Grammar is one of the branches of linguistics, which is divided into morphology and syntax. Morphological norms require the correct formation of grammatical forms of words of different parts of speech (forms of gender, number of nouns, short forms and degrees of comparison of adjectives, etc.). Syntactic norms prescribe the correct construction of the basic syntactic units of phrases and sentences.
Exercises:
1) Select the adjectives, matching them correctly with the nouns. What factors influence the gender form of indeclinable nouns?
Avenue, sconce, meringue, euro, jury, kangaroo, kiwi, kohlrabi, communique, coffee, penalty, salami, sirocco, taboo, tsetse, tsunami, Batumi, Kalahari, Mississippi. Answer: wide avenue, crystal sconce, light meringue, collectible euro, strict jury, fast kangaroo, delicious kiwi, unripe kohlrabi, informative communiqué, black coffee, repeated penalty, delicious salami, sultry sirocco, primitive taboo, African tsetse, dangerous tsunami, sunny Batumi , sultry Kalahari, wide Mississippi.
2) Form the nominative plural form of these nouns:
Corps... (of a building, military unit) – corps... (torso); image... (icons) – image... (artistic and literary); order... (insignia) - order... (knightly and monastic societies); reason... (reins) – reason... (motivation).
Answer: Corps (building, military unit) - hulls (torso); images (icons) – images (artistic and literary); orders (insignia) – orders (knightly and monastic societies); reasons (reins) – reasons (motivations).
3) Open the brackets and choose the appropriate option:
1. Qualified lecturers (lecturers) were selected to conduct discussions and reports. 2. Large (rags, shreds) of multi-colored leather lay in the corner of the shoemaker's workshop. 4. A boy in a tattered jacket and trousers ran forward, (rags, shreds) of his clothes fluttering in the wind. 5. The shepherd put his pipe to his lips, and quiet, iridescent (tones, tones) slowly began to be heard. 6. The bright moon rose above the horizon, the sky and sea turned soft dark blue (tones, tones). 7. Only experienced drivers (chauffeurs, chauffeurs) can drive buses on mountain roads. 8. Numerous (searchlights, floodlights) brightly illuminated the squares and streets of the city. 9. Representatives of a wide variety of professions found themselves in the rest house: doctors, (teachers, teachers), (accountants, bookkeepers), (engineers, engineers), (conductors, conductors) of railway trains. 11. The most important (sectors, sectors) of the institute were reorganized. 12. Five-ton trucks drove out of the gate; their bodies were filled to the brim with bags and boxes. Answer: 1. Qualified lecturers were selected to conduct conversations and reports. 2. Large scraps of multi-colored leather lay in the corner of the shoemaker's workshop. 4. A boy in a tattered jacket and trousers ran forward, shreds of his clothes fluttering in the wind. 5. The shepherd put his pipe to his lips, and quiet, iridescent tones slowly began to be heard. 6. The bright moon rose above the horizon, the sky and sea turned soft dark blue tones. 7. Only experienced drivers can drive buses on mountain roads. 8. Numerous spotlights brightly illuminated the squares and streets of the city. 9. Representatives of a wide variety of professions found themselves in the holiday home: doctors, teachers, accountants, engineers, railway conductors. 11. The most important sectors and institutions were reorganized. 12. Five-ton trucks drove out of the gate, their bodies filled to the brim with bags and boxes.
4) From these nouns, form the forms Imp. plural and R.p. plural Highlight the nouns that have variants.
Orange, accountant, hectare, year, hussar, doctor, boat, kilogram, tangerine, vacation, towel, rail, tomato, cake, Englishman, eggplant, Buryat, wafer, grenadier, poker, sock, stocking, boot, candle, shoes, heron, manger.
Answer: them. n. plural r.p. pl. h.
oranges-oranges
accountants
hectares-hectares
years-years
hussars-hussars, hussars
doctors doctors
speedboats
kilograms-kilograms
tangerines-tangerines
vacation-vacation
towels-towels
rails-rails
tomatoes-tomatoes
cake-cakes
English-English
eggplant-eggplant
Buryats-Buryats
waffles waffles
grenadiers-grenadiers
poker-poker
socks-socks
stockings
boots
candles-candles
shoes-shoes
herons
manger-manger
nouns with variants: year-years
5) Which of the two designs: The surgeon performed the operation or The surgeon performed the operation - if we are talking about a woman, you will prefer: a) in a strict business speech; b) in scientific speech; c) in an oral conversation with friends? Answer: The surgeon performed the operation (a, b) or The surgeon performed the operation (c)
6) Underline the adjectives from which the comparative degree can be formed. Form simple and complex comparative forms from them, if possible.
Big, lively, loud, feisty, checkered, dexterous, bad, striped, timid, brave, nasty, super-powerful, ultra-right, purple. Answer: big-more, more/less big
lively, more/less lively
voiced-more voiced, more/less voiced
feisty is already simple. degree comparison
checkered-checkered
dexterous - more dexterous, more dexterous, more dexterous
bad-worse
tabby is an exception, no degree
timid-timider, more timid
bolder, bolder, more daring
nasty - more nasty
super-powerful - superior. degree
far-right-superior. degree
purple - more purple
7) Open the brackets and select the desired case form. Indicate the possible options: Wait (bus, bus), wait (meeting, meetings), wait (decision, solutions), seek (support, support), seek (road, roads), seek (salvation, salvation), seek (glory, glory). Answer: Wait for the bus, wait for the meeting, wait for the decision, look for support, look for the road, look for salvation, look for glory.
8) Correct the mistakes made in the following sentences.
Explain what regulations they relate to.
