MIOO MPGU Educational and Scientific Center for Functional and Nanomaterials Methodology for forming students’ ideas about nanotechnologies in secondary schools
Names of centuries... The materials used are one of the main indicators of the technical culture of a society. This was reflected in the names of the centuries “Stone Age”, “Bronze Age”, “Iron Age”. The 20th century will probably be called the century of multifunctional nano- and biomaterials.
a – track membrane (AFM); b – micron-sized wires (secondary structures) in an electron microscope.
On the left is a diagram of the structure of a nanocrystalline material; on the right is a complex of houses by architect Frank Owen Gerry (Dusseldorf)
Metallic glasses The first alloy in the amorphous state was obtained by P. Daveza in 1960 (gold-silicon alloy in the eutectic state Au 75 Si 25) at the California Institute of Technology
Bulk amorphous metal alloys Alloys based on Zr, Ti, as well as Al and Mg with the addition of La and transition metals. Low cooling rate (1 – 500 K/s) allows obtaining relatively thick (up to 40 mm) products
Use of nanocrystalline materials Nanocrystalline heat-resistant alloys are promising for the manufacture of blades of a new generation of gas turbines of jet engines. Ceramic nanomaterials are used both in aerospace engineering and for the manufacture of prosthetics in orthopedics and dentistry.
Using nanocrystalline materials Adding nanocrystalline aluminum to rocket fuel can speed up the combustion process by 15 times.
Nanophase (nanocrystalline) alloys were first discovered in lunar soil samples. They are still produced in small quantities
Composites A composite material, a composite, is a heterogeneous material of two or more components (components), and there is an almost clear interface between the components. Characterized by properties that are not possessed by any of the components taken separately
NANOCOMPOSITES In nanocomposites, at least one component has nanosizes. The classical meaning of the matrix-filler interface is lost
Functional materials (pictured Japanese solar sail) Functional materials can be defined as materials whose properties are arranged or designed in such a way that they can satisfy a specific purpose (executive function) in a controlled manner. This and the next photo show Japanese solar sails
Metallized polymer coatings Metallized thin-film products are designed to replace heavy mirror structures. Such materials are widely used on spacecraft as thermal-oxidation-stabilizing coatings, reflectors or collectors of light energy, and for transmitting optical information. Polyimide-based materials have a number of advantages as a matrix film
Chemically metallized PI films Chemically metallized films can be classified as new functional materials, given their increased reflectivity and good surface conductivity. The properties of such films were studied within the framework of the international scientific grant NATO Sf. P (Science for Peace) No. 978013 During chemical metallization, a surface layer gradient in the content of metal nanoparticles is formed. In fact, it is a polymer/metal nanocomposite
“Smart” materials From the class of functional materials, active or “smart” materials can be distinguished. “Smart” or “intelligent” materials must effectively and independently change their properties in unforeseen circumstances or when the operating mode of the device changes.
Functional materials of the future In relation to “smart” materials developed by humans, the futurological task is posed of creating hyperfunctional materials that in some aspects exceed the capabilities of individual biological organs
Reasons for the emergence of “smart” materials and devices The need for smart materials is caused by the fact that modern mechanisms and devices are becoming vulnerable, on the one hand, due to their complexity, on the other, due to increasingly harsh operating conditions: different environments, radiation, high speeds of movement, etc. Specialists in military technology dryly characterize the human operator as “an object with low speed and a significant limitation of psychophysiological capabilities.”
Metamaterials A special place among functional materials is occupied by metamaterials, the properties of which are determined mainly by design features rather than by chemical composition. On the right is a rod in an empty glass, with water and a material with a negative refractive index.
First negative-index metamaterial In 2000, David Smith of the University of California, San Diego created the first negative-index material for electromagnetic waves at 10 gigahertz from sheets of copper mesh arranged in layers
The problem of invisibility In 2006, British scientist John Pendry theoretically showed that if an object is placed inside a specially designed superlens made of a material with a negative refractive index, then this object will become invisible to an outside observer.
In August 2008, two groups of scientists created two new metamaterials with a negative refractive index. The first material consists of several alternating layers of silver and magnesium fluoride, in which nanometer-sized holes are made. The second uses porous aluminum oxide; inside its cavities, using a special process, silver nanopins are grown, located at a distance less than the wavelength of light.
