The modern metallurgical market is represented by many large companies from around the world. The undoubted leaders are companies from Luxembourg, China, Japan, Korea and other countries.
In general, it is noted that the basis of world metal production is made up of companies from China, Japan and Korea; at least the top ten largest ones contain a larger number of enterprises from these countries.
This time we will talk about three world leaders. After all, it is these largest metallurgical companies in the world that directly influence the global metal products market.
The largest metallurgical enterprises in the world: Arcelor Mittal.
According to statistics, in 2008 this company already controlled 10 percent of the entire global steel market.
This metallurgical giant was founded in 2006 as a result of the merger of companies in Luxembourg and India. The total production capacity of the two companies at that time was about 120 million tons per year. It should be noted that the management of the united corporation planned to increase capacity in five years and achieve volumes of 150 million tons. Projects to increase capacity were supposed to be implemented by 2011, but due to the global economic crisis, their completion was postponed several years later (until 2014).
Today, this metallurgical giant owns a number of enterprises in 60 countries, including the Krivorozhstal plant in Ukraine. Let us note that the enterprises and factories of the global giant are engaged in the mining of coal, iron ore, steel production, etc.
In Russia, the Luxembourg company owns Severstal-Resource, as well as other enterprises associated with Severstal Group. Arcelor Mittal owns almost 100 percent of the shares of such mines as Berezovskaya, Pervomaiskaya, and Anzherskaya. In addition, the company owns the Severnaya coal processing plant and controlling stakes in a number of auxiliary companies that are involved in transportation, repair, installation, energy supply, etc.
In total, this largest metallurgical company has twenty enterprises on all continents. Today, Arcelor Mittal is recognized as the leader in all major markets for metal products - construction, automotive, household appliances, etc.
Hebei Iron & Steel Group is a Chinese giant.
This is another major player in the global metallurgical market. Various ratings give this company second and third places in steel production over the past year.
HBIS is a state-owned enterprise that is involved in steel production and processing. The history of the company in general goes back about 50 years, but the modern structure of the company was founded in 2008, when the merger of such large steel producers as Handan Iron and Steel Group and Tangshan Iron and Steel Group took place.
In just three years since the merger, the newly created company was able to become the largest and most profitable corporation in China and the second largest steel producer in the world. HBIS's profits in 2011 were $2,503 billion.
The Chinese corporation Hebei Iron & Steel Group, in addition to the production, processing of steel and its sales, also operates in such areas as the extraction of raw materials, logistics, transport, research, investment, financial activities, etc.
The production capacity of this company includes thirteen blast furnaces of various sizes, the same number of sintering machines, as well as electric furnaces with a capacity of 100 tons. The company's enterprises operate more than 50 production lines. HBIS plants are engaged in hot and cold rolling of steel, etc.
The unique products of the Chinese steel manufacturer include ultra-thin cold-rolled sheets, as well as steel plates whose thickness is no more than 700 millimeters. In total, the company produces about three hundred types of steel.
Nippon Steel and Sumitomo Metal Industries.
Japanese steel company Nippon Steel is also recognized as a world leader. The first blast furnace of this manufacturer was installed back in 1857. The company under its current name was founded in 1970 as a result of the merger of Fuji Steel and Yawata Steel.
It is worth noting that Nippon Steel last year began merging with Sumitomo Metal Industries, with which it has owned common enterprises since 2003. Experts note that this merger will raise the Japanese giant to second place in the global steel production rankings. According to various sources, the companies plan to break into first place and displace the Luxembourg-Indian metallurgical union.
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………… 2 pages.
1.Structure of the metallurgical complex………………………….4 pages.
1.1.The main metallurgical bases of Russia………………………4pp.
1.2. Ferrous metallurgy……………………………………………. 6 pages
1.3.Non-ferrous metallurgy…………………………………………………………….9 p.
2. Current situation of the metallurgical complex…………p. 14.
2.1. Problems and prospects for the development of the metallurgical complex………………………………………………………………14p.
2.2. Russia's share in world metallurgy…………………………..14pp.
2.3. Environmental problems of the metallurgical complex.....17p.
Conclusion……………………………………………………..19p.
References…………………………………………………….20pp.
Introduction.
Metallurgical complex is a set of industries covering all stages of technological processes: from the extraction and enrichment of raw materials to the production of products in the form of ferrous and non-ferrous metals and their alloys. It includes ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. 90% of all metals used in modern production are ferrous metals, i.e. iron and alloys obtained on its basis. However, the total number of non-ferrous metals is much larger (there are more than 70 types), they have more valuable properties. Non-ferrous metallurgy is of great importance for industries that ensure the development of the scientific and technical process in the national economy.
The metallurgical complex is an interdependent combination of the following technological processes:
— extraction and preparation of raw materials for processing (extraction, enrichment, agglomeration, obtaining the necessary concentrates, etc.);
- metallurgical limit - the main technological process for the production of cast iron, steel, rolled ferrous and non-ferrous metals, pipes, etc.;
— production of alloys;
— recycling of primary production waste and obtaining secondary products from them.
Depending on the combination of these technological processes, the following types of production in the metallurgical complex are distinguished:
1) full-cycle production, which are represented, as a rule, by plants in which all the mentioned stages of the technological process operate simultaneously;
2) incomplete cycle production is an enterprise in which not all stages of the technological process are carried out, for example, in ferrous metallurgy only steel or rolled products are produced, but there is no production of cast iron, or only rolled products are produced. The incomplete cycle also includes electrothermy of ferroalloys, electrometallurgy, etc.
Incomplete cycle enterprises, or “small metallurgy”, are called marginal enterprises, are presented in the form of separate divisions for the production of foundry iron, steel or rolled products as part of the country’s large machine-building enterprises.
The location of metallurgical plants is greatly influenced by:
— features of the use of raw materials (ore);
— the type of energy used to produce metal;
— geography of raw materials and energy sources;
— provision of the territory with transport routes.
There are some differences in the location of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. Non-ferrous metal ores have a low metal content, so non-ferrous metallurgy, especially the production of heavy metals, focuses mainly on raw materials. To obtain light metals, a lot of electricity and water are required. Therefore, enterprises that smelt them are, as a rule, concentrated near large hydroelectric power stations.
In the territorial structure of the national economy of Russia, the metallurgical complex has regional and complex-forming significance. Modern metallurgical enterprises, by the nature of internal technological connections, are metallurgical and energy chemical plants.