1. Their performances showed confidence in victory. 2. He was driven by a thirst for activity. 3. Great attention should be paid to spelling. 4. First graders already distinguish between sounds and letters. 5. The mother was worried about the child. 6. A review of a book briefly outlines its contents. 7. Nowadays, women should take an important role in politics. 8. We say what we have achieved in the Duma. 9. Many scientists took part in the discussion. 10. After watching the film, work began on a review about it. 11. Ridiculous, but sometimes insurmountable obstacles to fathers in raising children, especially when they know and love them, cripple the child’s psyche. 12. We carry the law from beginning to end. Answer: 1. Their performances showed confidence in victory (pp.). 2. He was driven by a thirst for activity (r.p.). 3. More attention should be paid to spelling. 4. First graders already distinguish sounds from letters. 5. The mother was worried about the child. 6. A review of a book briefly outlines its contents. 7. Nowadays, women should take an important place in politics. 8. In the Duma we talked about what we had achieved. 9. Many scientists took part in the discussion. 10. After watching the film, work began on a review about it. 11. Ridiculous, but sometimes difficult to overcome obstacles in upbringing, especially when children know and love their father, cripple the child’s psyche. 12. We carry out the law from beginning to end.
9) Select one of the options:
1. The roof was covered (tar paper). 2. The dressmaker sewed a cuff to the sleeve (cuff). 3. From the vase (stuck - stuck out) (fresh - fresh) (dahlia - dahlia). 4. On the finger (grew - grown) (thick - thick) callus. 5. The carpenter repaired (the enclosure to the enclosure). 6. From severe frost (rail - rail) (burst - burst). 7. The wind slammed (shutters - shutters). Answer: 1. The roof was covered with roofing felt. 2. The dressmaker sewed a cuff to the sleeve. 3. A fresh dahlia was sticking out of the vase. 4. A thick callus has grown on my finger. 5. The carpenter repaired the enclosure. 6. The rail burst due to severe frost. 7. The wind slammed the shutters.
10) Put the words in brackets in the correct form:
1. Both applicants (Petrov) successfully passed the entrance exams to the university. 2. The experience of football coach Oleg (Wolf) is being widely introduced. 3. The couple (Sutherland) visited the Russian writer Nikolaev. 5. In the works of a Japanese scientist (Nikamura). 6. The Cuban chess player (Capablanca) had a unique playing style. 7. Sisters Emma and Katharina (Stolz) recently returned from a trip to Australia. 8. Our supervisor corresponds with the English researcher Barbara (Travers). 9. The Siberian local historian (Belykh) has interesting documents about the history of his native land. 10. The journalist talked with the director of the metallurgical plant, Sergei (Maslo), for about an hour. Answer: 1. Both Petrov applicants successfully passed the entrance exams to the university. 2. The experience of football coach Oleg Volk is being widely introduced. 3. The Sutherland couple visited the Russian writer Nikolaev. 5. In the works of the Japanese scientist Nikamura. 6. Cuban chess player Capablanca had a unique playing style. 7. Sisters Emma and Katharina Stolz recently returned from a trip to Australia. 8. Our supervisor corresponds with the English researcher Barbara Travers. 9. Siberian local historian Belykh has interesting documents about the history of his native land. 10. The journalist talked with the director of the metallurgical plant, Sergei Maslo, for about an hour.
11) Correct the sentences, taking into account the norms for the formation of degrees of comparison of adjectives:
1. This is the simplest way to solve the problem. 2. This example is better. 3. This discovery is the greatest. 4. A worse scenario for the development of events cannot be imagined. Answer: 1. This is the simplest way to solve the problem. 2. This example is the best. 3. This discovery is the greatest. 4. A worse scenario could not be imagined.
12) Open the brackets, choose the appropriate option, eliminate the incorrect forms:
1. We met joyfully after a long separation (two friends - two friends). 2. She painfully fought for her life, fearing to be left without any help (four orphans - four orphans - four orphans). 3. There were (three sons - three sons) in the family, all (three - three) were excellent hunters. 4. The older brothers left, the younger ones waited for their mother to come for them (three of them). 5. There were (three servants - three servants) constantly with the sick person. 6. The seminar was conducted (two associate professors - two associate professors). Answer: 1. Two friends joyfully met after a long separation. 2. She painfully fought for her life, afraid to leave four orphans without any help. 3. The family had three sons, all three were excellent hunters. 4. The older brothers left, the younger brothers were waiting for their mother to come for the three of them. 5. Three servants were constantly with the sick man. 6. The seminar was conducted by two associate professors.
Topic 3. Lexical norms.
Lexical norms are the rules for the use of words in speech: 1) the correct choice of words from a number of units that are close to it in meaning or form; 2) using it in the meanings that it has in the language; 3) the appropriateness of its use in a particular communicative situation in combinations generally accepted in the language. Compliance with lexical norms is the most important condition for the accuracy of speech and its correctness.
1) Find sentences in which the words do not correspond to the objects, signs and phenomena that they denote. Correct
errors associated with violation of lexical norms.
1. The election fiesta has begun. 2. He became acquainted with a galaxy of new computers. 3. The deputies made a decision that helps improve the noted shortcomings. 4. Grandmother gently nods with her kind, wrinkled face. 5. This struggle is being waged under the thesis of protecting human rights. 6. At the next meeting of the Book Lovers Club, a presentation of the first issues of the almanac “Vladikavkaz” took place.
Answer: 1. The election campaign has begun. 2. He got acquainted with several models of the latest computers. 3. The deputies made an important decision that will help eliminate existing shortcomings. 4. Grandmother gently nods her face. 5. This struggle is being waged under the auspices of human rights. 6. At the next meeting of the Book Lovers Club, a presentation of the first issue of the almanac “Vladikavkaz” took place.