Thermal insulating material Aspens Pyrogel AR 5401 [N]. The temperature of the gas burner torch below is 1000 0 C
Polecat unmanned aerial vehicle, flying wing with a span of 28 meters, Lockheed Martin, 3D printed
Nanofilter made of anthraquinone molecules on a copper surface. Each cell contains about 200 molecules
HYBRID NANOMATERIALS Hybrid nanomaterials, composites at the molecular level, consisting of inorganic, organic and biological components, are very promising. Among the latter, DNA stands out
COMPLEMENTARY A feature of biological nanostructures is complementarity, the ability to recognize at the molecular level (DNA, antibodies, etc.). This ability is the basis for the operation of biosensors, but it can also be used for self-assembly of nanostructures, which is a key point in bottom-up processes.
Protein “springs” A nyrin repeats consist of tandem modules of approximately 33 amino acids. Their atomic structure is very unusual and consists of short antiparallel alpha turns that self-assemble into helices. Thanks to this structure, ankyrin repeats can quickly recover after stretching. O are found in more than 400 proteins in the human body. They are found in the hair cells of the inner ear, where they play an important role in converting acoustic signals into electrical signals. Ankyrin proteins also regulate ion exchange in the cardiac muscle membrane.
Supramolecular structures, supramolecular chemistry The term was introduced in 1978 by the outstanding French chemist, Nobel Prize winner in 1987 J. -M. Len and defined by him as “chemistry beyond the molecule, describing complex formations that are the result of the association of two (or more) chemical particles bound together by intermolecular forces.” The development of supramolecular chemistry is largely due to its interdisciplinary nature (organic and coordination chemistry, physical chemistry, biology, condensed matter physics, microelectronics, etc.)
Supramolecular systems The hierarchy is built like this: atoms - molecules - supramolecular systems - biological systems. Supramolecular systems are a bridge between nonliving and living matter.
At the top - types of supramolecular structures; below is a diagram of the self-assembly of a lattice of six linear molecules and nine silver ions
BIOMIMETIC HYBRID POLYMERS, “MOLECULAR CHIMERAS” Polymers whose macromolecules contain both natural and synthetic blocks. Such polymers are capable of forming complex supramolecular assemblies with a number of specific functional properties. Their creation is considered as a strategic way to design “smart” nanomaterials
The new role of computer modeling “...the potential of models to predict properties that lie beyond the boundaries of modern experiment is realized” Academician M. V. Alfimov
Computer simulation The main problem with all these calculations is the quantum mechanical nature of the properties of nanoparticles. As applied to individual atoms and molecules, the corresponding theoretical apparatus and numerical methods were developed. For macroscopic systems, a statistical method was used. But the number of atoms in nanoparticles is usually too small for statistical methods and at the same time too large for simple quantum models.
Production of new materials According to the forecast, out of the total annual market for nanotechnological products in 20015-2020 ($2 trillion), $340 billion will come from new materials that cannot be produced by traditional methods.
From the analysis of expert assessments of specialists, it follows that in the next 20 years, 90% of modern materials used in industry will be replaced by new ones, in particular “intelligent” ones, which will make it possible to create structural elements that will determine the technical progress of the 21st century.
Literature M. V. Alfimov, Nanotechnology. The role of computer modeling, editorial, journal Russian Nanotechnologies, vol. 2, no. 7-8, 2007. D. Dixon, P. Cummings, K. Hess, Theory and modeling of nanostructures, in the book. Nanotechnology in the next decade. Forecast of Research Directions, ed. M. K. Roko, R. S. Williams, P. Alivasatos, M., MIR, 2002, pp. 48-
Literature (continued) A. I. Gusev, Nanomaterials, nanostructures, nanotechnologies, M., Fizmatlit, 2005, 416 pp. 2. N. P. Lyakishev, Nanocrystalline structures - a new direction in the development of structural materials, Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences, vol. 73, No. 5, 2003, p. 422 D. I. Ryzhonkov, V. V. Levina, E. L. Dzidziguri, Nanomaterials, M., BINOM. Knowledge Laboratory, 365 pp.
Student 1 1 -B class
General education school //-/// levels No. 41
Kolosov Nikita Supervisor: physics teacher Minaeva I.A.