In addition to the main production, metallurgical enterprises create production based on the utilization of various types of secondary resources, raw materials and materials (sulfuric acid production, heavy organic synthesis for the production of benzene, ammonia and other chemical products, production of building materials - cement, block products, as well as phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers, etc.).
1.Structure of the metallurgical complex.
1.1. Metallurgical bases of Russia.
One of the features of the location of metallurgical enterprises is unevenness, as a result of which metallurgical complexes are distributed in “clumps”.
The Ural metallurgical base is the largest in Russia and is second in terms of ferrous metal production volumes only to the Southern metallurgical base of Ukraine within the CIS. On a Russian scale, it also ranks first in the production of non-ferrous metals. The share of Ural metallurgy accounts for 52% of cast iron, 56% of steel and more than 52% of rolled ferrous metals of the volumes produced on the scale of the former USSR. It is the oldest in Russia. The Urals use imported Kuznetsk coal. Our own iron ore base is depleted, so a significant part of the raw materials is imported from Kazakhstan, the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly and Karelia. The development of its own iron ore base was associated with the development of the Kachkanar titanomagnetite deposit (Sverdlovsk region) and the Baikal siderite deposit (Chelyabinsk region), which account for more than half of the region’s iron ore reserves. The largest enterprises producing them are the Kachkanar Mining and Processing Plant (GOK) and the Baikal Mining Administration. The largest centers of ferrous metallurgy were formed in the Urals: Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Tagil, Yekaterinburg, Serov, Zlatoust, etc.
The Urals is one of the main regions for the production of steel pipes for oil and gas pipelines; the largest enterprises are located in Chelyabinsk, Pervouralsk, Kamensk - Uralsk.
The Central Metallurgical Base is an area of intensive development of cheap iron ore mining. The development of ferrous metallurgy is based on the use of the largest iron ore deposits of the KMA, as well as metallurgical scrap and imported coal - Donetsk, Pechora and Kuznetsk.
The central metallurgical base includes large enterprises of the full metallurgical cycle: the Novolipetsk Iron and Steel Works and the Novotulsky Plant, the Svobodny Sokol metallurgical plant (Lipetsk), Elektrostal near Moscow.
The zone of influence and territorial connections of the Center also includes the metallurgy of the North of the European part of Russia, which accounts for more than 5% of the iron ore reserves of the Russian Federation and over 21% of iron ore production. Quite large enterprises operate here: the Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant, the Olenegorsk and Kovdor Mining and Processing Plants, etc.
The metallurgical base of Siberia is in the process of formation. Siberia and the Far East account for approximately a fifth of the cast iron and finished products produced in Russia and 15% of steel. The basis for the formation of the Siberian metallurgical base is the iron ores of Gornaya Shoria, Khakassia, the Angaro-Ilimsk iron ore basin, and the fuel base is the Kuznetsk coal basin. Modern production is represented by two large enterprises: the Kuznetsk Metallurgical Plant and the West Siberian Plant.
The country's iron ore base is represented by the following enterprises. In the north-west of the country: OJSC Olenegorsk GOK, OJSC Kovodvorsky GOK and OJSC Karelsky Okatysh. They fully meet the needs of Severstal OJSC for iron ore raw materials.
.
The Siberian base is the youngest of the country's bases and is in the process of formation. The prospects for its development are associated with the construction of metallurgical plants in Eastern Siberia (Taishet) and the Far East.
A new metallurgical base began to form in the Northern region, namely in the city of Cherepovets, where one of the largest metallurgical plants in the country is located. The Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant uses iron ore from the Kola Peninsula (Kovdorsky and Olenegorsky GOK) and Karelia (Kostomuksha GOK), coking coal from the Pechora basin. There is a conversion plant in St. Petersburg.
1.2. Ferrous metallurgy.
Ferrous metallurgy is one of the most important sectors of the Russian economic complex and serves as the foundation for the development of many industries, primarily mechanical engineering.
In terms of production of ferrous metals (annual steel production is approximately 50 million tons, or 7% of global production), Russia ranks 4th in the world - after China (107 million tons), Japan (105 million tons) ) and the USA (about 100 million tons) and 1st in their exports (about 25 million tons, or more than 10% of world exports).
The Russian ferrous metallurgy is distinguished by its complex composition, high level of concentration and combination of production. The overwhelming majority (about 9/10) of cast iron, steel and rolled products here are produced by large enterprises with a full technological cycle - metallurgical plants.
The country's metallurgical complex also includes plants that produce only cast iron and steel or separately cast iron, steel and rolled products (that is, pig metallurgy enterprises). A special group is formed by enterprises of small-scale metallurgy), production of steel and rolled products at machine-building plants) and enterprises with electrometallurgical production of steel and ferroalloys.
The location of full cycle enterprises (cast iron - steel - rolled products), conversion, small metallurgy and electrometallurgy is determined by the action of various factors.
The decisive role in the location of full-cycle ferrous metallurgy enterprises is played by the raw material and fuel-energy factor, i.e., the supply of raw materials (iron ore) and fuel (coal, coke). The availability of water resources is also of great importance (to smelt 1 ton of pig iron, up to 30 cubic meters of circulating water is required).
In Russia in 1997, 71 million tons of iron ore were mined and about 28 million tons of coke were produced.
The Central Chernozem region is the leader in the production of iron ore (concentrating more than 30% of the total volume of its production in the country), where the KM A with its deposits and mining and processing plants of world importance is located. Next comes the Urals, Northern region, Eastern and Western Siberia. In coke production, the first is the West Siberian region (Kuznetsk basin), then the European North (Pechora basin) and the Far East (South Yakutsk basin).
In all these areas of iron ore and coking coal mining, powerful (the largest in the country) metallurgical plants arose - Novolipetsk (in the Central Black Earth region), Cherepovets (in the North), Magnitogorsk, Nizhny Tagil, Chelyabinsk and Orsko-Khalilovsky ( in the Urals), West Siberian and Kuznetsk (in Western Siberia).
Conversion metallurgy enterprises are mainly focused on regions and centers of developed mechanical engineering, which have large sources of secondary raw materials and at the same time are places of consumption of finished products (steel, rolled products). They were created in the North Caucasus (Krasny Sulen, Taganrog), in the Volga region (Volgograd, Naberezhnye Chelny, Togliatti, etc.), Volgo-Vyatka (Nizhny Novgorod), Central (Moscow, Elektrostal), Northwestern -padny (St. Petersburg), Ural (Ekaterinburg, Izhevsk, etc.), West Siberian (Novosibirsk), East Siberian (Krasnoyarsk, Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky, etc.) and Far Eastern (Komsomolsk - on - Amur ) areas, i.e. in almost all economic regions of the country. Small (shop) metallurgy is located directly at large machine-building plants.