2) Using explanatory dictionaries, determine the meanings of the following synonyms, their stylistic coloring, as well as their origin in the Russian language: in what direct and figurative meanings and stable contexts of use they can replace each other, and in which they cannot and why (provide to confirm your answer examples of phrases and sentences with these words):
Restoration - restoration, agitation - propaganda, accident - catastrophe, master - settle, cooperation - interaction, impulse - push, region - district, reform - change . Answer: Restoration - restoration (Late Lat.). Restoration/restoration of the building. Recovery(special)
Agitation (lat.) - propaganda (lat.). Anti-state propaganda/agitation. Promotion of healthy lifestyles. Propaganda is the dissemination of a mood in favor of an idea. Propaganda - dissemination of ideas.
Accident (French) - catastrophe (Greek). Accident - damage. Catastrophe-1) an unexpected event in novels, dramas, serving as intelligence. 2) a terrible incident. It has greater expression and tragedy than an accident. Car accident/catastrophe. The strained relationship between the spouses was finally about to resolve into some kind of catastrophe.
To master - to settle. Master - learn to use something. Settle in and explore new places. Master a new computer. Settling in a new home.
Collaboration-interaction. Cooperation is participation in some common cause. Interaction (book) - mutual connection; (psychol.) - the process of direct influence of objects on each other, giving rise to their mutual conditionality and everything. Our company cooperates/interacts with the editorial office of the newspaper "K". After the advent of quantum. field theory, the idea of interaction has changed significantly.
Impulse-push (lat.). Impulse-1) a measure of mechanical movement 2) suggestion, motivation. A push is a sharp short blow made by moving away from oneself. Give someone a boost. Send electrical impulses.
Region (Latin) - district (French). Region-1) region, district, part of the country, distinguished from other regions by a set of natural or historically established features. 2) a group of nearby countries. Economic-geographical or similar region of the world. The area is a well-known district. A certain part of the area.
Reform-change (lat.). Reform is a transformation introduced by legislation. Change is turning into something else. Education reform. Changing meter readings.
3) Find errors in the use of paronymic words, correct them by determining the meanings of the incorrectly used and necessary words in this case using an explanatory dictionary:
A militant mood reigned in the regiment. The people suffered dual oppression. Predatory destruction of forests led to the formation of ravines. At the end of the meeting, the floor was presented to Professor Dyakonov. Many facts: climatic and temperature conditions, processing times, the nature of lighting - affect the development of plants. Answer: A warlike mood reigned in the regiment. The people suffered double oppression. Predatory destruction of forests led to the formation of ravines. At the end of the meeting, Professor Dyakonov was given the floor. Many facts: climatic and temperature conditions, processing times, the nature of lighting - affect the development of plants.
4) Find violations of lexical norms in the following sentences and correct them, determine what types of lexical norms are violated in each case, determine the meanings of incorrectly used words using an explanatory dictionary:
He recorded songs of the indigenous aborigines of the North. A new tradition was born in the schools of Syktyvkar. The life of the old peasant woman gradually became intolerable. Today we have guests from Madrid. The hunters' nerves are tense: a finger is on the target. On Saturday, the Jaguar boutique will host a fashion show. Answer: He recorded songs of the indigenous people of the North. A new tradition has appeared in Syktyvkar schools. The life of the old peasant woman gradually became unbearable. Today we have guests from Madrid. The hunters' nerves are tense: the finger is on the trigger. On Saturday, the Jaguar boutique will host a fashion show.
An aborigine is a native inhabitant.
1. On Monday there will be a fashion show (model show) by fashion designer Yaroslav Kurylenko called “Flowers of the East”. 2. With her ballet charisma, Plisetskaya overshadows those who should dance next. 3. The new thriller creates an atmosphere of suspense (tension) in the auditorium. 4. The creation of advanced technologies and know-how plays an important role in modern society. 5. What's the point of keeping us in front of the silver screen for eight evenings waiting for a happy ending?
Answer: 1. On Monday there will be a (model show) by fashion designer Yaroslav Kurylenko called “Flowers of the East”. 2. With her charisma, Plisetskaya overshadows those who should dance next. 3. The new thriller creates an atmosphere of suspense (tension) in the auditorium. 4. The creation of advanced technologies plays an important role in modern society. 5. What's the point of keeping us in front of the silver screen for eight evenings waiting for a happy ending?
1) Inappropriate - "models-fashion designer" - tautology.
4) Know-how is a production secret.
6) Find and eliminate errors associated with inaccurate word choice and violation of lexical compatibility norms:
1. The company used more advanced equipment. 2. People now have faith in private property and the opportunity to achieve success purely on their own. 3. Now every citizen has the opportunity to own property. 4. The Decree of Emperor Paul I had a beneficial effect on industrialists. 5. Now these functions are consolidated in the person of one person. 6. It’s time to sum up the results of the meeting.. 7. For thirty years, Afanasyev played the role of storekeeper and forwarder.
Answer: 1. Equipment was used at the enterprise. 2. People gained confidence in the ability to own private property and achieve success on their own. 3. Now every citizen has the opportunity to own property. 4. The Decree of Emperor Paul I had a beneficial effect on industrialists. 5. Now these functions are possible for one person. 6. It’s time to sum up the results of the meeting.. 7. For thirty years, Afanasyev served as a storekeeper and forwarder.
7) Eliminate speech redundancy and tautology:
1. Federal units went deeper into the republic. 2. The press has a highly positive assessment of the election results. 3. If this is hypothetically assumed, then the situation is seen in a different light. 4. The reform is carried out with the simultaneous coexistence of old and new management structures. 5. The initiator and originator of the movement is the economic association.
Answer: 1. Federal units advanced deeper into the republic. 2. The press praises the election results. 3. If we assume this, then the situation is seen in a different light. 4. The reform is carried out with the simultaneous existence of old and new management structures. 5. The initiator of the movement is an economic association.
8) Explain why the following usage is incorrect:
More sophisticated; in the month of May; in the very near future; mutual cooperation, have a full quorum; see with your own eyes; meet for the first time; hospitalize; publish in print; step back; patriot of the motherland; full house; price list; the most optimal; interior decoration; folklore; a huge colossus.
