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Bites of animals, insects, snakes Presentation prepared by: life safety teacher Parshakov I.M. MBOU "Verkh-Yazvinskaya Secondary School"
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Bites of animals, insects, snakes Insects and arachnids Mosquitoes, midges, midges, horseflies, bees, wasps, bumblebees, hornets, mites, spiders (karakut, scarpion). Encephalitis is a contagious disease (mortality can reach 20% among patients)
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When stung by bees, wasps, hornets and bumblebees, pain, burning, swelling and a local increase in temperature develop at the site of the bite. With multiple bites, weakness, dizziness, headache, chills, nausea, vomiting appear, and body temperature rises. People with hypersensitivity to bee venom may experience pain in the lower back and joints, convulsions and loss of consciousness. First of all, you need to remove the insect sting from the skin and moisten the stung area with alcohol. Apply cold to the stung area (a plastic bag with cold water). Give the victim plenty of fluids.
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Sea snake bites, Cobras Cottonmouths Vipers Viper Intoxication - poisoning of the body with poison
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Central Asian cobra Some poisonous snakes Common viper Viper Viper Steppe viper Common copperhead Common copperhead
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When a person is bitten by a poisonous snake, two small red dots remain on the human skin - from the penetration of poisonous teeth. In the first minutes after the bite, a slight pain and burning sensation occurs in this place, the skin turns red, and swelling increases. Weakness, dizziness, nausea appear, and blood pressure decreases. The first minutes after a poisonous snake bite Immediately after the bite, it is necessary to provide the victim with peace and a horizontal position, this will ensure a minimum rate of transfer of poison in the blood. Calm the victim. Transport it to a safe, weather-protected location.
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If you have a syringe and antivenom serum, then the most radical method of treatment would be its immediate administration. Immediately begin sucking the poison out of the wound. To do this, immediately after the bite, open the wound with finger pressure, and then suck out the poison with your mouth for 15-20 minutes. Spit out the bloody liquid. These actions are harmless to the person providing assistance. With proper and timely suction of poison from the wound, it is possible to suck out 50% of the poison. To reduce blood circulation, you can apply cold (a plastic bag with cold water) to the bite site. Disinfect the wound with iodine or brilliant green and apply a sterile bandage, which should be loosened as the swelling increases. First aid Elevate the affected area of the body, fix it, apply an immobilization bandage or splint. Give the victim plenty of fluids. Arrange for the victim to be transported to a medical facility.
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Animal bites Domestic animals (horses, cows, dogs, cats) Rodents (rats, mice) Wild animals (wolves, foxes..) Rabies is a deadly viral disease that affects the brain.
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To avoid a dog attack Treat animals with respect and do not touch them when the owner is not present. Do not touch animals while sleeping or eating. Don't take away what your dog is playing with to avoid his defensive reaction. Don't feed other people's dogs. Do not approach a dog that is on a leash. Do not play with the dog's owner, making movements that may be perceived by the animal as aggressive. Don't show fear or anxiety in front of a hostile dog. Do not make sudden movements or approach the dog. Give commands in a firm voice, such as: “place”, “stand”, “lie down”, “fu”. Do not run away, so as not to trigger the hunting instinct of an attack from behind in the animal and become an easy prey. Try to protect your throat and face. Defend yourself with a stick.
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In case of a collision: Under no circumstances should you be afraid of the dog. You can’t run away from a dog, you can’t turn your back on it. Untrained dogs feel insecure if they lose sight of their owner or when they move away from a protected area. It makes sense to retreat so that the dog finds himself in a different environment than at the beginning of the encounter. Having lost confidence, she becomes less aggressive and may run away on her own. You can try to growl at the dog and show it your teeth, or scream threateningly. If your dog bites: Wash the bite area with soap and water. If the wound is bleeding, use a bandage to stop the bleeding. Contact the owner to find out if the dog has been vaccinated against rabies. Notify the police and sanitary services about the incident, indicating, if possible, the exact address of the dog owner. If you are bitten, immediately go to the nearest emergency room or call an ambulance by calling 03.