Electrometallurgy of ferroalloys, due to high electricity costs (up to 9 thousand kWh per 1 ton of metal), has developed in areas where the production of cheap electricity is combined with the resources of alloying metals. (Chelyabinsk in the Urals, etc.). The totality of ferrous metallurgy enterprises (of all types), located in one or neighboring regions, together with their raw material and fuel base form the regions (bases) of ferrous metallurgy.
Siberian base (West Siberian, East Siberian and Far Eastern region) . The raw material base is the iron ores of Gornaya Shoria, Khakassia, Angara-Ilimsky, Angara-Pitsky and Aldan basins. Fuel base - Kuzbass and South Yakutsk basin. There are large mining and processing plants - Korshunovsky and Rudnogorsk in the Irkutsk region. Metal production is represented by the Kuznetsk and West Siberian metallurgical plants (both are located in Novokuznetsk), processing plants (Novosibirsk, Guryevsk, Krasnoyarsk, Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky, Komsomolsk-on-Amur), ferroalloy plants (Novokuznetsk).
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Metallurgical enterprises of Russia
A list of metallurgical plants operating in Russia has been expanded. Contact information allows you to clarify the location of the organization, as well as find out the phone number and go to the official website of the plant of interest.
Metallurgical plants can be divided into two areas based on their products: ferrous metallurgy and non-ferrous metallurgy. Products manufactured by enterprises are produced in a number of industries:
1. Extraction of nonmetallic raw materials (for example, refractory clays).
2. Production of various pipes (production of steel and cast iron pipes).
3. Creation of ferrous metals (steel, rolled products, cast iron, ferrous metal powders and much more).
4. Creation of coke and coke oven gas, etc.
5. Metal reprocessing. For example, cutting scrap and ferrous metal waste.
The products of metallurgical enterprises are supplied to machine-building and construction organizations, and are also exported abroad. When performing all work, all standards and state standards are observed to ensure the quality of the final product.
List of operating organizations
Asha Metallurgical Plant (Asha city)
Abinsk Electrometallurgical Plant (Abinsk)
Alapaevsk Metallurgical Plant (Alapaevsk)
Barnaul chain plant (Barnaul)
Verkhnesaldinsky Metallurgical Plant (Verkhnyaya Salda)
Volgograd Metallurgical Plant (city.
Metallurgy of Russia
Volgograd)
Verkh-Isetsky Metallurgical Plant (Ekaterinburg)
Vyartsilya Metallurgical Plant (Vyartsilya city)
Verkhnesinyachikha metallurgical plant (Verkhnyaya Sinyachikha city)
Vyksa Metallurgical Plant (Vyksa city)
Vishnegorsk Metallurgical Plant (Vishnegorsk)
Guryev Metallurgical Plant (Gurievsk)
Zlatoust Metallurgical Plant (Zlatoust city)
Izhevsk plant of forging and pressing equipment (Izhevsk)
Izhevsk Metallurgical Plant (Izhevsk)
Kamensk-Uralsky Metallurgical Plant (Kamensk-Uralsky city)
Kulebaki Metallurgical Plant (Kulebaki city)
Kosogorsk Metallurgical Plant (Tula)
Kaluga Non-Ferrous Metals Processing Plant (Kaluga)
Krasnoyarsk Metallurgical Plant (Krasnoyarsk)
Lysva Metallurgical Plant (Lysva)
Moscow Metallurgical Plant (Moscow)
Metallurgical Plant named after A.K. Serov (city of Serov)
Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works (Magnitogorsk)
Nizhny Novgorod Metallurgical Plant (Nizhny Novgorod)
Nadezhda Metallurgical Plant (Norilsk)
Novgorod Metallurgical Plant (Veliky Novgorod)
Nizhneserginsky hardware and metallurgical plant (Revda)
Nizhny Tagil Metallurgical Plant (Nizhny Tagil)
Novokuznetsk Metallurgical Plant (Novokuznetsk)
Novolipetsk Iron and Steel Works (Lipetsk)
Nytva Metallurgical Plant (Nytva city)
Novosibirsk Metallurgical Plant named after. Kuzmina (Novosibirsk)
Oskol Metallurgical Engineering Plant (Stary Oskol)
Omutninsky Metallurgical Plant (Omutninsk city)
Podolsk Chemical and Metallurgical Plant (Podolsk)
Revda Non-Ferrous Metals Processing Plant (Revda)
Salda Metallurgical Plant (Nizhnyaya Salda)
Sredneuralsk Metallurgical Plant (city of Sredneuralsk)
Samara Metallurgical Plant (Samara)
Sverdlovsk Metallurgical Plant (Ekaterinburg)
Stupino Metallurgical Plant (Stupino)
Staroutkinsk Metallurgical Plant (Staroutkinsk)
Sulinsky Metallurgical Plant (Krasny Sulin)
Taganrog Metallurgical Plant (Taganrog)
Ufaleysky Metallurgical Engineering Plant (Verkhny Ufaley)
Ural Metallurgical Plant (Ekaterinburg)
Chusovoy Metallurgical Plant (Chusovoy)
Chelyabinsk Metallurgical Plant (Chelyabinsk)
Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant (Cherepovets)
Shchelkovo Metallurgical Plant (Shchelkovo)
Overview of the Russian metallurgical industry
Ferrous metallurgy
Ferrous metallurgy includes sub-sectors:
- Extraction of non-metallic raw materials for ferrous metallurgy: refractory clays, flux raw materials, etc.
- Production of ferrous metals, including steel, cast iron, rolled metal, ferrous metal powders, blast furnace ferroalloys.
- Pipe production: production of steel and cast iron pipes.
- Coke and chemical production: production of coke, coke oven gas, etc.
- Secondary processing of ferrous metals: cutting of scrap and waste of ferrous metals.
Ferrous metallurgy enterprises can have a full cycle (production of cast iron, steel and rolled products), belong to pigment metallurgy (only steel and rolled products, without the production of cast iron) or small metallurgy (machine-building plants producing steel and rolled products).
Ferrous metallurgy enterprises are located close to sources of raw materials. Metallurgical plants producing iron and steel are located near iron ore deposits and forests (since charcoal is needed to reduce iron).