Answer: More sophisticated; in May; in the near future; cooperation, have a full quorum; firsthand; познакомиться; hospitalize; publish; retreat; retreat patriot; full house; price-list; optimal; interior design; folklore; colossus.
9). Choose the appropriate paronym from the words given in brackets:
1. He is used to working without strain (methodically, methodically), clearly following all (methodically, methodically) recommendations. 2. You and I must get together and (specify, discuss) those issues that were not (specified, discussed) in the agreement. 3. The (critical, critical) analysis of this study was not very (critical, critical). 4. Be careful, there is a (angry, malicious) dog in the yard. 5. Everyone who goes with us on the boat must wear (life-saving, life-saving) vests. 6. I looked at your (factual, factual) material and find it not very (factual, factual). 7. He showed (economic, economic) interest in resolving these (economic, economic) issues.
Answer: 1. He is used to working methodically without strain, strictly following all methodological recommendations. 2. You and I must get together and discuss those issues that were not covered in the agreement. 3. The critical analysis of this study was not very critical.4. Be careful, there is an angry dog in the yard. 5. Everyone who goes with us on the boat must wear life jackets. 6. I looked at your factual material and find it not very factual. 7. He showed a proprietary interest in solving these economic issues.
10). Find and correct errors related to the incorrect use of synonyms, antonyms and paronyms:
1. The old orders and previous organizational structures have already been discarded. 2. Beet growers are confident that the final effect will be significant. 3. This unit allows you to significantly reduce the temperature of the connection of materials. 4. He openly admitted what was hidden from us. 5. Unreliable facts should alert us. 6. Troekurov had racing dogs at his kennel. 7. Polar explorers were drifting on an ice floe. 8. Natasha screamed, speechless with fear. 9. Dubrovsky was born into a poor, but quite wealthy family. 10. A strong tuxedo stood over the city - the result of harmful emissions.
Answer: 1. The old order organizational structures have already been discarded. 2. Beet growers are confident that the final effect will be significant. 3. This unit can significantly reduce the temperature of materials joining. 4. He admitted what was hidden from us. 5. Unreliable facts should alert us. 6. At Troekurov’s kennel there were hounds. 7. Polar explorers were drifting on an ice floe. 8. Natasha screamed in fear. 9. Dubrovsky was born into a fairly wealthy family. 10. There was a strong smoke over the city - the result of harmful emissions.
eleven). Match the following words with pairs with opposite meanings:
Dull, noise, silence, wind, darkens, blooms, spring, mind.
Answer: dumb-smart
noise-silence
silence-noise
wind calm
gets darker and brighter
blooms and fades
spring-autumn
mind-stupidity
12) Indicate the reasons for the ambiguity in these sentences and eliminate it:
1. After re-analysis, excellent data were obtained. 2. As an editor, you can leave this term.
Answer:
1. After re-analysis, other data were obtained. 2. As an editor, you can leave this term.
*excellent 1) meaning good 2) different
13). Eliminate speech insufficiency in sentences:
1. The language of Shukshin’s characters differs sharply from the characters of other authors. 2. The center-left bloc does not yet have and is in dire need of a leader.
Answer: 1. The language of Shukshin’s heroes differs sharply from the language of the characters of other authors. 2. The center-left bloc does not yet have a leader, but it really needs one.
The word is used in a meaning that is unusual for it.
Wrong choice of word or phraseology
One cannot but agree with the main pathos of the book. A thousand tanks fought hand-to-hand. He handled the Cyrillic alphabet with ease; there was no master more masterful at composing messages. Yesterday it rained a lot. His heart was pounding, his lips were dry, and he licked them with his tongue. We received a huge number of calls, but not all of them were read. The indigenous people of North America - the Indians - are significantly disadvantaged in their rights. I spent most of the summer months at the dacha. The next day, a discussion of current affairs began. The monument amazes with its bizarre dimensions. The country was divided into three unequal halves. The students listened intently to the teacher's story. Leskov describes a satirical depiction of Russian life in “The Flea.” Evgeny Onegin differed from other landowners in his exaltation: it was not without reason that “he replaced the ancient corvée with a light quitrent with a yoke.” If you take a closer look at these people in person, their unpleasant features will become noticeable. The images of the main characters are expressively depicted in the novel. The president's words fill us with optimism. Exams require difficult efforts from us. The new law will bring changes primarily to the atmosphere of entrepreneurship. The dance of Russian ballet dancers shocked the judges. The audience inspires confidence in me that I will still do a lot as an actor. There are many negative aspects to the image of this politician. The authority of our elders should follow us throughout our lives. Yesenin's image is personified in our minds with a white birch tree. Chatsky identifies himself with the future Decembrists. I know perfectly well all his advantages and disadvantages, because we have known each other for almost a week.
Wrong choice of function word,
leading to the destruction of the meaning of the sentence
I've only met the professor twice, so we're on short terms.
Deputies gain nationwide fame thanks to scandals. Thanks to the fire, a large area of the forest was destroyed.
Error in choosing a password
Among the generals there was a militant mood towards the enemy. The floor for the report was presented to the director of the plant. The writer portrayed the hero truthfully and emotionally. Tatyana was raised as a romantic and sensual young lady. Under feudalism, the people suffered dual oppression. We were transferred to work in a backward brigade. Everyone is well aware of Gorky's early romantic works. The graduate student submitted the dissertation abstract on time. The poet's early works are understandable and accessible to everyone. We missed the train for reasons beyond our control. The director signed a statement granting me leave. Mayakovsky stood at the sources of new poetry. All employees wear Ekko shoes.