Nanotechnology: place among other sciences
NANOTECHNOLOGY
Chemistry, atomic and nuclear physics
Astronomy
hair
dust mite
cell
continent
planets
Earth
atoms
Human
Social sciencies
Geology
Biology
We can make the nanoworld work for us !!!
Why is “nanotechnology” interesting?
bacteriophage
bacteriophage
Particle Au , surrounded by smaller ones
Particle Au , surrounded by smaller ones
Influenza virus
Influenza virus
The nanoworld lives inside us and works for us !!!
Mosaic of 1 nm C 60
Main stages in the development of nanotechnology:
1959 Nobel Prize winner Richard Feynman declares that in the future, by learning to manipulate individual atoms, humanity will be able to synthesize anything. 1981 Creation by Binig and Rohrer of a scanning tunneling microscope - a device that allows impact on matter at the atomic level. 1982-85 Achieving atomic resolution. 1986 Creation of an atomic force microscope, which, unlike a tunnel microscope, allows interaction with any materials, not just conductive ones. 1990 Single Atom Manipulation. 1994 Beginning of application of nanotechnological methods in industry.
Medicine .
Creation of molecular robotic doctors that would “live” inside the human body, eliminating or preventing all damage that occurs, including genetic ones. The implementation period is the first half of the 21st century.
Red blood cells and bacteria - carriers of nanocapsules with drugs
Method for delivering nanoparticles with drugs or DNA fragments (genes) for cell treatment
Red blood cells with nanocapsules glued to them, capable of sticking only to certain types of cells (sick), will deliver these capsules to the recipient cells.
Gerontology.
Achieving personal immortality of people through the introduction of molecular robots into the body that prevent cell aging, as well as the restructuring and improvement of tissues of the human body. Revival and healing of those hopelessly ill people who were currently frozen by cryonics methods. Implementation period: third - fourth quarter of the 21st century.
Industry.
Replacing traditional production methods with molecular robots assembling consumer goods directly from atoms and molecules. Implementation period: beginning of the 21st century
Nanotubes make polymer materials stronger
- The prospects for the use of nanotechnology in the automotive industry today are not entirely clear. However, it is encouraging that nanomaterials are already being used in the automotive industry, although most of them are still in the design development stage. Car manufacturers have already accumulated quite a lot of experience in this area.
Nanohairs make the surface clean.
On the left - a drop does not wet the surface consisting of nanohairs and therefore does not spread over it. On the right is a schematic representation of a surface similar to a massage brush; theta is the contact angle, the value of which indicates the wettability of the surface: the higher the theta, the lower the wettability.
Agriculture.
Replacement of natural food producers (plants and animals) with functionally similar complexes of molecular robots. They will reproduce the same chemical processes that occur in a living organism, but in a shorter and more efficient way.
For example, from the chain "soil - carbon dioxide - photosynthesis - grass - cow - milk" all unnecessary links will be removed. What will remain is “soil - carbon dioxide - milk (cottage cheese, butter, meat)". Such "agriculture" will not depend on weather conditions and will not require hard physical labor. And its productivity will be enough to solve the food problem once and for all.
Implementation period: second - fourth quarter of the 21st century.
Biology
It will become possible to introduce nanoelements into a living organism at the atomic level. The consequences can be very different - from the “restoration” of extinct species to the creation of new types of living beings and biorobots. Implementation period: mid-21st century.
Nanotechnology in forensic science.
The fingerprint on the paper is the same after contrasting with gold nanoparticles stuck to the greasy groove marks left on the paper.
Ecology
Complete elimination of the harmful effects of human activity on the environment.
- Firstly, due to the saturation of the ecosphere with molecular robotic nurses, converting human waste into raw materials;
- And secondly, through the transfer of industry and agriculture to waste-free nanotechnological methods. Implementation period: mid-21st century.
Space exploration
Apparently, space exploration in the “usual” order will be preceded by its exploration by nanorobots.
A huge army of robotic molecules will be released into near-Earth space and prepare it for human settlement - make the Moon, asteroids, and nearby planets habitable, and build space stations from “survival materials” (meteorites, comets).
It will be much cheaper and safer than current methods.
