Adaptive characters. Adaptive features of the structure and behavior of animals Adaptations of large desert animals

The emergence of adaptation of organisms.
The main reason for the appearance of various adaptations of living organisms to their environment is selection. For example, it is known that the partridge is a forest bird. Depending on its habitat, it has various adaptations: a) shortening of the beak in connection with obtaining food from under the snow and leaf litter: b) the appearance of horny folds at the ends of the fingers to facilitate movement on thick snow cover; c) expansion, rounding of the wings for rapid lifting into the air (the ancestors of the partridge did not have such a structure).
To further spread, the fruits and seeds of plants also underwent various changes. These are hooks, spines with which they are attached to animals, or light fluff that is scattered by the wind.
The appearance of fitness in plants and animals is a characteristic phenomenon, but in any case, fitness does not appear immediately. As a result of a long evolutionary process, individuals appear with special characteristics adapted to environmental conditions.
Features of adaptation in structure, color, body shape and behavior are clearly visible in the example of an aquatic mammal - the dolphin. The pointed shape of the body allows it to move easily and freely in the water in different directions. The dolphin's speed reaches 40 km/h. And in birds, indicators of fitness for flight are the presence of feathers covering the body; absence of ears and teeth; the ability to turn the head 180"; lightness of bones; rapid digestion of food in the stomach, etc.
Many animals have such advanced adaptations that they are difficult to distinguish from their environment. The body shape, coloring of fish and animals living in dense thickets of algae help them successfully hide from enemies.

Types of adaptability:

Protective (camouflage) coloring and its types.
Instinctive adaptation.
Caring for offspring.
Physiological adaptation.

Rice. 21. Adaptation of moths by changing color to the corresponding colors of the tree trunk: 1 - equal number of marked dark and light butterflies; 2 - light tree trunk; 3 - increase in the number of light butterflies; 4 - increase in the number of dark butterflies; 5 - dark tree trunk

1. Protective (camouflage) coloring and its types. Protective coloration is the adaptability of organisms that live openly and may be accessible to enemies. Birds that incubate eggs on the ground (grouse, partridge, quail, etc.) blend into the surrounding background. A bird sitting motionless on a nest is almost invisible to its enemies. The eggs, which have a pigmented shell, and the chicks hatching from them are also hardly noticeable. In large predators whose eggs are inaccessible to enemies, or in birds that lay eggs high on rocks or bury them. into the ground, the protective color of the shell does not develop. Butterfly caterpillars are usually green, the color of the leaves, or dark, the color of the bark. Bottom-dwelling fish (skate, flounder) are often colored to match the color of sand.
Desert animals are usually sandy-yellow in color. A monochromatic protective color is characteristic of insects (locusts), lizards, saigas, and lions. Depending on the time of year, many animals change color. For example, the Arctic fox, white hare, and partridge are white in winter. Daytime butterflies have protective coloring on the lower part of their wings, while night butterflies have a protective color on the upper part of their wings, so during the day they become noticeable to enemies and may die (the lower part of their wings is light). The protective coloring can also be observed in the shape of insects: the pupa of butterflies on a branch is very similar to a bud; a larva attached to a branch in a motionless state, similar to a tree branch, etc.
Protective coloring is especially useful at the initial stages of individual development of the organism (eggs, larva, chick). Protective coloring is necessary for animals that move slowly or have entered a state of rest.
Many animals are able to quickly change color depending on the color of their environment, and this ability is inherited. For example: chameleon, flounder, agama.

Types of protective coloring:

protective painting;
attractive coloring;
threatening coloring;
imitative coloring.

1. Protective warning paint characteristic of poisonous, stinging or burning insects. For example, birds never peck a ladybug (red, yellow, brown, dark red, striped) because of the toxic, bitter yellowish liquid it secretes (Fig. 22). If the chicks accidentally peck this beetle, then next time they do not approach it. The carrion beetle secretes an unpleasant, burning liquid and is bright red striped in color. The coloring of bees, bumblebees, wasps, and poisonous snakes protects them from predators. Protective coloring also depends on the behavior of some insects and animals. Sometimes crawling beetles freeze in moments of danger. A bittern nesting in the reeds, accidentally seeing an enemy, stretches its neck, raises its head up and freezes. Warning coloration in animals is combined with behavior that scares away predators.

