1 Average annual cost of fixed assets

The cost of fixed assets due to a change in the average annual cost of fixed assets by 0.6% increased by 30,715.24 thousand rubles.

2.2.2 the share of the active part of fixed assets in their total value

The cost of fixed assets due to a change in the share of the active part of fixed assets by 3.1% of the value increased by 30,715.24 thousand rubles.

2.2.3 Capital productivity of the active part of fixed assets

The cost of fixed assets due to a change in the capital productivity of the active part of fixed assets increased by 16% by 899,428 thousand rubles.

The total change in the value of fixed assets is calculated by the formula:

The cost of production in the reporting period compared to the base period due to the influence of capital productivity of the active part of fixed assets, the share of the active part of fixed assets in their total value and the average annual cost of fixed assets increased by 1,100,000 thousand rubles, which was an increase of 20.3%.

2.3 Absolute and relative influence of the following factors on the overall change in the wage fund

Similar documents

The essence and relationship of wages and labor productivity, indicators of level and dynamics. Characteristics of the interval distribution series. Sampling error of average salary level. Problems of statistical study of labor productivity.

test, added 05/04/2009


Concept and methods of measuring labor productivity. Classification of factors influencing changes in labor productivity. Factors and reserves for increasing the level of personnel productivity. Programs for managing labor productivity in an enterprise.

test, added 02/01/2011


The concept of labor productivity. Direct and inverse values ​​of labor productivity, relationships. A natural method for measuring the dynamics of labor productivity, its significance and limits of application. Method for measuring the dynamics of labor productivity.

course work, added 05/31/2008


The economic essence and significance of labor productivity, its indicators and measurement methods. Methodology for planning labor productivity growth taking into account the influence of factors. Analysis of the supply of labor resources and the use of working time.

thesis, added 05/01/2015


Study of theoretical aspects of labor productivity. Concept and indicators of labor productivity. Assessment of the main factors of labor productivity growth at JSC Mozyrsol. Analysis of the level and dynamics of labor productivity at OAO Mozyrsol.

course work, added 04/29/2011


Economic essence and significance of labor productivity. Indicators and methods for measuring labor productivity. Introduction of new Pellegrini Meccanica equipment. The main directions of increasing labor productivity at JSC "Vologda VRZ".

thesis, added 08/12/2017


Study of labor productivity and efficiency, planning methods, performance measurement indicators and identifying ways to improve productivity. Indicators of efficiency and labor productivity of the trading enterprise KTM LLC.

course work, added 06/15/2010


The theoretical essence of labor productivity, methods for measuring it and ways to improve it. Analysis of production and economic activities and the level of labor productivity at the enterprise. Analysis of the level and reserves of labor productivity at VZNO LLC.

course work, added 10/24/2014


The concept of labor productivity and the definition of tasks for its statistical study using methods of statistical theory. Calculation of product output indicators and analysis of their dynamics. Conducting factor index analysis of labor productivity.

course work, added 05/26/2013


Concept, data sources, labor productivity indicators. Grouping of agricultural enterprises in Karasuk, Chistoozerny, Krasnoozersky districts by level of labor productivity. Dynamics of the level of labor productivity in the enterprise.

The effectiveness of the use of personnel in the company's work is characterized by labor productivity indicators.

Labor productivity is an economic category that expresses the degree of feasibility and fruitfulness of the activities of employees of an enterprise in the production of spiritual and material goods.

Labor productivity is determined by the amount of time spent by an employee on producing a unit of production (or on performing a certain job) or by the amount of products (volume of work) produced by an employee for a certain unit of time (shift, hour, year, quarter).

Labor productivity is determined through a system of indicators of labor intensity and output.

Output

Output (W) is the actual productivity of labor; in economics it is understood as the quotient of dividing the volume of work performed (output) by the number of employees (labor costs).

W = q / T

Labor intensity

Labor intensity (t) is determined by dividing labor costs (number of employees) by the volume of work (products produced). Labor intensity indicators characterize labor costs per unit of production (work performed), and output indicators characterize the volume of work performed (products received) per unit of strength.

t = T/q

Where q is the volume of products produced, T is the cost of working time.

Basic labor productivity coefficients are calculated both separately and on average for the organization.

The production of products and output at individual work sites and places involved in the production of products are always determined in physical terms, in the volume of units produced.

For example, the volume of certificates issued on average by a telephone operator at the STS help desk per hour, the volume of written correspondence sorted by one sorter per hour. At individual workplaces, the volume of production, as a rule, is standardized - each employee is assigned a separate planned task or a specific production rate.

The labor productivity of maintenance employees of various communications equipment is quite difficult to characterize in terms of output, since they are engaged in adjusting and eliminating damage, and their work activity often only involves staying at their workplace. Therefore, at this stage it is important to measure labor intensity indicators, that is, the amount of time spent, for example, on eliminating communication interference.