Cybernetics
There will be a transition from currently existing planar structures to volumetric microcircuits, and the sizes of active elements will decrease to the size of molecules. The operating frequencies of computers will reach terahertz values. Circuit solutions based on neuron-like elements will become widespread. A high-speed long-term memory based on protein molecules will appear, the capacity of which will be measured in terabytes. It will become possible "relocation" of human intelligence into a computer. Implementation period: first - second quarter of the 21st century.
Flexible nanotube display.
flexible display matrix based on nanotubes;
flexible display featuring Leonardo de Vinci.
Nanotechnology safety?
At least 300 types of consumer products, including sunscreens, toothpastes and shampoos, are made using nanotechnology. The FDA currently allows them to be sold without a special “Contains nanoparticles” label. At the same time, many researchers argue that such nanoparticles, when penetrating inside, can cause inflammatory or immunological reactions. Therefore, to some extent, entering the era of nanotechnology, we put ourselves in the place of experimental guinea pigs.
Nanotechnology has been around us for a long time
Antimicrobial coating of TiO2 and Ag nanoparticles
Sheets with Ag nanoparticles with bactericidal and antifungal effects
Antimicrobial wound dressings with Ag nanoparticles with a bactericidal effect
Sunscreen with ZnO nanoparticles - non-sticky and transparent
A can spraying a sterilizing suspension of Ag nanoparticles
Nanotechnology can be defined as a set of technical processes associated with the manipulation of molecules and atoms on scales of 1 – 100 nm.
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Slide 3: Properties of nanoobjects
Many objects in physics, chemistry and biology have shown that the transition to the nanolevel leads to qualitative changes in the physicochemical properties of individual compounds and systems obtained on their basis. We are talking about the coefficient of optical resistance, electrical conductivity, magnetic properties, strength, and heat resistance.
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Moreover, according to observations, new materials obtained using nanotechnology significantly exceed their micrometer-scale analogues in their physical, mechanical, thermal and optical properties.
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Slide 6: Nanochemistry
With the development of new methods for studying the structure of matter, it became possible to obtain information about particles containing small (< 100) количество атомов. Подобные частицы с размером около 1 нм (10 -9 м) обнаружили необычные, трудно предсказуемые химические свойства. Оказалось, что такие наночастицы обладают высокой активностью и с ними возможно осуществление реакций, которые не идут с частицами макроскопического размера. Изучением химических свойств таких частиц и занимается нанохимия.
Slide 7: Particles of, for example, metals ≤ 1 nm in size contain about 10 atoms, which form a surface particle that has no volume and is highly chemically active
Classification of particles by size Physicochemical properties begin to be described by the number of atoms
Slide 8: Nanochemistry is a field that studies the production, structure, properties and reactivity of particles and assemblies formed from them, which in at least one dimension have a size of ≤ 10 nm
An idea of size effects appears; properties depend on the number of atoms or molecules in a particle. Nanoparticles can be considered as intermediate formations between individual atoms on the one hand, and a solid body on the other. The arrangement of atoms within the structure formed from nanoparticles is important. The concept of phase is less clearly expressed.
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Slide 10: In nanochemistry, questions arise related to terminology
The 7th International Conference on Nanostructured Materials (Wiesbaden, 2004) proposed the following classification: nanoporous solids, nanoparticles, nanotubes and nanofibers, nanodispersions, nanostructured surfaces and films, nanocrystalline materials
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Slide 13: Continuation of Table 10
Acid rain Searches for alternative energy sources (refusal from burning fossil fuels, use of natural sources); increasing the efficiency of devices powered by solar energy New fuel cells Reducing or eliminating emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides from transport and industrial installations
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It is expected that nanoenergy will significantly increase the efficiency of solar energy conversion and storage systems. Catalysts based on nanoparticles. Use of nanoporous materials. Porous carbon materials are used as molecular sieves, sorbents, and membranes. The goal is to obtain structures with a high specific ability to absorb gases (in particular, hydrogen or methane). This is the basis for the development of a new type of fuel cells that ensure environmentally friendly transport and power plants.
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Slide 16: Nanosized catalysts and sorbents
Nanoscale catalysis leads to both an increase in the activity of the catalyst and its selectivity, and to the regulation of chemical reaction processes and the properties of the final product. This possibility arises not only by changing the size of the nanoclusters included in the catalyst and the specific surface area, but also due to the emergence of new dimensional properties and chemical composition of the surface.