4. The norms of word combinations are violated
Rumors began in the Duma that a change of government was imminent. When the artist appeared, the audience's applause increased even more. Improvement in the level of service in stores will have to wait a long time. Don't be late to buy bonds at the cheapest price! This tradition has been revived again in our country. His ambition to become a pilot came true. We managed to solve these difficult problems. We need to increase our spiritual development. After the revolution, eyewitnesses of that time came forward with their memories. The journalist asked the actress a tricky question. It was clear that the question was about changing the head of the bank. The only technical university in our city has announced a reduction in student enrollment for next year.
5. Errors in the use of stable combinations of words
The murder takes Raskolnikov out of the norm for a long time. His words did the trick. People do not believe politicians who sprinkle beautiful phrases like beads. The story of the photocopier box has become the talk of the town. No one is in a hurry to sing incense to us. The guys broke their heads and rushed to run to the village. The speaker spoke general phrases and moved from empty to empty. The opponent panicked from such an onslaught. The lion's share of deposits was not returned to citizens. The unexpected news presented me with an insoluble dead end. I agreed to this with a squeaky heart. The military plays an important role in these events. Your offer is not worth a dime. I didn’t lose face and passed the exams brilliantly. The teacher's gaze instilled fear and fear in the children. Our athletes are no strangers to achieving success at world championships. I assign a very important role to this meeting, since it can have indelible consequences for the life of our enterprise. Our comments had no impact on our colleague. This man made a great impact on me. Always and in everything you need to understand moderation. Nowadays, goodness, unfortunately, has no place to exist. This nomination is of great and important importance. These two concepts are extremely close to each other. The family plays a big role in a child's life. The governor made the most categorical statements about political opponents. In a tense situation, the military decided to flex their muscles. The criminals tricked the guards like they were children. No matter how hard I tried to gild the pill, the boss was very offended. Of all the qualities of a person, honesty and decency are in the main place.
6. Tautology (repetition of identical or similar words)
This incredible incident happened to me in my youth. For an unprepared student, the lesson lasts longer. These lines by Leskov are addressed not to the policeman, but to the police officer. The level of service to the population will be raised to a higher level. The hotel project was designed by a young architect. The gentle bank of the river is overgrown with dense thickets. The use of mineral fertilizers brings great benefits to plants. A weakness of her book is that the questions are not well developed. We are chasing after fame and money. On the occasion of the New Year holiday, the President addressed the people with a welcoming televised address. Upon closer examination, a cultural crisis is evident.
7. Pleonasm (verbosity, use of words that are unnecessary for semantic completeness)
In Tolstoy, each character has its own individual traits. He told me the autobiography of his life. Modern songs cannot compare with the beauty of folklore. Veterans were presented with memorable souvenirs and gifts. The parties signed an agreement on mutual cooperation. The production of the play became possible with the help and thanks to sponsors. At the end of the speech, the speaker summarized his proposals. We need to mutually help each other, mutually support each other. I memorized these verses very well. Everyone was talking about the scandal, but, nevertheless, there were people who had not heard about it. Racer number 5 is in the lead. The first premiere of the ballet took place in Riga. Everyone was talking about the scandal, but, nevertheless, there were people who had not heard about it. Racer number 5 is in the lead. The first premiere of the ballet took place in Riga. Goodness, conscience, truth seem today to be archaisms that have become obsolete a long time ago. My comrades did me a disservice. Upon closer examination, a cultural crisis is evident. The great Russian ballerina Ekaterina Geltser danced on the stage almost until she was seventy years old.
8. Mixing different style elements
In anticipation of the upcoming battle, the soldiers checked their ammunition and cleaned their weapons. For lack of a red rose, my life will be ruined. At the very edge of the pier you stand with your head up. The Rostov family lived in Otradnoye. Answering a question about the content of the dissertation, the applicant was insolent to his opponent. Pechorin was not a self-controlled person; he could lose his temper and unfairly quarrel with Bela.
One cannot but agree with the main pathos books. (Pathos - passionate inspiration, rise. In this sentence you should use the word idea). A thousand tanks caught up hand to hand. (Hand to hand - (fight, grapple) with hands or hand weapons). He handled it with ease Cyrillic, there was no master more masterful at composing messages. (Cyrillic is the Slavic alphabet that underlies the modern Russian alphabet. In this sentence you should use the word pen(wielding a pen)).Yesterday I walked huge rain. (The word should be used strong). His heart was beating, his lips shriveled up, and he licked them with his tongue. (Shrink - having dried out, shrink, warp. In this sentence you should use the word dry out). We received a huge number of calls, but not all of them were successful read. (The sentence should be corrected as follows: not all calls could be answered). Native people of North America - Indians– significantly infringed on their rights. (Indians are the inhabitants of India, the indigenous people of North America are called Indians).Majority I spent the summer months at the dacha. (The sentence should be corrected as follows: I spent most of the summer at the dacha). On future day, a discussion of current affairs began. (On next day the discussion of current affairs began). The monument amazes with its bizarre dimensions. (Dimensions are the maximum external outlines, sizes of objects. The word should be used in the sentence forms: The monument amazes with its bizarre shapes). The country was divided into three unequal half. (The sentence should be corrected to read: The country was divided into three unequal parts). Students closely listened to the teacher's story. (You can watch closely, you should listen attentively). A satirical depiction of Russian life describes Leskov in "The Flea". (The sentence should be corrected as follows: Leskov’s “The Flea” contains a satirical depiction of Russian life). Evgeny Onegin differed from other landowners in his exaltation: It’s not for nothing that “he replaced the ancient corvée with a light quitrent with a yoke.” (Exaltation - enthusiasm, painful liveliness). If live take a closer look at these people, they will become noticeable hard-hitting traits. (It is forbidden live take a closer look at people; impartial - impartial). Expressively depicted in the novel there are images of the main characters. (The sentence should be corrected as follows: The images of the main characters in the novel are expressive). Words from the President blow optimism on us. (The sentence should be corrected to read: The President's words give us optimism.) Exams require of us difficult effort. (The word should be used large or labor-intensive). The new law will make changes primarily to atmosphere entrepreneurship. (Atmosphere (singular only) – surrounding conditions, setting. The word should be used area ( entrepreneurship)). Russian dance ballerinas shocked the judges. (The word ballerina is not in Russian, you should use the word dancer). Spectators inspire me confidence that I will still do a lot as an actor. (You should use the expression give me hope). On image This policy has many negative aspects. (Image is a consciously created image. The word should be used in the sentence reputation- public assessment of someone). The authority of elders must chase us throughout our lives. (The sentence should be corrected as follows: The authority of elders should remain unshakable for us throughout our lives). Yeseninsky image personified in our minds with a white birch tree. (The sentence should be corrected as follows: Yesenin’s image is associated (correlated) in our minds with a white birch tree.) Chatsky identifiesyourself future Decembrists. (The sentence should be corrected as follows: Chatsky is prototype future Decembrists). I know perfectly well all its advantages and disadvantages, because we already know each other without a year a week.(Without a year, a week is very short. The sentence should use the expression for ages).