The volume of labor productivity in a communications organization is determined by the average output. However, in a communications company it is generally impossible to find out the output in physical terms, since the company carries out various types of services and work, so the output is determined in monetary terms - the total volume of the company's products sold will be reflected in the revenue received, therefore, when calculating labor productivity in general, the indicator is used sales revenue.

The formula for calculating labor productivity is as follows:

PT = O/H

Where O is the amount of work per unit of time, PT is labor productivity and N is the number of employees.

• Before making calculations, decide on the indicators by which the calculation will be carried out: product output or labor intensity.
• Choose the method by which the volume of labor productivity will be calculated: labor, natural or cost. The natural method is used to calculate the exact volume of output and products produced (in quantity, weight, cubic or square meters).

Examples of calculating labor productivity

Consider the following examples:

1. A company employing 50 workers produced 50,000 nails in a month. The output of one worker will be: 1000 pieces of nails/person (50,000 divided by 50).
2. The company, which employs 50 workers, produces about 30,000 window frames per week. Under such conditions, production will be calculated as follows: 30,000/50 = 600 window frames (one worker produces per week).

With the labor method, the quantity of products is determined in standard hours; it is not suitable for medium or small businesses and is used mainly by large companies. For example, a turner turns 0.5 bushings per minute of his shift. In the cost methodology, value expressions are taken as the basis.

Let's give an example: two factories produce products worth 1,000,000 rubles in one day. One factory employs 10 people, another – 40. Calculation: 1,000,000/50 = 20,000 rubles (one factory employee produces products for this amount).

When making calculations, take into account that the volume of labor productivity is a variable value that depends not only on the employees, but also on the manager (owner) of the company: the better the working conditions at the enterprise, the higher and more reliable the motivation of employees and their labor productivity will be.

Correctly calculating labor productivity for an enterprise is very important, since the work schedule and staffing of employees, as well as the cost of products (services), the costs of their production and the final profit of the company depend on this indicator.

Labor productivity in accounting

Not only an enterprise economist, but also an accountant can calculate labor productivity. The labor productivity indicator can also be determined by indirect indicators reflected in the balance sheet. To do this you need to use the following formula:

PT = Vwr / emergency

Where PE is the number of personnel, PT is labor productivity, V vr is the volume of work performed, which is indicated in the balance sheet.

An increase in labor productivity in 100% of cases means a reduction in costs and an increase in the profitability of the company, and also indicates that the company has a competent manager. Productivity growth should not be short-term and sudden, for example, due to a sharp increase in the workload of employees, but gradual and smooth. Labor productivity is directly related to the cost of goods (products, services) - the higher the productivity, the lower the cost and vice versa.

Factors influencing labor productivity

Labor productivity indicators change under the influence of various factors, which may be internal or external to the company.

The following can be distinguished external factors:

• Political: by decision of the state, capital is accumulated in the hands of a certain circle of high-ranking officials, which leads to a massive reluctance of the people to work.
• Natural: in difficult climatic conditions (heat, fog, humidity, cold), overall labor productivity is significantly reduced.
• General economic: tax and credit policy, quota and license systems, freedom of entrepreneurial activity.

TO internal factors relate:

• Application of modern achievements of science and technology in production.
• Changes in the structure and volume of production.
• Improving the organization and stimulation of employee work.
• Modernization of production organization and management in the company.

How to increase productivity

To improve performance, when it comes to product production, the management of the enterprise needs to:

• Implement automated lines.
• Spend no expense on new software and training your employees to use the latest technology.
• Optimize logistics, since if an employee spends most of his working time standing idle and waiting, then his work efficiency will be low.

Proper employee motivation also plays a big role - an employee who has four shifts a week and no additional motivation will produce fewer parts per hour than an employee who has two shifts and additional bonuses from the company:

• Additional medical insurance policy.
• Holiday bonuses.
• Reduced pool membership.

Labor productivity is very difficult to calculate in the activities of managers who are not involved in direct sales or workers who are employed in the field of service, maintenance or recruiting. To make the work of such employees more effective, it is necessary to use methods of non-material motivation. For example:

• Employees attend free training on effective communications and team building.
• Praise and recognition of work.
• Competitions, competitions.
• Motivational meetings.
• Discounts on services.
• Congratulations on significant dates.
• Informing other employees about the achievements of their colleagues.
• Incentive travel.

Video: how to calculate labor productivity

In order to analyze and predict the productivity of an enterprise, the following indicators are used:

• Private: display the time costs for the production of a unit of production or show how many goods of a particular type in physical terms are produced for a certain unit of time.
• Generalizing: average daily, average annual, average hourly output of products (goods) per employee. These indicators are calculated by dividing the volume of production in rubles or in standard hours by the total number of employees or the entire industrial production personnel of the company.
• Auxiliary: give an idea of ​​the employee’s time spent on performing a unit of work or the total amount of work performed per unit of time.