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The dangers of encounters with predatory animals Animals, as a rule, sense a person before he can see them, and always try to get out of his way. In the summer, attacks by animals are very rare if there is no immediate threat to the animal from humans. A snake attack, for example, can occur when one inadvertently steps on it or approaches it - out of curiosity or due to the same inattention - so close that they enter the zone of its attack. In winter, wolves and connecting rod bears pose a real danger to humans in the taiga. If the route of movement of people passes through wolf territory (this can be determined by wolf tracks in the snow), then you should know that wolves are very careful and will not attack a group of people during the day. Therefore, it is necessary to stay close. If someone lags behind and sees a wolf, then there is no need to run: you need to climb a tree and wait for your group, which will grab the straggler and return. If you happen to come across a floating hole in the snow, surrounded by frost, walk around this place without finding out whether it’s a den in front of you or not. After discovering the trail of a connecting rod bear, you must all stay together and stop for the night before dark. The best thing to do in such a situation is to leave the dangerous area as soon as possible.
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When settling down for the night in an area where there are wolves or traces of a bear are found, the camp is set up in an open, clearly visible place. More wood is prepared than usual: the fire should burn all night. You should keep iron objects at hand to scare away animals with noise. The mass emergence of female bears from their dens occurs in March-April. A mother bear with cubs is not dangerous to people when her path intersects with the direction of a group of people: she will simply lead the cubs to the side. It’s a different matter if a mother bear with her cubs is near her den: she will never leave here, and if people approach at a critical distance, she will rush to protect the cubs.
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General principles of behavior when meeting an animal: - in case of a chance meeting with a large animal, you need to give it the opportunity to hide; - if an animal approaches, try to scare it away with a whistle, fire, or scream; - in cases of obvious attack, when all the above methods do not help, weapons should be used; - you need to approach a fallen animal carefully: perhaps the animal is still alive and is capable of causing serious injury to you with its claws, teeth or horns. When injured by an animal, the first thing to do is stop the bleeding. Then you need to disinfect the skin around the wound and apply a bandage.
There are 3 types of poisonous snakes in the CIS:
- Vipers (viper and efa are especially dangerous).
- Asps (this also includes cobras).
- Cottonmouths (pitheads).
Cottonmouth
Viper
Aspid
The picture shows traces of snake bites: 1-5 - poisonous; 6 - non-poisonous.
Local symptoms include:
pain, swelling, subcutaneous hemorrhage, formation of blisters filled with bloody contents, enlargement of regional (closest) lymph nodes.
General symptoms of poisoning:
shortness of breath, dizziness, palpitations, rapid pulse, nausea (sometimes vomiting), fainting, collapse or shock.
- Snakes do not like persistent pursuit; they become aggressive.
- do not walk barefoot in the forest or in wetlands;
- wear leather or rubber boots or thick woolen socks;
- exercise great caution, especially at night, in areas where poisonous snakes are found;
- When walking or picking mushrooms and berries in the forest, you should always have a cane or stick in your hand, with which you should push the grass in front of you so that the snake can crawl away.
For bites from poisonous insects and snakes: apply to wounds chewed laurel leaves.
- Ammonia (5:1) – for 5 drops of water, 1 drop of ammonia.
- Sugar or honey.
Common viper
Its length is 50-60cm, gray in color (there are red, red and black colors) with a dark zigzag pattern on the back. Lives in forests and swamps. The bite is very painful, but not fatal.
Caucasian viper
Its length is 40-50cm, orange-yellow or bright red in color with a zigzag dark pattern on the back. There are snakes that are black in color (or have a black head). Distributed throughout the Caucasus. The bite is life-threatening.
Central Asian cobra
Its length is 110-140 cm, large in size, color from light yellow to black. Distributed in Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, China, India. Very poisonous, the bite is deadly.
Efa sandy
Its length is 50-60 cm, its color ranges from grayish-sandy to dark brown. On the head there is a light pattern in the form of a silhouette of a flying bird. Distributed in Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan. The bite is deadly.
- The boa constrictor, for example, is 3 to 4 m long.