Incorrect choice of function word, leading to destruction of the meaning of the sentence
I only met the professor twice, That's why We're on friendly terms with him. (Need to: … But We’re on short terms with him or... nevertheless We are on short terms with him).
Deputies gain nationwide fame thanks to scandals. (The preposition is used incorrectly. Preposition thanks to indicates a favorable reason for the current state (thanks to strength and endurance, the athlete won the competition); prepositions indicate an unfavorable reason from-behind, because of(due to injury he could not perform. You need: because of scandals or because of scandals). Thanks to The fire destroyed a large area of the forest. (Need to: because of fire or because of fire).
Error in choosing a password
Among the generals there reigned militant mood towards the enemy (Need: militant mood). The word for the report was presented to the director of the plant. (Need: word provided). Writer displayed hero truthfully and emotionally. (Need to: depicted hero). Tatiana was raised romantic and sensual young lady. (Need to: sensitive young lady) Under feudalism, the people endured dual oppression. (Need to: double oppression). We were transferred to work in lagging behind brigade. (Need: in lagging behind brigade). Everyone is well aware of the early romantic works of Gorky. (Need to: romantic works). Graduate student has provided dissertation abstract on time. (Need to: introduced abstract). The poet's early works understandable and are available to everyone. (Need: works understandable) We missed the train by independent from us reasons. (Need: by independent reasons from us). The director signed a statement presentation I'm on vacation. (Need: o providing vacation). Mayakovsky stood at sources new poetry. (Need: stood at origins new poetry). Ecco shoes dressed on all employees. (Need to: put on on all employees).
Description of the presentation by individual slides:
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Language errors. The ability to find and correct them Goals: to systematize knowledge on finding and preventing language errors; develop skills and abilities to correct language errors; get acquainted with the classification of language errors made in essays and presentations; expand your vocabulary; to achieve active mastery of the riches of Russian oral and written speech; learn to take a more meaningful approach to the correct choice of words and their forms, to the construction of syntactic structures.
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Speech norms Speech norms are the rules for the use of words, word forms and sentences accepted in the social and linguistic practice of educated people. A norm is the only possible or preferable option for the correct, exemplary use of a word, form, or structure.
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Signs of the norm The main features of the norm of a literary language are: relative stability; common use; obligation.
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Signs of good speech Speech, the structure of which corresponds to literary and linguistic norms, is called correct. Good speech is characterized by: richness (diversity) of vocabulary and grammatical structure; purity, accuracy; expressiveness.
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Exercise 1 Correct the mistakes in the sentences. 1. For one moment the boys forgot. 2. Pechorin has the talent of creative trust. 3. Chatsky has no accomplices. 4. Peter saw Sasha as a compatriot in wrestling. 5. Griboyedov gives us a good look at the image of Chatsky. 6. They began to treat Onegin with respect. 7. A bourgeois family appears before us. Words for reference: confused, talent, like-minded people, comrade-in-arms, reveals, relate, appears.
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Test yourself. 1. For a moment the boys were confused. 2. Pechorin has creative talent. 3. Chatsky has no like-minded people. 4. Peter saw Sasha as a comrade in the struggle. 5. Griboedov reveals the image of Chatsky well. 6. They began to treat Onegin with respect. 7. A bourgeois family appears before us.
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Test yourself. 1. Pushkin created the characters of the people of that time. 2. Fonvizin reveals his views in critical articles. 3. Prostakova is rude to her servants. 4. Upon learning that the serf Palashka is ill, she becomes furious. 5. Korobochka’s mental limitations reach the point of absurdity. 6. Onegin led a passive lifestyle. 7. The people suffered double oppression. 8. Turgenev received worldwide gratitude.
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Exercise 3 Find errors in the sentences. Correct them. 1. She overcame fear and fear. 2. Manilov thought and reflected for a long time. 3. Soon he returned back. 4. Tatyana fell in love with Onegin with a very great love. 5. He was indignant with indignation. 6. The sun shone fiery like fire. 7. They showed their initiative.
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Test yourself. 1. She overcame her fear. 2. Manilov thought for a long time. 3. Soon he returned back. 4. Tatiana fell in love with Onegin. 5. He was indignant. 6. The fiery sun was shining. 7. They showed initiative.
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Exercise 4. Correct the sentences, avoiding repetition. 1. Gerasim went to the river. Gerasim saw a puppy in the water. Gerasim took it and brought it home. 2. The guys woke up early. The guys decided to go into the forest to pick mushrooms. The guys went into the forest along a field path. The guys went into the forest and picked a lot of mushrooms and berries. 3. When he began to go out, he began to ask about the incident. 4. The trees are bare, the days are cloudy. 5. Then he came to the river. Then I saw the raft. 6. Buds began to bloom on the trees. The days have become longer. The snow began to melt.