Metallurgical complex of Russia - main centers of metallurgy and problems
When constructing metallurgical enterprises, the availability of electricity, natural gas and water is also taken into account.
Ural metallurgical base
Sources of ore: Kachkanar deposits, Kursk magnetic anomaly, Kustanai deposits (Kazakhstan).
The largest full-cycle enterprises: Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works (the largest in Russia), Chelyabinsk Iron and Steel Works (Mechel OJSC), Nizhny Tagil Iron and Steel Works (EVRAZ), Ural Steel Works (Novotroitsk, Metalloinvest holding), Beloretsky metallurgical plant (Mechel OJSC), Ashinsky metallurgical plant, A.K. Serov metallurgical plant (Serov; UMMC holding), Chusovsky metallurgical plant (United Metallurgical Company holding).
The largest processing metallurgy enterprises: Viz-Stal LLC (Ekaterinburg, former Verkh-Isetsky Metallurgical Plant), IzhStal (Izhevsk, Mechel OJSC), Chelyabinsk Pipe Rolling Plant (ChTPZ holding), Chelyabinsk Ferroalloy Plant plant (the largest in Russia for the production of ferroalloys), Serov Ferroalloy Plant, Pervouralsk New Pipe Plant (ChTPZ holding), Ural Pipe Plant (Pervouralsk), Zlatoust Metallurgical Plant, Novolipetsk Metallurgical Plant.
Central metallurgical base
Ore sources: Kursk magnetic anomaly, deposits of the Kola Peninsula.
The largest full-cycle enterprises: Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant (OJSC Severstal), Novolipetsk Metallurgical Plant, Kosogorsky Metallurgical Plant (Tula), Oskol Electrometallurgical Plant (Stary Oskol).
The largest processing metallurgy enterprises: Cherepovets Steel-Rolling Plant (JSC Severstal), Oryol Steel-Rolling Plant, Electrostal Metallurgical Plant (Elektrostal), Hammer and Sickle Metallurgical Plant (Moscow), Izhora Pipe Plant (St. -Petersburg, JSC Severstal), Vyksa Metallurgical Plant (Vyksa, Nizhny Novgorod Region, JSC OMK).
Siberian metallurgical base
Sources of ore: deposits of Gornaya Shoria, Abakan deposits, Angaro-Ilim deposits.
The largest full-cycle enterprises: Novokuznetsk Metallurgical Plant (EVRAZ), West Siberian Metallurgical Plant (Novokuznetsk, EVRAZ), Novokuznetsk Ferroalloy Plant.
The largest metallurgical enterprises: Novosibirsk Metallurgical Plant named after Kuzmin, Sibelektrostal Metallurgical Plant (Krasnoyarsk), Guryevsky Metallurgical Plant (ITF Group holding), Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky Metallurgical Plant.
Non-ferrous metallurgy
Non-ferrous metallurgy includes the following processes:
- Extraction and enrichment of non-ferrous metal ores.
- Smelting of non-ferrous metals and their alloys: heavy (copper, zinc, lead, nickel, tin) and light (aluminum, magnesium, titanium).
Enterprises for the production of heavy non-ferrous metals are located near sources of ore, since they do not require a large amount of energy. Enterprises producing light non-ferrous metals are located near sources of cheap energy.
Copper
The largest enterprises: Buribaevsky GOK, Gaisky GOK (UMMC holding), Karabashmed, Krasnouralsk copper smelting plant, Kirovgrad copper smelting plant, Mednogorsk copper and sulfur plant (UMMC holding), Ormet (Gazprom), Polymetal production (UMMC holding "), Safyanovskaya copper (UMMC holding), Svyatogor (UMMC holding), Sredneuralsky copper smelter (UMMC holding), Uralelectromed (UMMC holding).
Lead and zinc
The largest enterprises: Bashkir copper-sulfur plant, Belovsky zinc plant, Gorevsky GOK, Dalpolimetal, Ryaztsvetmet, Sadonsky lead-zinc plant, Uchalinsky GOK, Chelyabinsk electrolyte-zinc plant, Electrozinc.
Nickel and cobalt
The largest enterprises: MMC Norilsk Nickel (owned by the Interros company), Rezhnikel Production Association (Gazprom), Ufaleynickel, Yuzhuralnickel.
Tin
The largest enterprises: Far Eastern Mining Company, Dalolovo (NOK company), Deputatskolovo, Novosibirsk Tin Plant, Khingan Olovo (NOK company).
Aluminum
Largest enterprises: Achinsk Alumina Refinery (RusAL Holding), Boguslav Aluminum Smelter (SUAL Holding), Belokalitvinsk Metallurgical Production Association (RusAL Holding), Boksitogorsk Alumina Refinery, Bratsk Aluminum Smelter (RusAL Holding), Volgograd Aluminum Smelter , Volkhov aluminum smelter, Irkutsk aluminum smelter (SUAL holding), Kamensk-Ural metallurgical plant (SUAL holding), Kandalaksha aluminum smelter (SUAL holding), Krasnoyarsk aluminum smelter (RusAL holding), Mikhalyum (holding "SUAL"), Nadvoitsky Aluminum Plant (SUAL Holding), Novokuznetsk Aluminum Plant (RusAL Holding), Samara Metallurgical Plant (RusAL Holding), Sayan Aluminum Plant (RusAL Holding), Stupino Metallurgical Company (" Gazprom"), Ural Aluminum Plant (SUAL holding), Foil Rolling Plant.
Tungsten and molybdenum
The largest enterprises: Hydrometallurg, Zhirekensky GOK, Kirovgrad Hard Alloy Plant, Lermontov Mining Company, Primorsky GOK, Sorsk GOK.
Titanium and magnesium
The largest enterprises: AVISMA, VSMPO, Solikamsk magnesium plant.
Rare earth metals
The largest enterprises: Zabaikalsky GOK, Orlovsky GOK, Sevredmet (ZAO FTK).
It would seem that 2015 favored the metallurgists who were included in the Forbes rating. Without exception, all companies in this sector increased their ruble revenue compared to 2014. In total, compared to 2014, it increased by 19% and amounted to almost 5 trillion rubles. or about 6% of GDP. Growth against the backdrop of falling prices and demand for metallurgists was ensured by the falling ruble. “The industry is 46% export-oriented and generates almost 10% of all foreign exchange earnings from our country’s foreign economic activity,” said Industry Minister Denis Manturov at a meeting on industry development at the end of March.