Rice. 22. Warning coloring: 1 - ladybug; 2 - blister

2. Attractive coloring. This coloration is especially important during breeding. The bright colors of red butterflies, blue-winged grasshoppers, jerboas, and the plumage of male birds attract females during the breeding season. On ordinary days, the color blends into the environment and becomes invisible to enemies (Fig. 23).

Rice. 23. Attractive coloring: 1 - red sash; 2 - blue-winged filly; 3 - jerboa

3. Menacing coloring. When in danger, animals take a threatening pose. For example, in moments of danger, a cobra raises its head straight, inflates its neck and takes a threatening pose; The darkling beetle raises its abdomen and emits an unpleasant odor. The long-eared roundhead instantly opens the folds of skin on its head and freezes with its mouth open. On the open wings of the praying mantis there are spots similar to eyes. In case of danger, by opening its wings, the praying mantis scares away its enemy. Moths have the same spots (Fig. 24).

Rice. 24. Menacing coloring: ocular spots on the wings of a butterfly (1) in a threat pose look like the eyes of an elf owl (2)

4. Imitating coloring -mimicry(Greek mimikos - “imitation”). This is the imitation of animals and plants by living organisms or certain inanimate objects of the environment. The warning coloration of unprotected organisms resembles one or more species. For example, in body shape, size, and bright color, a cockroach is similar to a ladybug. The body shape of the seahorse and fish resembles algae. The white butterfly imitates inedible butterflies from the heliconid family (Fig. 25) with its unpleasant odor and bright coloring, and the flies imitate wasps. The similarity of non-venomous snakes with poisonous ones helps them protect themselves from enemies and survive.

Rice. 25. Imitative coloration: the white butterfly (T) is similar to the poisonous heliconid butterfly (2)

Examples of imitative plant coloring.
Imitative coloration in plants is necessary to attract or intimidate animals. Usually there is no nectar on the belozor flower. To attract insects, it is similar to a honey plant. Insects, landing on a flower, contribute to its pollination. The flowers of the insectivorous plant (Nepenthes) are brightly colored. Insects, landing on a flower, instantly fall into a “trap” and die. An orchid resembles the female of some insects in its flower shape and smell, so male insects involuntarily land on the flower and pollinate it.
Mimicry arises “under the control” of natural selection. Its occurrence is associated with the accumulation of small beneficial mutations in edible species in conditions of their cohabitation with inedible ones. One of the main weapons of defense against enemies and adaptive characteristics is: in beetles and crabs - chitinous cover, in mollusks - shells, in crocodiles - scales, in armadillos and turtles - carapace, in hedgehogs and porcupines - quills.

Fitness. Protective coloration. Protective painting. Attractive coloring. Menacing coloring. Imitative coloring (mimicry).

The main reason for the various adaptations of organisms to environmental conditions is selection.
Protective coloration is an adaptation necessary to protect organisms leading an open lifestyle from enemies.
Protective coloration is a type of protective coloration characteristic of poisonous, stinging, burning insects.
Attractive coloration is a type of protective coloration during the reproduction period of organisms.
Menacing coloring is a way of protecting animals from enemies by adopting a threatening pose.
Imitation of living organisms and inanimate objects of the environment is an adaptation of organisms that are unable to defend themselves or are inactive.
What traits of organisms determine fitness?
How does fitness occur?
Name the types of protective coloring.
Give an example of protective paint.

What organisms are characterized by imitative coloration?
Give examples that prove the usefulness of attractive colors.
What are examples of mimic coloration in plants?

Exercise
Have you ever encountered insects in nature that freeze when touched? Pay attention to their actions, immobility. Pay attention to insects that produce an unpleasant odorous odor. Compare them. This activity will help you become more familiar with the protective and threatening colors of animals.
Try to complete the task.
What type of protective coloration are these examples? Enter in capital letters accordingly: “ZShch” - protective; "PR" - attractive; "PD" is imitative.