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Test yourself. 1. Gerasim went to the river. There he saw a puppy in the water, picked it up and brought it home. 2. The guys woke up early and decided to go into the forest to pick mushrooms. They walked along the field path and picked a lot of mushrooms and berries. 3. On the way out, he began to ask about the incident. 4. On cloudy days the trees are bare. 5. Then he came to the river and saw a raft. 6. Buds are blooming on the trees. The days have become longer. The snow began to melt.
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Exercise 5. Find and correct errors in sentences. 1. When Igor gets ready to go on a campaign, other princes also gather. 2. A big role in showing the image of Prince Andrei is played by showing his love for Natasha. 3. Even among Goncharov’s outstanding novels, “Oblomov” occupies an outstanding place. 4. Famusov adheres to public opinion. Famusov sticks to the old ways in everything. He adheres to the old ways. 5. Approaching the estate, he saw a collapsed gate. Entering the house, Chichikov saw a man fiddling with some rags.
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Test yourself. 1. Other princes are going on a campaign with Igor. 2. His love for Natasha plays a big role in the life of Prince Andrei. 3. Among Goncharov’s famous novels, “Oblomov” occupies an important place. 4. Famusov adheres to the old order in everything. 5. Approaching the estate, Chichikov saw a collapsed gate. Entering the house, he noticed a man fiddling with some rags.
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Exercise 6. Find and correct errors in sentences. 1. When depicting landowners in “Dead Souls,” Gogol also depicted Plyushkin. 2. The insidious courtier Vorontsov sent the poet to fight the locusts. The offended poet responded to this with a mocking poetic response. The offended Vorontsov complained to the tsar. 3. In this game, all players act with passion, boldly entering into game combats with physically and technically strong players of the other team. 4. Figuratively speaking, in this image the poet depicted the vices of bourgeois morality and pictures of the ugly poverty of oppressed people. 5. A veteran went on a trial lap to try out the new car to try his hand at it.
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Test yourself. 1. Portraying landowners in Dead Souls, Gogol also showed Plyushkin. 2. The insidious courtier Vorontsov sent the poet to fight the locusts. The offended poet responded to this with a mocking poem. Offended, Vorontsov complained to the tsar. 3. In this game, all participants act with passion, boldly entering into combat with physically and technically strong opponents. 4. The poet depicted the vices of bourgeois morality and pictures of the ugly poverty of oppressed people. 5. A veteran went out on the first lap to test the new car to try his hand at it.
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Grammatical errors Grammar rules include: word-formation (rules for the formation of words), morphological (formation of word forms of different parts of speech), syntactic (rules for the construction of phrases and sentences).
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Exercise 1 Choose one option from the words given in brackets. Motivate your choice. 1. Experienced lecturers (lecturers) were selected to conduct conversations and reports. 2. Many (workshops) of the plant have been reoriented to produce new products. 3. The shepherd put his pipe to his lips, and gentle (tones - tones) pipes floated over the meadow. 4. On Levitan’s canvas, the gentle blue (tones - tones) of the sky convey the transparency of the morning air. 5. Only experienced drivers (drivers – chauffeurs) can drive buses on mountain roads. 6. (Elections - election) of the regional governor show that many political opponents are concluding (agreements - agreements) on cooperation. 7. A commercial bank issued long-term bills (bills of exchange) to some successful firms. 8. L.N. Tolstoy managed to create unique artistic (images – images). 9. In the summer, many people begin (vacations - vacations). 10. In our confectionery department the cakes are always fresh.
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Exercise 2 Use the desired form of short adjectives, give a stylistic description of the possible options. 1. This method of treatment is effective... and painless.... 2. The actor was natural... in his behavior. 3. Your arrival is very timely…. 4. The region was deserted, deserted... and lifeless... . 5. The view of the mountains with snowy peaks, colored by the sunset, was majestic... and triumphal... . 6. The moment was for all the celebrations… . 7. The school director was responsible... for every student. 8. The feuilleton, according to Koltsov, is to some extent related... to correspondence.
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Exercise 3 Correct the mistakes in the sentences. 1. The main accounting department currently serves thirty-two nurseries. 2. Twenty-three days have passed since the dispatch of the next scientific expedition to the Mir station. 3. Three defective pliers were sold at a reduced price. 4. The shopping center sold thirty-three trousers during the day. 5. Twenty-four sleds took part in the dog sled race. 1. By the fifteenth of April one thousand nine hundred and ninety-nine, an exhibition of a famous artist in our city is scheduled to open. 2. There are more than one and a half hundred amateur school orchestras in our region. 3. The amazingly beautiful cathedral with three thousand six hundred and eighty-five frescoes, built in the 16th century, is one of the most striking attractions of Rome. 4. In 2006, energy consumption by enterprises in the region will increase 1.3 times.
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Exercise 4 Indicate cases of incorrect or stylistically unjustified use of tense forms and verb moods; correct the sentences. 1. In preparation for the Olympic Games, the Chinese weightlifter lifted weights of over 300 kg. 2.Over the past year, athletes have achieved great success. 3. Even at school, the future champion was able to perform remarkable high jumps, climb ropes, and do pull-ups on the crossbar. 4. In his lifetime, the hunter has seen many amazing things. 5. Boil ¼ liter of milk and dilute 25 grams of soda in it.
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Exercise 5 Eliminate incorrect word order in sentences. 1. At this time, fishing in the rivers and reservoirs of the region is prohibited by all means. 2. Nowadays, these products are produced with half the labor cost. 3. The fight against all kinds of violations of labor discipline on the part of the plant administration has been intensified. 4. All measures to improve academic performance in groups have been taken. 5. A helicopter with portraits of astronauts flies over the square, scattering leaflets. 6. The carpenter made an oak shelf with four legs. 7. During the transition to new forms of passenger service on railway transport, some difficulties were observed.