But at first glance it becomes clear that the industry is in crisis. The results of Evraz Roman Abramovich and Alexander Abramov, who became the leader in the rating among metallurgists, are indicative. In dollars, the company's revenue fell by 32.9% to $8.8 billion, and EBITDA by 38.9% to $1.4 billion, according to IFRS for 2015. The reason is a fall in demand and prices for main products (steel, rails and coal), Evraz explained in its reports. As a result, the net debt/EBITDA ratio increased to 3.7, and the loss amounted to $719 million.
Oleg Deripaska's UC Rusal was in second place in the industry ranking. Although the aluminum holding's ruble revenue increased by almost one and a half times, the figure in dollars, as follows from IFRS reporting, decreased. True, not as dramatic as that of Evraz - only 7.2% to $8.7 billion. The prices for aluminum and alumina are to blame, which decreased compared to 2014 by 9.8% and 8.2%, respectively. At the same time, the company managed to reduce the cost of aluminum products by 16% (mainly due to the depreciation of the ruble and the Ukrainian hryvnia). This allowed UC Rusal to receive $558 million in net profit and, for the first time since 2008, pay $243 million in interim dividends ($0.016 per share).
The metallurgical complex is a set of industries covering all stages of technological processes: from the extraction and enrichment of raw materials to the production of products in the form of ferrous and non-ferrous metals and their alloys. It includes ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. 90% of all metals used in modern production are ferrous metals, i.e. iron and alloys obtained on its basis. However, the total number of non-ferrous metals is much larger (there are more than 70 types), they have more valuable properties. Non-ferrous metallurgy is of great importance for industries that ensure the development of scientific and technological progress in the national economy.
The metallurgical complex is an interdependent combination of the following technological processes:
Extraction and preparation of raw materials for processing (extraction, enrichment, agglomeration, obtaining the necessary concentrates, etc.);
Metallurgical processing is the main technological process for the production of cast iron, steel, rolled ferrous and non-ferrous metals, pipes, etc.;
Production of alloys;
Recycling waste from primary production and obtaining secondary products from it.
Depending on the combination of these technological processes, the following types of production in the metallurgical complex are distinguished:
1) full-cycle production, which are represented, as a rule, by plants in which all the mentioned stages of the technological process operate simultaneously;
2) incomplete cycle production - these are enterprises in which not all stages of the technological process are carried out, for example, in ferrous metallurgy, only steel or rolled products are produced, but there is no production of cast iron, or only rolled products are produced. The incomplete cycle also includes electrothermy of ferroalloys, electrometallurgy, etc.
Incomplete cycle enterprises, or “small metallurgy”, are called conversion enterprises, are presented in the form of separate divisions for the production of foundry iron, steel or rolled products as part of the country’s large machine-building enterprises.
The location of metallurgical plants is greatly influenced by:
Features of the raw materials (ore) used;
Type of energy used to produce metal;
Geography of raw materials and energy sources;
Providing the territory with transport routes.
There are some differences in the location of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises. Non-ferrous metal ores have a lower metal content, so non-ferrous metallurgy, especially the production of heavy metals, focuses mainly on raw materials. To obtain light metals, a lot of electricity and water are required. Therefore, enterprises that smelt them are, as a rule, concentrated near large hydroelectric power stations.
In the territorial structure of the national economy of Russia, the metallurgical complex has regional and complex-forming significance. Modern large metallurgical enterprises, by the nature of internal technological connections, are metallurgical and energy chemical plants. Combination - This is the combination at one enterprise of several production processes interconnected in the technological process, sometimes belonging to different industries.
In addition to the main production, metallurgical enterprises create production based on the utilization of various types of secondary resources, raw materials and supplies (sulfuric acid production, heavy organic synthesis for the production of benzene, ammonia and other chemical products, production of building materials - cement, block products, as well as phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers, etc.).
Ferrous metallurgy. The ferrous metallurgy of Russia includes enterprises and organizations for the extraction and processing of ore and non-metallic materials; production of cast iron, steel, rolled products, pipes, hardware, ferroalloys, refractories, coke, and a number of types of chemical products; procurement and processing of scrap and ferrous metal waste; repair of mechanical and power equipment; transportation of in-plant cargo, as well as scientific and design organizations.
A peculiarity of the industry is the relatively strict connection of enterprises with a full metallurgical cycle to sources of raw materials or metal consumption centers. Enterprises in the industry are located in 20 regions of the Russian Federation, of which the top ten include Vologda, Chelyabinsk, Lipetsk, Sverdlovsk, Belgorod, Kemerovo, Kursk, etc. More than 70% of enterprises are city-forming and significantly influence the economy and social stability of the regions.
The basis of ferrous metallurgy is metallurgical processing: cast iron - steel - rolled products. The rest of the production is related, accompanying: mining and beneficiation of ores (iron, manganese, chromite), coal coking (almost entirely carried out at metallurgical plants), mining of auxiliary materials (fluxing limestone, magnesite), production of refractories, production of metal products for industrial purposes (hardware ).
The raw material base of the industry consists of: iron ore products, non-metallic materials and refractories, coking coal, scrap and waste of ferrous metals. Russia is the largest producer and consumer of commercial iron ores.
Ferrous metallurgy has the following features of its raw material base:
The raw materials are characterized by a relatively high content of useful components from 17% in siderite ores to 53-55% in magnetite iron ores;
Diversity of raw materials in terms of species, which makes it possible to use a variety of technologies and obtain metal with a wide variety of properties;
Various mining conditions (both mine and open pit, which account for up to 80% of all raw materials mined in ferrous metallurgy);
Use of ores with complex composition.
More than 70% of explored reserves and about 80% of predicted iron ore resources are concentrated in the European part of the country. Metallurgical enterprises of the Urals, Siberia and the Far East, with 65% of all production capacities, are experiencing an acute shortage of local commercial iron ores.
Enterprises of the Belgorod and Kursk regions provide more than 50% of ore production in the country, and iron ore deposits of the northern region - enterprises of the Murmansk region and the Republic of Karelia - up to 25%. The main volume of consumption occurs in the regions of the Urals and Siberia.
There are three options for locating full-cycle ferrous metallurgy enterprises, gravitating either to sources of raw materials (Ural, Center), or to sources of fuel (Kuzbass), or located between them (Cherepovets). These options determine the choice of area and construction site, the availability of water sources and auxiliary materials.
Currently, the main method of steel smelting is open-hearth. The oxygen-converter and electric furnace melting methods account for about 30% of the total production volume.