Ladybug. 5. Nepenthes (insectivorous plant).
Butterfly. 6. Bittern.
Darkling beetle. 7. Male pheasant.
Sea Horse. 8. Praying Mantis.

4. Adaptation of organisms and its relative nature

Fitness is the relative expediency of the structure and functions of an organism, which is the result of natural selection eliminating unadapted individuals. Traits arise as a result of mutations. If they increase the vitality of an organism, its fertility, and allow it to expand its range, then such characteristics are “picked up” by selection, fixed in the offspring and become adaptations.

Types of devices.

The body shape of animals allows them to move easily in the appropriate environment and makes the organisms unnoticeable among objects. For example, the streamlined body shape of fish, the presence of long limbs in a grasshopper.

Camouflage is the acquisition of an organism's resemblance to some object in the environment, for example, resemblance to a dry leaf or tree bark of a butterfly's wings. The shape of the stick insect's body makes it invisible among plant branches. The pipefish is not visible among the algae. In plants, flower shape: position on the shoot promotes pollination.

The protective coloration hides the organism in the environment, making it invisible. For example, the color of a hare is white, and the color of a grasshopper is green. Dismembering coloring - alternating light and dark stripes on the body creates the illusion of chiaroscuro, blurring the contours of the animal (zebras, tigers).

Warning coloration indicates the presence of toxic substances or special defense organs, and the danger of the organism to a predator (wasps, snakes, ladybugs).

Mimicry is the imitation of a less protected organism of one species by a more protected organism of another species (or environmental objects), which protects it from destruction (wasp flies, non-venomous snakes).

Adaptive behavior in animals is a threatening posture that warns and scares away the enemy, freezing, caring for offspring, storing food, building a nest, and burrows. Animal behavior is aimed at protecting and preserving from enemies and the harmful effects of environmental factors.

Plants have also developed adaptations: spines protect against being eaten; the bright color of the flowers attracts pollinating insects; different times of pollen and ovule maturation prevent self-pollination; fruit diversity promotes seed dispersal.

All adaptations are relative in nature, since they operate under certain conditions to which the organism is adapted. When conditions change, adaptations may not protect the organism from death, and therefore, the signs cease to be adaptive. Narrow specialization can cause death in changed conditions.

The reason for the emergence of adaptations is that organisms that do not meet these conditions die and do not leave offspring. Organisms that survive the struggle for existence have the opportunity to pass on their genotype and consolidate it over generations.

5. Speciation

Microevolution is an evolutionary process occurring within a species, leading to its change and the emergence of a new species. The process of speciation begins in populations, so a population is an elementary evolutionary structure.

In ideal populations, the Hardy-Weinberg law applies - the law of genetic equilibrium, according to which the ratio of the frequencies of occurrence of dominant and recessive genes remains unchanged from generation to generation. An ideal population meets the following requirements:

a) an unlimitedly large population size;

b) free crossing of individuals - panmixia;

c) absence of mutation process and selection; d) absence of migration of individuals - isolation of the population.

In populations, the frequencies of genes A and a correspond to the formula

where p is the frequency of occurrence of gene A; c - frequency of occurrence of gene a. In an ideal population, the frequencies of genotypic combinations AA: Aa: aa remain unchanged and correspond to the formula:

p 2 (AA) + 2rya (Aa) + a 2 (aa) = 1.

However, in real populations the conditions of an ideal population are not met. S.S. Chetverikov established that the mutation process in populations occurs constantly, but mutations are mainly recessive and hidden in heterozygotes. With external phenotypic homogeneity, genotypic heterogeneity of the population is observed. S.S. Chetverikov concluded that natural populations are saturated with mutations, which is a hidden reserve of hereditary variability and leads to a violation of genetic balance. Random, non-directional changes in allele frequencies in a population are called genetic drift.

In natural conditions, there is a periodic fluctuation in the number of individuals, which is associated with seasonal phenomena, climate change, natural disasters, etc. Fluctuations in the number of individuals in a population are called population waves. They were first discovered by S.S. Chetverikov. Population waves are one of the causes of genetic drift, which causes the following phenomena: increasing genetic homogeneity (homozygosity) of the population; concentration of rare alleles; preservation of alleles that reduce the viability of individuals; changes in the gene pool in different populations. All these phenomena lead to evolutionary transformations of the genetic structure of the population, and subsequently to changes in the species.