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Slide 20: Photocatalytic activity of TiO 2. Processes involving dissolved oxygen
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Slide 21: Gold nanoclusters
As an example, we can consider the occurrence of catalytic activity of gold clusters with sizes of 3–5 nm, while bulk gold is not active. Thus, gold nanoclusters deposited on an aluminum oxide substrate effectively catalyze the oxidation of CO at low temperatures down to –70 °C, and also have high selectivity in the reduction reactions of nitrogen oxides at room temperature. Such catalysts are effective in eliminating odors in enclosed spaces.
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In the United States, in the near future, commercial production of metal oxide nanoclusters is expected for the disinfection of chemical warfare agents, to protect the army and population during terrorist attacks, as well as highly porous nanocomposites in the form of tablets or granules for air purification and disinfection, for example, in airplanes, barracks, etc. d.
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Slide 25: Polymer nanofibers
The production of polymer nanofibers with a diameter of less than 100 nm is becoming widespread. These fibers are used to make so-called active clothing, which promotes self-healing of wounds and provides diagnosis of conditions with the perception of commands from the outside, i.e. also works in sensor mode.
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Slide 26: Bioactive filters
Bioactive filters are created based on nanofibers. Thus, the American companies Argonide and NanoCeram have launched the production of fibers with a diameter of 2 nm and a length of 10–100 nm from the mineral boehmite (AlOOH). Due to the large number of hydroxyl groups, these fibers, combined into larger aggregates, actively absorb negatively charged bacteria, viruses, various inorganic and organic fragments and thereby ensure effective water purification, as well as sterilization of medical serums and biological media.
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Slide 27: Nanotechnology development forecast
Current applications: thermal protection, optical protection (visible and UV), self-cleaning glasses, colored glasses, solar screens, pigments, printer inks, cosmetics, abrasive nanoparticles, recording media.
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2) Perspective 1–5 years: identification and detection of counterfeits among banknotes, documents, labels of various goods, parts of automobiles and mechanisms, etc., application of open and secret color marks revealed by illumination, chemical and biological sensors, diagnosis of diseases and genetic therapy, targeted transport of drugs, luminescent tags for biological screening, medical clothing, application of special codes, nanocomposite materials for transport, lightweight and anti-corrosion materials for the aviation industry, nanotechnology for food production, light-tunable and emitting lasers, including photoelectrochemical diodes, electromechanical activators.
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3) Perspective 6–10 years: flat panel displays, solar cells and batteries, thermionic devices for microrobots and nanorobots, information storage devices, devices for monitoring and disinfecting objects and the environment, nanocatalysts of high productivity and selectivity, the use of nanotechnology for the manufacture of prostheses and artificial organs. 4) Perspective 10–30 years: single-electron devices, quantum computers.
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Slide 30: Carbon-based nanoparticles
Allotropic modifications are different structural forms of one element. Widespread modifications of carbon are graphite and diamond, and carbyne is also known. Carbon has the ability to create chemically stable two-dimensional membranes one atom thick in the three-dimensional world. This property of carbon is important for chemistry and technological development in general.
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Slide 31: Fullerenes - new allotropic modifications of carbon
In 1985, an important discovery occurred in the chemistry of one of the most studied elements - carbon. Team of authors: Croteau (England), Heath, O'Brien, Curl and Smalley (USA), studying the mass spectra of graphite vapor obtained by laser irradiation (pulsed excimer laser ArF, λ = 193 nm, energy 6.4 eV) of solid sample, found peaks corresponding to masses 720 and 840. They assumed that these peaks correspond to individual molecules C 60 and C 70.
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Slide 32: Fullerene C 60 belongs to those rare chemical structures that have the highest point symmetry, namely the symmetry of the icosahedron I h
The spherical shell of 60 atoms is formed by five- and six-membered rings. Each five-membered cycle is connected to five six-membered ones. The molecule does not have five-membered rings connected to each other. There are a total of 12 pentagons and 20 hexagons in the molecule. In 1996, Croto, Curl and Smalley were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery, development of production methods and research of fullerenes, and the Nobel Committee compared this discovery in importance to no less than the discovery of America by Columbus.