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Exercise 6 Choose the desired form of the predicate. Explain your choice. 1. A number of events dedicated to the anniversary of I.A. Bunin, (will pass - will pass) in Yelets, Voronezh, Orel. 2. The group of students sent for field practice (includes – includes) forty-one people. 3. A whole series of speakers (insisted - insisted) on a negative answer. 4. Several of our high school students (took – took) part in the city Olympiad. 5. Over the past three years, the management of the Central Market has repeatedly (appealed - appealed) to higher authorities with a request for help in organizing outbound trade. 6. Exactly at 6 o'clock in the evening (sounded - sounded) three shots. 7. Most of the composer’s works (were created - were created) during the years of wandering.
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Exercise 7 Correct errors caused by non-compliance with management standards. 1.The department of criticism and bibliography of thick magazines systematically publishes reviews of new works of fiction. 2. The representative of the construction organization again assured the customer of his readiness to complete the work on time. 3. The facts stated by the author of the letter were fully confirmed during verification. 4.Students pay attention to notes during lectures. 5. The teacher pointed out that there were a number of errors in the work. 6.He studied well at school thanks to his abilities. 7.Elderly people from all parts of the city were able to come to this evening. 8. He left the city according to the instructions.
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Exercise 8 Find and explain errors in the use of adverbial verbs. Correct the sentences. 1. An explanation of these phenomena can be found by taking recent events as an illustration. 2. After working for only two months, he had complications with the shop manager. 3. Having accepted a shift, the drivers on duty are sent to the facilities by the dispatcher. 4.The trading floor was cleared of people for fear that the ceiling would collapse. 5. By raising prices for cars and fuel, this directly affects the cost of agricultural products. 6.Boating with small children is strictly prohibited. 7. When using gas stoves, the population must first make sure that they are in good working order. 8. Having found out that production volume has decreased, the question arises about the reason for this. 9. Giving great importance to the research methodology, a number of experiments were carried out. 10. Studying the process of denationalization, a certain pattern is discovered.
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Exercise 9 Describe the errors in complex sentences. Make stylistic edits. 1. Last Saturday, a conference was held for parents with preschool children at the House of Culture. 2. The speaker drew attention to an issue that is often raised at such meetings. 3. The speaker who reported this data and turned out to be a passionate patriot of river transport made an interesting comparison. 4.The author rashly remarked to the reviewer that how can you not notice what is new in the book. 5. The main thing you should pay attention to is violation of discipline. 6. Those who need additional classes must be provided with them. 7. The collection includes ditties composed not only in the Smolensk region, but also in other areas that exist in the Smolensk province.
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Exercise 10 Find cases of violation of the syntactic norms of the modern Russian language. Correct the sentences. 1. Local authorities, the public and citizens of the city are widely preparing to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the countryman writer. 2. The media encourage Russians to participate in the elections. 3. The facts speak for the possibility of using reserves. 4. The management of the enterprise thanked and rewarded the best employees with valuable gifts. 5. Residents demanded troubleshooting and repairs. 6. I liked the book that I took from the library, which is located near the school. 7. A clear picture of the state of the planet’s ozone layer emerges by studying the work of European and Russian scientists. 8. The postcard letter was delivered to the address, but the subscriber left the specified place of residence.
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Answers to exercises 1-5 1. lecturers, workshops, tones, tones, drivers, elections, contracts, bills, images, vacations, cakes. 2. effective and painless; natural; timely; deserted, deserted, lifeless; majestic, solemn; responsible; related. 3. Today there is a general accounting department in thirty-two nurseries; about twenty-three days...; three pairs of defective pliers...; ...thirty-three pairs of trousers; dog sled races took place on twenty-four sleighs; by the fifteenth of April; one and a half hundred; with three thousand six hundred and eighty-five frescoes; in two thousand and six. 4. raised; reached; jumped, climbed, pulled himself up; saw; boil. 5. fishing by all means is prohibited; with half the labor cost; the administration has intensified the fight against all kinds of violations of labor discipline; all measures have been taken to improve academic performance in groups; ...a helicopter scattering leaflets with portraits of astronauts; ...a bookcase made of oak with four legs; In railway transport, there were some difficulties in the transition to new forms of passenger service.
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Answers to exercises 6-10 6. will pass; enters, insisted; accepted; addressed; sounded; were created. 7. reviews of upcoming new fiction; assured... of his readiness...; ...which I outlined...; ...pay attention to notes during lectures; pointed out that...; ...thanks to his abilities; ...people from all areas of the city; ...as prescribed. 8. if we take as an illustration...; ...he complicated the relationship...; replaced duty drivers...; ...from people for fear that the ceiling will collapse; price increase…; boating with small children...; when using gas stoves...; …I wonder about the reason for this; ...we performed a number of experiments; ...we discovered a certain pattern. 9. ...for parents of preschool children; ...a question that often comes up...; speaker, reported...; ...to the reviewer who did not notice anything new...; ...this is a violation of discipline; everyone who needs additional classes must be provided with them; The collection includes ditties composed not only in the Smolensk region, but also in other regions. 10. ...preparing to celebrate widely; participate in elections; ...talk about possibilities...; ... thanked the best employees and rewarded them with valuable gifts; …troubleshooting and repairs; I liked the book I borrowed from the library near school; ...occurs when studying work...; …but unfortunately,… .
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Stylistic norms Below are phrases taken from scientific papers, reports, newspaper publications, and radio interviews. Considering the official nature of speech situations, indicate cases of “mixing styles” and comment on them; correct the sentences. 1. Economic policy nowadays should increasingly focus on such goals. 2. Today, the international forum “World Experience and the Russian Economy” opens in the Kremlin Palace. 3. Progress may appear by next year. 4. According to the observation of the author of this work, the need for such an analysis is still relevant today. 5. Therefore, the threat of mass unemployment is directly related to the possible inconsistency of the processes of release, redistribution and employment. 6. Parliament listened to the reports of the ministers.