Methods of speciation.

An important factor in evolution is isolation, which leads to divergence of characteristics within one species and prevents the crossing of individuals. Isolation can be geographical and ecological, hence two methods of speciation are distinguished.

Geographic speciation - new forms of organisms arise due to range rupture and spatial isolation. In each isolated population, the gene pool changes due to genetic drift and selection. Next comes reproductive isolation, which leads to the formation of new species.

The reasons for the range gap may be mountain building, glaciers, river formation and other geological processes. For example, various species of larches, pines, and Australian parrots were formed as a result of range rupture.

Ecological speciation is a method of speciation in which new forms occupy different ecological niches within the same habitat. Isolation occurs due to the discrepancy between the time and place of crossing, animal behavior, adaptation to different pollinators in plants, the use of different food, etc. For example, species of Sevan trout have different spawning places, species of buttercups are adapted to life in different conditions.

Geographical and ecological speciation proceeds according to the following scheme:

isolation of a population - "accumulation of mutations -" isolation - "divergence of characters -" formation of a subspecies - "reproductive isolation -" formation of a species.

These are very long processes. The driving force behind speciation is driving and disruptive natural selection.

6. Macroevolution

Macroevolution is supraspecific evolution, as a result of which larger taxa (families, orders, classes, types) are formed. It has no specific mechanisms and is carried out similarly to the mechanisms of microevolution. Macroevolution occurs over historically vast periods of time and is inaccessible to direct study and observation. A. N. Severtsov and I. I. Shmalgauzen established two main directions of the evolutionary process: biological progress and biological regression.

Biological regression is characterized by a narrowing of the range; decrease in the number of species; a reduction in the number of populations and a decrease in systematic units; the predominance of mortality over birth rate.

This leads to a reduction in the number of species in a genus, the number of genera in a family (sometimes down to one), families in an order (one), etc. Some species, genera, and families die out completely. For example, a decrease in the number of horsetails and mosses. The Ussuri tiger is on the verge of extinction.

Ways to achieve biological progress.

Established by A. N. Severtsov and associated with all kinds of transformations in the structure of organisms.

Aromorphosis is arogenesis, or morphophysiological progress, accompanied by major changes in the structure of organisms and an increase in the level of their organization. Aromorphoses are of a general nature and are not adaptive to special conditions. They provide an opportunity to develop new habitats and expand their range. As a result of aromorphoses, such large taxa as types and classes arose.

Idioadaptation is allogenesis, accompanied by the acquisition by the body of particular adaptations to environmental conditions and habitat without changing the level of organization. The development of new living environments is underway. The changes that occur are adaptive in nature, sometimes narrow specialization to a specific condition. As a result, divergence of characters occurs within one systematic group and smaller taxa are formed: orders, families, genera. In individuals of different taxonomic groups, convergence can be observed - convergence of characters as a result of the adaptation of different organisms to the same living conditions (butterflies and birds, whales and fish). This is how similar organs arise.

Sometimes there is an independent development of similar characters in closely related groups of organisms - parallelism. For example, the development of flippers in pinnipeds (walruses and seals).

Rules of evolution.

1. Evolution is irreversible. Any systematic group cannot go back to an original ancestor. Sometimes atavisms occur, but they are isolated. Amphibians cannot again give rise to the fish from which they evolved.

2. Evolution is progressive and aimed at developing adaptations to any conditions of existence.

3. Each increase in the level of organization - aromorphosis - is accompanied by particular adaptations - idioadaptation, and in special cases - degeneration.

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Lesson objectives:

repetition and consolidation of knowledge about the driving forces of evolution;
to form the concept of the adaptability of organisms to their environment, knowledge about the mechanisms of adaptation as a result of evolution;
continue to develop the skills to use knowledge of theoretical laws to explain phenomena observed in living nature;
to form specific knowledge about the adaptive features of the structure, body color and behavior of animals.