- The smallest boa constrictor is the sand boa. It lives in Greece and is between 30 and 40 cm long.
Sand boa
The first signs of an insect bite Signs of an insect bite appear minutes after the bite: 1. Increased body temperature 2. Rash all over the body 3. Headache
First aid - first steps Carefully remove the sting (if there is one) Wash the wound with alcohol or a weak solution of potassium permanganate Apply cold to the bite site Give the victim 1-2 tablets of diphenhydramine, or suprastin, or tavigil If the condition worsens, urgently take to a medical facility Carefully remove the sting (if there is one) Wash the wound with alcohol or a weak solution of potassium permanganate Apply cold to the bite site Carefully remove the sting (if there is one) Wash the wound with alcohol or a weak solution of potassium permanganate Give the victim 1-2 tablets of diphenhydramine, or suprastin, or tavigil Apply cold to the bite site Carefully remove the sting (if there is one) Wash the wound with alcohol or a weak solution of potassium permanganate If the condition worsens, urgently take it to a medical facility Give the victim 1-2 tablets of diphenhydramine, or suprastin, or tavigil Apply cold to the bite site Carefully remove the sting (if there is one) Wash the wound with alcohol or a weak solution of potassium permanganate
Symptoms of tick-borne encephalitis Increased body temperature, fever Headaches Nausea, vomiting Inability to move the muscles of the face, neck, upper and lower extremities Can result in complete recovery or death of the patient Often a person remains disabled for life
Tick-borne encephalitis Immediately destroy ticks found on the surface of clothing by throwing them into the fire or into a jar of kerosene. You should not crush them, especially with your hands. If this happens, wash your hands with soap immediately! After a bite, you should immediately consult a doctor to administer medication to prevent the disease. The sooner the tick is removed, the less likely it is to get encephalitis!
First aid for a tick bite Wash your hands with soap Put a drop of oil or Vaseline on the place where the tick stuck. After 1-2 minutes, remove the tick with tweezers by gently rocking from side to side. Treat the bite site with alcohol or iodine. Immediately send the victim to a medical facility.
How to protect yourself from encephalitis? The greatest danger of infection is in May, June and the first half of July. When going to the forest, protect yourself from ticks getting under your clothes and sucking them to the body. Regularly conduct self- and mutual examinations of clothing and body. For parking, choose dry, unshaded clearings away from bushes and trees. When returning from the forest, do not enter the house in outerwear without first examining yourself and your clothes.
Poisonous snakes Central Asian cobra A large snake up to 1.6 m long. Distributed in the southern regions of Central Asia: southwest Tajikistan, south Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan. The cobra can be found in the foothills, river valleys, is common among bushes, and is often found in abandoned buildings. Common viper up to 75 cm long. The viper is the most widespread venomous snake in our country. The viper can be found in the European part of Russia, in Siberia up to Sakhalin
Common copperhead Widely distributed in Russia. The length reaches 65 cm. In the fight against large and strong prey, it uses poisonous teeth, with the help of which it injects a paralyzing poisonous secretion into the victim. Cat snake Distributed in Azerbaijan, Dagestan. It lives in dry rocky places, but often settles in the reed roofs of houses. In case of danger, it gathers the back part of the body into a ball and raises the front part. Makes rapid throws towards the enemy.
The first minutes after a poisonous snake bite When a poisonous snake bites, two small red dots remain on a person’s skin - from the penetration of poisonous teeth. In the first minutes after the bite, a slight pain and burning sensation occurs in this place, the skin turns red, and swelling increases. After 2-6 hours, high fever, dizziness, dry mouth, thirst, nausea, vomiting, and sometimes drowsiness or, conversely, agitation appear.
First actions in case of a snake bite Immediately after the bite, it is necessary to ensure that the victim is at rest and in a horizontal position, this will ensure a minimum rate of venom transfer in the blood. Calm the victim. Transport it to a safe, weather-protected location.
Suctioning the poison Immediately begin sucking the poison from the wound. To do this, immediately after the bite, open the wound with finger pressure, and then suck out the venom with your mouth for minutes. Spit out the bloody liquid. These actions are harmless to the person providing assistance. With proper and timely suction of poison from the wound, it is possible to suck out 50% of the poison.