An electrometallurgical plant for the production of steel from metallized pellets obtained by direct reduction of iron operates in Stary Oskol - Oskol Electrometallurgical Plant.
A group of metallurgical enterprises that uses common ore or fuel resources and provides the basic metal needs of the country's economy is called metallurgical base. There are three main metallurgical bases on the territory of Russia: Central, Ural and Siberian. Each of them has its own characteristics in terms of availability of raw materials, fuel, electricity, set and capacity of production; They differ in the structure and specialization of production and the power of its organization.
Metallurgical bases of Russia. One of the features of the location of metallurgical enterprises is unevenness, as a result of which metallurgical complexes are located in “clumps”.
Ural metallurgical base is the largest in Russia and is second only to the southern metallurgical base of Ukraine within the CIS in terms of ferrous metal production volumes. On a Russian scale, it also ranks first in the production of non-ferrous metals. The share of Ural metallurgy accounts for 52% of cast iron, 56% of steel and more than 52% of rolled ferrous metals of the volumes produced on the scale of the former USSR. It is the oldest in Russia. The Urals use imported Kuznetsk coal. Our own iron ore base is depleted, so a significant part of the raw materials is imported from Kazakhstan (Sokolovsko-Sarbaiskoye deposit), from the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA) and Karelia. The development of its own iron ore base was associated with the development of the Kachkanar titanomagnetite deposit (Sverdlovsk region) and the Bakal siderite deposit (Chelyabinsk region), which account for more than half of the region’s iron ore reserves. The largest mining enterprises are the Kachkanar Mining and Processing Plant (GOK) and the Bakal Mining Administration. The largest centers of ferrous metallurgy have formed in the Urals: Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Tagil, Yekaterinburg, Serov, Zlatoust, etc. Currently, 2/3 of iron and steel smelting occurs in the Chelyabinsk and Orenburg regions. The metallurgy of the Urals is characterized by a high level of concentration of production, with the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works occupying a special place. It is the largest producer of iron and steel not only in Russia, but also in Europe.
The Urals is one of the main regions for the production of steel pipes for oil and gas pipelines; the largest enterprises are located in Chelyabinsk, Pervouralsk, Kamensk-Uralsk.
Central metallurgical base - an area of intensive development of ferrous metallurgy, where the largest reserves of iron ore are concentrated. The development of ferrous metallurgy is based on the use of the largest iron ore deposits of the KMA, as well as metallurgical scrap and imported coking coals - Donetsk, Pechora and Kuznetsk.
The intensive development of metallurgy in the Center is associated with the relatively cheap extraction of iron ore. Almost all ore is mined by open pit mining. Large explored and exploited KMA deposits are located in the Kursk and Belgorod regions (Mikhailovskoye, Lebedinskoye, Stoilenskoye, Yakovlevskoye, etc.). Costs per 1 ton of iron in commercial ore are almost half lower than in Krivoy Rog ore (Ukraine), and lower than in Karelian and Kazakh ores. In general, crude ore production is about 80 million tons, i.e. 40% of Russian production.
The central metallurgical base includes large enterprises of the full metallurgical cycle: the Novolipetsk Iron and Steel Works (Lipetsk) and the Novotula Plant (Tula), the Svobodny Sokol metallurgical plant (Lipetsk), Elektrostal near Moscow (high-quality metallurgy). Small metallurgy has been developed at large machine-building enterprises. The Oskol Electrometallurgical Plant for the direct reduction of iron operates (Belgorod region). On the territory of the Central Black Earth economic region there are Lebedinsky, Stoilensky and Mikhailovsky mining and processing plants (GOKs).
The zone of influence and territorial connections of the Center also includes the metallurgy of the North of the European part of Russia, which accounts for more than 5% of the balance reserves of iron ore of the Russian Federation and over 21% of iron ore production. Quite large enterprises operate here: Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant (Vologda Region), Olenegorsk and Kovdor Mining and Processing Plants (Murmansk Region), Kostomuksha Mining and Processing Plant (Karelia). The ores of the North, with a low iron content (28-32%), are well enriched and have almost no harmful impurities, which makes it possible to obtain high-quality metal.
Metallurgical base of Siberia is in the process of formation. Siberia and the Far East account for approximately a fifth of the cast iron and finished products produced in Russia and 15% of steel. 21% of all-Russian reserves are in Siberia and the Far East. The basis for the formation of the Siberian metallurgical base is the iron ores of Gornaya Shoria, Khakassia, the Angara-Ilim iron ore basin, and the fuel base is the Kuznetsk coal basin. Modern production is represented by two large ferrous metallurgy enterprises: the Kuznetsk Metallurgical Plant (with full cycle production) and the West Siberian Plant, as well as a ferroalloy plant (Novokuznetsk). Pipe metallurgy, represented by several conversion plants (Novosibirsk, Guryevsk, Krasnoyarsk, Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky, Komsomolsk-on-Amur), also developed. The mining industry is carried out by several mining and processing enterprises located in the Kuzbass, Mountain Shoria, Khakassia (Western Siberia) and the Korshunovsky Mining and Processing Plant in Eastern Siberia.
The ferrous metallurgy of Siberia and the Far East has not yet completed its formation. Therefore, based on efficient raw material and fuel resources, it is possible in the future to create new centers, in particular the Taishet plant using Kuznetsk coal and Angara-Ilim ores, as well as the Barnaul (Altai Territory) metallurgical plant. In the Far East, the prospects for the development of ferrous metallurgy are associated with the formation of the South Yakutsk TPK, which will include the creation of full-cycle enterprises.
90% of the production of finished steel belongs to the following metallurgical companies: OJSC MMK (Magntitogorsk Iron and Steel Works), OJSC Severstal (Cherepovets), OJSC NLMK (Novolipetsk Iron and Steel Works), OJSC Nizhny Tagil Iron and Steel Works, OJSC Nosta, OJSC Novokuznetsk Metallurgical Plant, OJSC ZSMK, OJSC OEMK.
The country's iron ore base is represented by the following enterprises. In the north-west of the country: OJSC Olenegorsky GOK, OJSC Kovodorsky GOK and OJSC Karelsky Okatysh. They fully satisfy the needs of Severstal OJSC for iron ore raw materials.
In the Central region there are mining and processing plants of the Kursk magnetic anomaly: Lebedinsky GOK OJSC, Stoilensky GOK OJSC, Mikhailovsky GOK OJSC and KMA-ore OJSC. They meet the needs of OJSC Novolipetsk Metallurgical Plant, OJSC Oskol Electrometallurgical Plant, and partially the Ural and Siberian metallurgical plants. Due to the lack of iron ore raw materials in the Urals and Siberia, the Yakovlevskoye deposit in the Belgorod region is being developed to cover the deficit.