Equipment:

Table “Adaptability and its relative nature”, photographs, drawings, collections of plant and animal organisms, cards for performing tests, presentation.

1. Repetition of the material studied:

In the form of a frontal conversation, it is proposed to answer questions.

a) Name the only guiding driving force of evolution.
b) What is the supplier of material for selection in the population?
c) It is known that hereditary variability, which supplies material for selection, is random and not directed. How does natural selection become directional?
d) Give an explanation from an evolutionary point of view for the following expression: “It is not individual genes that are subject to selection, but entire phenotypes. The phenotype is not only an object of selection, but also plays the role of a transmitter of hereditary information in generations.”

As the question is posed, its text is displayed on the screen (a presentation is used)

2. The teacher brings the conversation to the formulation of the topic of the lesson.

In nature, there is a discrepancy between the ability of organisms to reproduce unlimitedly and limited resources. Is this the reason...? the struggle for existence, as a result of which the individuals most adapted to environmental conditions survive. (Display the diagram on the screen, students write it down in a notebook)

So, one of the results of natural selection can be called the development of adaptations in all living organisms - adaptations to the environment, i.e. fitness is the result of the action of natural selection under given conditions of existence.

(Message about the topic of the lesson, writing in a notebook)

Think and try to formulate what is the essence of adaptation to environmental conditions? (Together with the students, the teacher gives a definition of fitness, which is written down in a notebook and displayed on a slide screen)

Adaptability of organisms or adaptations- a set of those features of their structure, physiological processes and behavior that provide for a given species the possibility of a specific lifestyle in certain environmental conditions.

What do you think is the importance of fitness for organisms?

Meaning: adaptability to environmental conditions increases the chances of organisms to survive and leave a large number of offspring. (Write in notebook, display slide on screen)

The question arises, how are adaptations formed? Let's try to explain the formation of an elephant's trunk from the point of view of C. Linnaeus, J.B. Lamarck, C. Darwin.

(On the screen is a photograph of an elephant and the wording of the question posed)

Probable student answers:

According to Linnaeus: the fitness of organisms is a manifestation of original expediency. The driving force is God. Example: God created elephants, like all animals. Therefore, from the moment of their appearance, all elephants have a long trunk.

According to Lamarck: the idea of the innate ability of organisms to change under the influence of the external environment. The driving force of evolution is the desire of organisms for perfection. Example: Elephants, when getting food, had to constantly stretch out their upper lip to get food (exercise). This trait is inherited. This is how the long trunk of elephants came into being.

According to Darwin: among the many elephants there were animals with trunks of different lengths. Those with a slightly longer trunk were more successful in obtaining food and surviving. This trait was inherited. So, gradually, the long trunk of elephants arose.

Which explanation is more realistic? Let's try to describe the mechanism by which adaptations arise. (Scheme on screen)

3. Variety of adaptations.

On the students' desks are drawings and collections illustrating the various adaptations of organisms to the environment. Work in pairs or groups. Students describe adaptations, name them themselves or with the help of the teacher. These devices appear on the screen as the conversation progresses.

1. Morphological adaptations (changes in body structure).

streamlined body shape in fish and birds
membranes between the toes of waterfowl
thick fur in northern mammals
flat body in bottom fish
creeping and cushion-shaped form in plants in northern latitudes and high mountain regions

2. Camouflage: body shape and color blend with surrounding objects (slide).

(Seahorse, stick insects, caterpillars of some butterflies).

3. Patronizing coloring:

developed in species that live openly and may be accessible to enemies (eggs of openly nesting birds, grasshopper, flounder). If the background of the environment is not constant depending on the season of the year, the animals change their color (white hare, brown hare).

4. Warning color:

Very bright, characteristic of poisonous and stinging forms (wasps, bumblebees, ladybugs, rattlesnakes). Often combined with demonstrative scaring behavior.

5. Mimicry:

similarity in color and body shape of unprotected organisms with protected ones (hoverflies and bees, tropical snakes and poisonous snakes; snapdragon flowers look like bumblebees - insects try to establish mating relationships, which promotes pollination; eggs laid by the cuckoo). Mimics never outnumber the original species. Otherwise, the warning coloring will lose its meaning.