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Rice. 2. Isomer C 60 in the form of a “cob”. The shaded areas show the displacement of the -electron cloud relative to the atoms of the molecule forming the lateral surface of the structure
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Slide 34: The molecules were named fullerenes after the architect Fuller, the author of mesh openwork structures (US Pavilion at the World Exhibition EXPO-67 in Montreal, etc.)
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Slide 35: Dependence of mass spectra on clustering conditions
The relative intensity of the C60 peak was found to depend on conditions, increasing with increasing temperature. Therefore, the isomer (or isomers) responsible for the high peak intensity must have increased chemical stability in order to “survive” the increasing number of collisions. Isomers with dangling carbon bonds will be highly reactive and will not survive collisions. The role of chemically active collisions is manifested in the fact that only fullerenes with an even number of carbon atoms (C 60, C 70, etc.) are observed in the mass spectra.
Nanoscience is the body of knowledge about the properties of matter on a nanometer* scale; nanomaterials are materials containing structural elements whose geometric dimensions in at least one dimension do not exceed 100 nm, and which have qualitatively new properties, functional and performance characteristics; nanotechnology - the ability to purposefully create objects (with predetermined composition, size and structure) in the range of approximately nm * 1 nanometer (nm) = 10 -9 m
“Nanotechnology is a set of methods and techniques that provide the ability to create and modify objects in a controlled manner, including components with sizes less than 100 nm, at least in one dimension, and as a result of this, receiving fundamentally new qualities that allow their integration into fully functioning large-scale systems; in in a broader sense, this term also covers methods of diagnosis, characterology and research of such objects." Federal Agency for Science and Innovation in the "Concept for the development of work in the field of nanotechnology in the Russian Federation until 2010"
1959 - Richard Feynman: “There is plenty of room below...” - pointed to the fantastic prospects that the production of materials and devices at the atomic and molecular level promises 1974 - Japanese scientist Taniguchi first used the term “nanotechnology” 1986 - American Drexler publishes book "Machines of Creation: The Coming of the Nanotechnology Era"
1985 - a new form of carbon was identified - clusters C60 and C70, called fullerenes (works of Nobel laureates N. Croto, R. Kerlu, R. Smalley) - Japanese scientist S. Ishima discovered carbon nanotubes in the products of electric arc evaporation of graphite
...If instead of arranging atoms in order, line by line, column by column, even instead of constructing from them intricate molecules of the smell of violets, if instead we arrange them each time in a new way, diversifying their mosaic, without repeating it what has already happened - imagine how many unusual, unexpected things can arise in their behavior. R. P. Feynman
When it comes to the development of nanotechnology, three directions are usually taken into account: the production of electronic circuits (including volumetric ones) with active elements of sizes comparable to those of molecules and atoms; development and production of nanomachines, i.e. mechanisms and robots the size of a molecule; the direct manipulation of atoms and molecules and the assembly of everything that exists from them.
O photonic crystals, the behavior of light in which is comparable to the behavior of electrons in semiconductors. Based on them, it is possible to create devices with higher performance than their semiconductor analogues; o disordered nanocrystalline media for laser generation and production of laser displays with higher brightness (2-3 orders of magnitude higher than conventional LEDs) and a large viewing angle; o functional ceramics based on lithium compounds for solid-state fuel cells, rechargeable solid-state power sources, sensors of gas and liquid media for operation in harsh technological conditions; o quasicrystalline nanomaterials, which have a unique combination of increased strength, low coefficient of friction and thermal stability, which makes them promising for use in mechanical engineering, alternative and hydrogen energy; o Main classes of nanomaterials and nanostructures
Structural nanostructured hard and durable alloys for cutting tools with increased wear resistance and impact toughness, as well as nanostructured protective thermal and corrosion-resistant coatings; o polymer composites with fillers made of nanoparticles and nanotubes, which have increased strength and low flammability; o biocompatible nanomaterials for creating artificial skin, fundamentally new types of dressings with antimicrobial, antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity; o nano-sized powders with increased surface energy, including magnetic ones, for dispersion strengthening of alloys, creating memory elements for audio and video systems, additives for fertilizers, feed, magnetic fluids and paints;
O organic nanomaterials that have many properties that are inaccessible to inorganic substances. Organic nanotechnology based on self-organization makes it possible to create layered organic nanostructures, which are the basis of organic nanoelectronics and to construct models of biomembranes of cells of living organisms for fundamental studies of their functioning processes (molecular architecture); o polymer nanocomposite and film materials for nonlinear optical and magnetic systems, gas sensors, biosensors, multilayer composite membranes; o coating polymers for protective passivating, antifriction, selective, antireflective coatings; o polymer nanostructures for flexible screens; o two-dimensional ferroelectric films for non-volatile storage devices; o liquid crystal nanomaterials for highly informative and ergonomic types of displays, new types of liquid crystal displays (electronic paper).