In the Urals, the largest is OJSC Kachkanarsky GOK, whose iron ore products are used mainly by the Nizhny Tagil Iron and Steel Works. The remaining local mines - Bogoslovsky, Magnitorsky, Vysokogorsky, Bakalsky, Goroblagodsky, Beloretsky, Pervouralsky and Zlatoustovsky - have a small capacity.
OJSC Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works is supplied with iron ore products from the Sokolovsko-Sarbay iron ore deposit (Kazakhstan). MMK, by purchasing products in the central region, reduces the profitability of its products.
Mechel OJSC (Chelyabinsk) is partially supplied with local raw materials (Bakalskoye field), the rest of the raw materials are imported from the Central region. There is a similar situation at the Orsko-Khalilovsky Metallurgical Plant (JSC Nosta).
A tense balance of iron ore raw materials has developed in Siberia (for the Kuznetsk and West Siberian metallurgical plants). The local base - OJSC Korshunovsky GOK and OJSC Sibruda - has limited capacity and, due to lack of funding, is practically not developing.
Non-ferrous metallurgy. Non-ferrous metals are divided into several groups according to their physical properties and purpose:
Heavy - copper, lead, zinc, tin, nickel;
Lightweight - aluminum, magnesium, titanium, lithium, etc.;
Minor - bismuth, cadmium, antimony, arsenic, cobalt, mercury;
Alloying agents - tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum, niobium, vanadium;
Noble - gold, silver, platinum and platinoids;
Rare and scattered - zirconium, gallium, indium, thallium, germanium, selenium, etc.
The Russian non-ferrous metallurgy produces about 70 different types of metals. Three countries in the world have such a complete set of production - the USA, Germany, Japan.
Features of the raw material base of non-ferrous metallurgy:
Extremely low quantitative content of useful components in raw materials (copper - from 1 to 5%, lead-zinc - from 1.5 to 5.5%, etc.). That is, to obtain 1 ton of copper it is necessary to process at least 100 tons of ore;
Exceptional multicomponent nature of raw materials (for example, Ural pyrites contain copper, iron, sulfur, gold, cadmium, silver, etc., up to 30 elements in total);
High fuel and energy consumption of raw materials during processing.
A feature of non-ferrous metallurgy is the high energy intensity of raw materials in the process of their preparation for metallurgical processing and processing. In this regard, a distinction is made between fuel- and electricity-intensive industries. High fuel intensity is typical, for example, for the production of nickel, alumina from nephelines, and blister copper. The production of aluminum, magnesium, calcium, titanium, etc. is characterized by increased electrical intensity. In the industry as a whole, the share of fuel and energy costs ranges from 10 to 50-65% of the total costs per 1 ton of products produced. This feature of production determines the location of non-ferrous metallurgy industries in regions that are best supplied with electricity.
The Urals is the oldest region in Russia in the production of non-ferrous metals, especially copper, aluminum, zinc, nickel, cobalt, lead, gold and many rare metals. Currently, there are 11 copper industry enterprises operating in the Urals. Among these enterprises, the largest ones should be highlighted: the Bashkir and Uchalinsky mining and processing plants and the Buribayevsky ore management (Bashkortostan), the Kyshtym copper-electrolyte plant (Chelyabinsk region), the Krasnouralsk and Kirovograd copper smelters, the Degtyarskoye ore management, the Sredneuralsky copper smelter and the Uralelectromed plant (Sverdlovsk region), Gaisky GOK and Mednogorsk copper-sulfur plant (Orenburg region).
Ural enterprises produce almost 43% of refined copper, about 65% of zinc in concentrate from the total production in Russia, as well as a significant amount of gold, silver, rare and trace metals.
Non-ferrous metallurgy is developed in the Northern and Northwestern regions, where nepheline, bauxite, titanium, copper-nickel ores are mined and enriched. Aluminum plants are located in Kandalaksha, Nadvoitsy, Boksitogorsk, a copper smelter is in Monchegorsk, and a nickel plant is in the city of Nikel.
Eastern Siberia and especially the Far East are distinguished by a high level of development of non-ferrous metallurgy. It is one of the most important industries in the Far East. The economic region produces the bulk of the all-Russian production of tin ores, gold, lead-zinc ores, tungsten, and mercury. The aluminum industry is developing especially rapidly in the eastern regions of Russia. The most important centers: Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Bratsk, Sayan, Shelikhovsky aluminum smelters, where the production of alumina, metallic aluminum, non-ferrous and light aluminum is carried out. Alumina production is being created in Achinsk.
A lead-zinc industry has been created with a focus on the raw material and fuel base: Kuzbass - Salair, Transbaikalia - Nerchinsk, Far East - Dalnegorsk, etc. The tin industry has been developed: Sherlovogorsky, Khrustalnensky, Solnechny GOK.
A major center of metallurgy is the Norilsk Mining and Metallurgical Combine.
Problems and prospects for the development of the metallurgical complex. With the collapse of the USSR, the unified system of interacting metallurgical bases ceased to exist. The breakdown of existing ties regarding raw materials and metal assortment led to the fact that in a number of regions of Russia, primarily in Siberia and the Far East, the metal shortage increased significantly. The main problem of the domestic metallurgy today is technical re-equipment. Its solution requires replacing the old open-hearth method of steel production with new ones - oxygen-converter and electric melting. Based on their use, the quality of the produced metal improves dramatically. The use of huge reserves of scrap metal requires the construction of new types of metallurgical enterprises (mini-plants). They serve small areas and use modern technology that allows them to produce high-quality metal with minimal negative impacts on the environment. According to statistics, annually the metallurgical complex emits up to 10 million tons of harmful substances into the atmosphere, including 80% of all emissions from lead. Blast furnace and open-hearth production, as well as coke chemistry, are considered especially harmful.
Ferrous metallurgy includes the extraction of non-metallic raw materials (refractory clays, fluxes, etc.), coke production, production of cast iron, steel, rolled metal, ferrous metal powders, blast furnace ferroalloys, secondary processing of ferrous metals (cutting scrap and ferrous metal waste).
Ferrous metallurgy enterprises can have a full cycle (production of cast iron, steel and rolled products), belong to pigment metallurgy (only steel and rolled products, without the production of cast iron) or small metallurgy (machine-building plants producing steel and rolled products).