6. Physiological adaptations:

adaptability of life processes to living conditions.

accumulation of fat by desert animals before the onset of the dry season (camel)
glands that eliminate excess salts in reptiles and birds that live near the sea
water conservation in cacti
rapid metamorphosis in desert amphibians
thermolocation, echolocation
state of partial or complete suspended animation

7. Behavioral adaptations:

changes in behavior in certain conditions

caring for offspring improves the survival of young animals and increases the stability of their populations
the formation of individual pairs during the mating season, and in the winter they unite in flocks. What makes food and protection easier (wolves, many birds)
deterrent behavior (bombardier beetle, skunk)
freezing, feigning injury or death (opossums, amphibians, birds)
precautionary behavior: hibernation, food storage

8. Biochemical adaptations:

associated with the formation in the body of certain substances that facilitate the defense of enemies or attacks on other animals

poisons of snakes, scorpions
antibiotics for fungi and bacteria
crystals of potassium oxalate in the leaves or spines of plants (cactus, nettle)
special structure of proteins and lipids in thermophiles (resistant to high temperatures)

and psychrophilic (cold-loving), allowing organisms to exist in hot springs, volcanic soils, and permafrost conditions.

Relative nature of adaptations.

It is suggested that you pay attention to the table: hare. Invisible to predators in the snow, clearly visible against the background of tree trunks. Together with the students, other examples are given: moths collect nectar from light flowers, but also fly towards the fire, although they die in the process; poisonous snakes are eaten by mongooses and hedgehogs; If you water a cactus too much, it will die.

What conclusion can be drawn?

Conclusion: any device is useful only in the conditions in which it was formed. When these conditions change, adaptations lose their value or even cause harm to the body. Therefore, fitness is relative.

When studying the topic, we relied on the teachings of Charles Darwin on natural selection. It explained the mechanism by which organisms adapt to their living conditions and proved that fitness is always relative.

4. Consolidation of knowledge.

There are test sheets and answer cards on the students' desks.

Option 1.

1. A phenomenon that serves as an example of camouflage coloring:

a) coloration of sika deer and tiger;
b) spots on the wings of some butterflies, similar to the eyes of vertebrates;
c) the similarity of the color of the wings of the pierida butterfly with the color of the wings of the inedible heliconid butterfly;
d) coloring of ladybugs and Colorado potato beetles.

2. How modern science explains the formation of organic expediency:

a) is the result of the active desire of organisms to adapt to specific environmental conditions;
b) is the result of natural selection of individuals that turned out to be more adapted than others to environmental conditions due to the presence of randomly occurring hereditary changes in them;
c) is the result of the direct influence of external conditions on the development of corresponding characteristics in organisms;
d) it was initially predetermined at the moment the creator created the main types of living beings.

3. Phenomenon. An example of which is the similarity between the lionfly and wasps in the color of the abdomen and the shape of the antennae:

a) warning coloring;
b) mimicry;
c) adaptive coloration;
d) camouflage.

4. Example of protective coloring:

5. Example of warning coloring:

a) bright red color of the rose flower;

d) similarity in color and body shape.

Option 2.

1. The main effect of natural selection:

a) increasing the frequency of genes in the population that ensure reproduction over generations;
b) increasing the frequency of genes in the population that ensure wide variability of organisms;
c) the appearance in the population of genes that ensure the preservation of characteristics of the species in organisms;
d) the appearance in the population of genes that determine the adaptation of organisms to living conditions;

2. Example of protective coloring:

a) green coloration of the singing grasshopper;
b) green color of leaves in most plants;
c) bright red color of the ladybug;
d) similarity in the color of the abdomen of the hoverfly and the wasp.

3. Masking example:

a) green coloration of the singing grasshopper;
b) similarity in the color of the abdomen of the hoverfly and the wasp;
c) bright red color of the ladybug;

4. Example of warning coloring:

a) bright red color of a rose flower;
b) bright red color of the ladybug;
c) similarity in color between the hoverfly and the wasp;
d) similarity in color and body shape of the moth caterpillar with the knot.