Many properties of substances (melting point, band gap width in semiconductors, residual magnetism) are mainly determined by the sizes of crystals in the nanometer range. This opens up the possibility of transition to a new generation of materials, the properties of which are changed not by changing the chemical composition of the components, but by adjusting their size and shape
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Slide captions:
Nanotechnologies and their applications
The purpose of the scientific work is to comprehensively characterize nanotechnology, taking into account the specifics and all the features of this field of applied science.
The object of this study is nanotechnology as a field of science and technology, and the subject is the features of the application of nanotechnology.
The main objectives of the work include: 1. Definition of the concept of “nanotechnology”. 2. Consideration of the history of the development of nanotechnology in the world in general and in Russia in particular. 3. Clarification of the applied aspect of nanotechnology, that is, the features of application in various industries. 4. Analysis of the possibilities, methods and methods of applying nanotechnology. 5. Identification of technological features of the application of nanotechnologies. 6. Indication and forecasting of prospects for the development of nanotechnology in Russia.
Nanotechnology is a set of methods and techniques that provide the ability to create and modify objects in a controlled manner, including components with dimensions less than 100 nm, having fundamentally new qualities and allowing their integration into fully functioning larger-scale systems
The Greek philosopher Democritus can be considered the father of nanotechnology. Around 400 BC. He first used the word "atom", which means "unbreakable" in Greek, to describe the smallest particle of matter. An example of the first use of nanotechnology is the invention of photographic film in 1883 by George Eastman, who later founded the famous company Kodak.
Application of nanotechnology. Nanoelectronics and nanophotonics One of the most promising areas of application of nanotechnology is computer technology. Nanophotonics companies are developing highly integrated optical communications components using nanooptics and nanofabrication technologies. This approach to the manufacture of optical components makes it possible to speed up the production of their prototypes, improve technical characteristics, reduce size and reduce cost.
Nanoenergy Solar batteries.
Batteries and accumulators Toshiba has developed a lithium-ion battery based on nanomaterials that charges approximately 60 times faster than a conventional one. In one minute it can be filled to 80%.
Nanomedicine Nanostructured materials. Currently, progress has been made in the production of nanomaterials that imitate natural bone tissue. 2. Nanoparticles. The range of possible applications is extremely wide. It includes the fight against viral diseases such as influenza and HIV, cancer and vascular diseases.
3. Micro- and nanocapsules. Miniature (~1 µm) capsules with nanopores can be used to deliver drugs to the desired location in the body. 4. Nanotechnological sensors and analyzers. Such a device, capable of detecting literally individual molecules, can be used to determine the sequence of DNA bases or amino acids, detect pathogens of infectious diseases, and toxic substances.
5. Scanning microscopes are a group of devices unique in their capabilities. They allow you to achieve magnification sufficient to view individual molecules and atoms. 6. Nanotools. An example is scanning probe microscopes, which allow you to move any objects down to atoms.
Nanocosmetics Several years ago, L'Oreal launched the famous Revitalift cream containing Pro-Retinol A nanosomes, and, according to the company, this cream is absorbed into the skin much better than creams from other brands, due to special microparticles
Nanotechnologies for light industry Nanomaterials in textiles. Textiles based on nanomaterials acquire unique waterproofness, dirt-repellence, thermal conductivity, the ability to conduct electricity and other properties.
The production of textiles with built-in sensors will allow monitoring the condition of the human body. This will certainly open up new opportunities in medical practice, sports and life support in extreme conditions.
Nanotechnologies for agriculture and food industry Nanotechnologies are already used to disinfect air and various materials, including feed and final livestock products; processing of seeds and crops in order to preserve them. They are used to stimulate plant growth; treatment of animals; improving feed quality