Ferrous metallurgy enterprises are located close to sources of raw materials. Metallurgical plants producing iron and steel are located near iron ore deposits. During their construction, the availability of electricity, natural gas and water is taken into account.
The largest steel production companies in Russia are Severstal, NLMK Group, MMK Group, Evraz, Metalloinvest, Mechel, OMK.
The largest pipe production companies are TMK Group, ChTPZ Group, Severstal, OMK, Ural Pipe Plant.
Ural metallurgical base
Sources of ore: Kachkanar deposits, Kursk magnetic anomaly, Kustanai deposits (Kazakhstan).
The largest full-cycle enterprises: Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works, Chelyabinsk Iron and Steel Works (Mechel), Nizhny Tagil Iron and Steel Works (Evraz), Ural Steel Works (Novotroitsk, Metalloinvest), Beloretsk Iron and Steel Works (Mechel), Ashinsky Metallurgical Plant, Nadezhda Metallurgical Plant (Serov, UMMC-Steel), Chusovsky Metallurgical Plant (OMK).
The largest processing metallurgy enterprises: VIZ-Steel (Ekaterinburg, NLMK Group), Izhstal (Izhevsk, Mechel), Chelyabinsk Pipe Rolling Plant (ChTPZ Group), Pervouralsk New Pipe Plant (ChTPZ Group), Seversky Pipe Plant ( TMK Group), Sinarsky Pipe Plant (TMK Group), Chelyabinsk Ferroalloy Plant (the largest in Russia in the production of ferroalloys), Serov Ferroalloy Plant, Ural Pipe Plant (Pervouralsk), Zlatoust Metallurgical Plant, NLMK-Ural (NLMK Group).
Central metallurgical base
Ore sources: Kursk magnetic anomaly, deposits of the Kola Peninsula.
The largest full-cycle enterprises: Cherepovets Iron and Steel Works (Severstal), Novolipetsk Iron and Steel Works (Lipetsk, NLMK Group), Kosogorsk Metallurgical Plant (Tula), Oskol Electrometallurgical Plant (Stary Oskol, Metalloinvest).
The largest processing metallurgy enterprises: Cherepovets Steel-Rolling Plant (Severstal), Oryol Steel-Rolling Plant (Severstal), Izhora Pipe Plant (St. Petersburg, Severstal), Vyksa Metallurgical Plant (OMK), Metallurgical Plant "Electrostal" (Elektrostal).
Siberian metallurgical base
Sources of ore: deposits of Gornaya Shoria, Abakan deposits, Angaro-Ilim deposits.
The largest full-cycle enterprises: United West Siberian Metallurgical Plant (Novokuznetsk, Evraz), Novokuznetsk Ferroalloy Plant. The largest enterprise in the metallurgy industry is the Novosibirsk Metallurgical Plant named after Kuzmin.
Non-ferrous metallurgy
Non-ferrous metallurgy includes the extraction and beneficiation of non-ferrous metal ores, smelting of non-ferrous metals and their alloys: heavy (copper, zinc, lead, nickel, tin) and light (aluminum, magnesium, titanium).
Enterprises for the production of heavy non-ferrous metals are located near sources of ore, since they do not require a large amount of energy. Enterprises producing light non-ferrous metals are located near sources of cheap energy.
Aluminum
Almost all Russian aluminum production capacities are concentrated in the RUSAL holding. Largest enterprises: Bratsk aluminum smelter, Krasnoyarsk aluminum smelter, Boguchansky aluminum smelter (under construction), Irkutsk aluminum smelter, Sayanogorsk and Khakass aluminum smelters, Novokuznetsk aluminum smelter, Volgograd aluminum smelter, Kandalaksha aluminum smelter, Achinsk alumina smelter, Boguslavsky aluminum smelter, Ural aluminum smelter plant, Boksitogorsk alumina refinery.
Not included in RUSAL: Kamensk-Ural Metallurgical Plant, Stupino Metallurgical Company, Samara Metallurgical Plant (Arkonik SMZ).
Copper, zinc and lead
The production of metals in this group is mainly divided between two holdings: the Ural Mining and Metallurgical Company (UMMC) and the Russian Copper Company.
UMMC enterprises: Mednogorsk copper-sulfur plant, Svyatogor (formerly Kirovgrad copper smelter), Sredneuralsky copper smelter, Uralelectromed, Safyanovskaya copper, Chelyabinsk zinc plant, Electrozinc plant, Buribaevsky GOK, Gaisky GOK, Uchalinsky GOK.
Enterprises of the Russian Copper Company: Karabashmed, Kyshtym Copper Electrolyte Plant, Novgorod Metallurgical Plant, Uralhydromed, Ormet.
Independent enterprises: Ryaztsvetmet, Dalpolimetal, Novoangarsky enrichment plant and Gorevsky GOK.
Nickel and cobalt
The owner of all existing Russian capacities for the production of these metals is the Norilsk Nickel company. Its enterprises are located in Norilsk and in the Murmansk region (Monchegorsk, Zapolyarny and the village of Nikel). Norilsk Nickel also produces more than half of Russian copper.
Other metals
Titanium, magnesium, rare metals. VSMPO-AVISMA Corporation, Solikamsk Magnesium Plant, Lovozero Mining and Processing Plant.
Tungsten and molybdenum. Soyuzmetallresurs company: Sorsk ferromolybdenum plant, Zhirekensky ferromolybdenum plant, Sorsk and Zhirekensky GOKs. "Tungsten Company": Hydrometallurgist, Unecha Refractory Metals Plant. Kirovgrad Hard Alloy Plant, Lermontovsky Mining and Processing Plant, Primorsky Mining and Processing Plant, Novoorlovsky Mining and Processing Plant, Tyrnyauzskoye and Zabytoye deposits.
Tin. Rusolovo (Seligdar holding): Pravourmiyskoye deposit, assets of the former Solnechny GOK. Novosibirsk Tin Plant.
Mining of gold, silver and platinum
The largest gold and silver mining companies in Russia: Polyus Gold, Petropavlovsk Group of Companies, Polymetal, Chukotka GGK (owned by the Canadian Kinross), Nordgold N.V., Highland Gold Mining, Yuzhuralzoloto, Vysochaishy, Sovrudnik , “Susumanzoloto”, “Seligdar”, “Russian Platinum”, “Atomredmedzoloto”.
The largest platinum producers are Norilsk Nickel and Russian Platinum.