5. Example of mimicry:

a) green coloration of the singing grasshopper;
b) bright red color of the ladybug;
c) similarity in the color of the abdomen of the hoverfly and the wasp;
d) similarity in color and body shape of the moth caterpillar with the knot.

Answer card:

1 2 3 4 5
A
b
V
G

Homework:

paragraph 47;
fill out the table in paragraph 47:

Many birds have mastered the ground-air habitat. The adaptation of birds to flight became possible due to many changes in appearance and internal structure.

The main signs of adaptation of birds to flight

Double breathing.
Flight muscles contain large amounts of myoglobin.
Feather cover.
Light skeleton.
The circulatory system is developed.
Fast metabolism.
Modification of the forelimbs in the wings.
Streamlined body shape.
There is a special bone - the keel.
Warm-blooded.
One ovary.
Reduced number of bones.
The cerebellum is enlarged.
Well developed nervous system.

How are birds adapted for flight?

Birds' lungs do not have the ability to expand or contract as they do in humans. The air sacs do all this work. When inhaling and exhaling, fresh air moves through the bird’s lungs, which is stored in bags. For this reason, breathing in birds is called “double breathing.” To store enough oxygen, birds' flight muscles contain a lot of myoglobin.

Internal structure of a bird diagram

Birds have to eat a lot to get a lot of energy. They have a very well developed circulatory and respiratory system. The average pressure of birds is about 130 mm Hg. Art., while in mammals it is only 95 mm Hg. Art.

Birds have a very fast metabolism, body temperature reaches from 40 to 42 degrees. High body temperature significantly affects all vital processes, and muscle contraction occurs many times faster.

To a large extent, the large muscles that move the limbs are located on the body, and tendons already go to them.

Birds chew their food in the stomach, so all chewing processes are located inside the body, which improves their aerodynamics.

Birds have feathers that do not need blood vessels; they are too light and soft. Also, in addition to all this, birds have a light skeleton that is filled with air. And for better coordination of movements, the cerebellum was enlarged.

Adaptation of birds to their environment

Depending on the habitat, the external structure of birds is greatly modified. For example, a woodpecker has a beak that looks like a chisel. He uses it to extract insects and larvae from tree bark. In addition, he has an overly long, sticky tongue and sharp claws, which allow him to perform all the necessary tasks to continue living.

Birds that live in bodies of water also have some changes. They have short lower limbs with membranes and continuous feather cover. Birds that live in deserts and steppes have protective feather coloring, they have excellent eyesight and strong legs.

Ostrich-like birds inhabit Africa. They cannot fly, since birds have underdeveloped wings, but their legs are well developed. Birds can reach speeds of up to 70 km/h, their weight is 50-90 kg, and their height is about 2.5-2.7 meters. Ostrich-like animals live in savannas, deserts, and steppes.

Article on the topic -

Birds of prey have a large, curved beak that they use to tear prey into small pieces. Having powerful sharp claws, they cling to prey, after which they inflict fatal wounds on them or carry food to their nest. Predators can hover in the air for a long time, they have excellent sharp vision and excellent hearing.

The adaptability of organisms to their environment is inextricably linked with their vitality, ability to compete (competitiveness) And leaving normal offspring.

Viability

Animals

Plants

Body coloring of butterflies

The cat and its wild relatives (tiger, leopard) hunt from ambush, stealing their prey. All cats take care of themselves and lick their fur so that there is no smell. After all, the victims should not smell the predator. A cat most often hunts in the dark, because, hiding, at this time it becomes more invisible. Therefore, all cats see well in the dark. A cat is a solitary animal, it “walks on its own”; This is why these animals are difficult to train.

A dog is a completely different matter. Canine relatives (wolves, jackals) mostly hunt in packs, so they are very sociable and easily get used to obeying their leader. The dog can be trained, and it becomes very obedient. Dogs lick themselves very rarely and smell like dogs - after all, these animals do not sit in ambush. To find prey, the dog and its relatives use a keen sense of smell. Dogs have excellent tracking; these animals can follow a scent for a long time.