First aid Elevate the affected area of the body, fix it, apply an immobilization bandage or splint. Give the victim plenty of fluids. Drinking coffee is contraindicated. Organize the delivery of the victim to a medical facility
Questions for review Which insect bites are dangerous to humans? What is the body's reaction to insect bites called? List the signs of an insect bite. How to provide first aid for an insect bite? How dangerous are encephalitis ticks? What effect does snake venom have on humans in small quantities? Where is snake venom used? Name the first signs of a snake bite. What should you do when providing first aid for snake bites? How to protect yourself from snake bites while walking in the forest?
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You all know what animal bites are. Most likely, you have all at least been bitten or scratched by your animal, but not when you did not think that it could be fatal. Animal bites are one of the important causes of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Up to five million people around the world, mostly in Africa and Southeast Asia, are bitten by snakes every year. In case of a poisonous snake bite, immediate treatment with an appropriate antitoxin is required. Dog bites cause tens of millions of injuries each year; Children are most at risk. Rabies, which occurs after bites from dogs, cats and monkeys, is a significant public health problem.
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Snakebites An estimated 2.4 million cases of envenomation (poisoning from snakebites) and 94,000–125,000 deaths occur annually, as well as 400,000 amputations and other severe health effects such as infection, tetanus, scarring, contractures and psychological consequences Most snakebites occur in Africa and Southeast Asia. Snake bites are most common among people living in rural areas with limited resources and engaged in low-wage, non-mechanized field cropping and other forms of agriculture.
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Treatment There are approximately 600 species of venomous snakes in the world, and approximately 50-70% of their bites result in intoxication. Immediately after a bite, it is extremely important to ensure complete immobilization of the affected part of the body and immediate delivery of the victim to a medical facility. Applying tourniquets and cutting out the bite site should not be used as first aid, as this may increase the effects of the venom. Often, snakebite victims require treatment with an antitoxin. It is important that the appropriate antitoxin is used based on the snakes endemic to the area.
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Preventing snakebites To prevent snakebites, it is necessary to educate local communities about the risks of snakebites and methods of preventing them, such as: * avoiding areas with long grass; * wear safety shoes/boots; * do not allow rodents into food storage areas; * clear the area adjacent to the house from debris, firewood and low vegetation; * in homes, store food products in containers that reliably protect them from rodents, arrange sleeping areas at a raised level above the floor and carefully tuck mosquito nets under mattresses.
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Dog Bites There are no global estimates of the prevalence of dog bites, but research suggests that dog bites account for tens of millions of injuries each year. For example, in the United States, approximately 4.5 million people are bitten by dogs each year. Of these, about 885,000 people seek medical attention; 30,000 people undergo reconstructive surgery; 3-18% of people develop infections, and 10 to 20 cases are fatal. Other high-income countries such as Australia, Canada and France report similar prevalence and case fatality rates. In low- and middle-income countries, data is more fragmented, but some studies suggest that dogs account for 76–94% of all animal bite injuries. Fatality rates from dog bites are higher in low- and middle-income countries because many of these countries where rabies is a problem may have shortages of medications needed for post-exposure treatment, along with inadequate access to medical care. An estimated 55,000 people die from rabies each year and the majority of these deaths occur as a result of rabid dog bites.
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Who is at greatest risk? The majority of people who are bitten by dogs are children, generally middle-aged and older. Children are at higher risk of head and neck injuries than adults, and these injuries are particularly severe.
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Treatment Treatment depends on the location of the bite, the general health of the person affected, and whether the dog has been vaccinated against rabies. The basic principles of medical care include the following: * prompt medical treatment; * washing and cleansing the wound; * applying primary sutures to the wound with a low risk of infection; * prophylactic antibiotic therapy for high-risk wounds or for people with immunodeficiency; * post-exposure treatment of rabies depending on the dog’s vaccination status; * administration of tetanus vaccine in the absence of proper vaccination in the affected person.