1. The layout of workstations with VT must take into account the distance between desktops with video monitors (towards the rear surface of one video monitor and the screen of another video monitor), which must be at least 2.0 m, and the distance between the side surfaces of video monitors - at least 1. 2 m.
2. Workplaces with VT in rooms with sources of harmful production factors must be located in isolated cabins with organized air exchange.
3. Window openings in rooms where VT is operated must be equipped with adjustable devices such as: blinds, curtains, external canopies, etc.
4. Workplaces with VT when performing creative work that requires significant mental stress or high concentration of attention are recommended to be isolated from each other by partitions 1.5 - 2.0 m high.
6. When designing equipment and organizing a VT user’s workplace, it is necessary to ensure that the design of all elements of the workplace and their relative arrangement meet ergonomic requirements, taking into account the nature of the activity performed by the user, the completeness of technical equipment, forms of labor organization and the main working position of the user.
7. Characteristics of the workplace used:
The height of the working surface of the table is 750 mm;
Legroom height 650 mm;
Seat height above floor level 450 mm;
The seat surface is soft with a rounded front edge;
It is possible to place documents on the right and left;
Distance from eye to screen 700 mm;
Distance from eye to keyboard 400 mm;
Distance from eye to documents 500 mm;
It is possible to adjust the screen in height, tilt, in the left and right directions.
8. Correct installation of the desktop:
With a fixed height, the best height is 72 cm;
The necessary arm space in height, width and depth must be provided;
There should be no desk drawers in the seat area.
Table 9.5. Height of a single table for classes with VT
Note: The width and depth of the legroom are determined by the design of the table.
9. Correct installation of the work chair:
The height must be adjustable;
The structure must be rotating;
Correct seat height: The seat area is 3 cm lower than the popliteal cavity.
10. The design of the monitor should provide the possibility of frontal viewing of the screen by rotating the housing in a horizontal plane around a vertical axis within 30 and in a vertical plane around a horizontal axis within 30 with fixation in a given position.
11. The design of monitors should include coloring in calm, soft colors with diffuse light dispersion.
12. The monitor body and PC, keyboard must have a matte surface of the same color with a reflection coefficient of 0.4 - 0.6 and not have shiny parts that can create glare.
13. The design of the VDT must provide for the presence of brightness and contrast adjustment knobs, providing the ability to adjust brightness and contrast, providing the ability to adjust these parameters from minimum to maximum values.
14. The design of the keyboard must include:
Designed as a separate device with the ability to move freely;
A support device that allows you to change the angle of inclination of the keyboard surface in the range from 5 to 15;
The height of the middle row of keys is no more than 30 mm;
The location of frequently used keys is in the center, bottom and right, rarely used - up and left;
Highlighting with color, size, shape and location of functional groups of keys;
The minimum key size is 13 mm, the optimal one is 15 mm;
Keys with a recess in the center and a pitch of 19 1 mm;
The distance between the keys is at least 3 mm;
The same stroke for all keys with a minimum pressing resistance of 0.25 N and a maximum resistance of no more than 1.5 N;
Sound feedback from turning on the keys with adjustable sound level and the ability to turn it off.
Active
| Document's name: | On the introduction of sanitary and epidemiological rules and regulations SanPiN 2.2.2/2.4.1340-03 (as amended as of June 21, 2016) |
| Document Number: | 118 2.2.2/2.4.1340-03 |
| Document type: | Resolution of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation |
| Receiving authority: | Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation Ministry of Health and Medical Industry of Russia |
| Status: | Active |
| Published: | Rossiyskaya Gazeta, N 120, 06/21/2003 Official documents, N 26, 07/23/2003 New pharmacy, N 10, 2003 Official publication, M.: Federal Center for State Sanitary and Epidemiological Surveillance of the Ministry of Health of Russia, 2003 Independent Library Advocate, No. 5, 2003 Ecological Bulletin of Russia, No. 3, 2005 |
| Acceptance date: | 03 June 2003 |
| Start date: | June 30, 2003 |
| Revision date: | June 21, 2016 |
On the introduction of sanitary and epidemiological rules and regulations SanPiN 2.2.2/2.4.1340-03
CHIEF STATE SANITARY DOCTOR
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
RESOLUTION
On the introduction of sanitary and epidemiological rules and regulations SanPiN 2.2.2/2.4.1340-03
Document with changes made:
by Decree of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation dated April 25, 2007 N 22 (Bulletin of regulatory acts of federal executive authorities, N 26, 06/25/2007) (entered into force on July 1, 2007);
Resolution of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation dated April 30, 2010 N 48 (Rossiyskaya Gazeta, N 132, 06/18/2010);
Resolution of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation dated September 3, 2010 N 116 (Bulletin of regulatory acts of federal executive authorities, N 46, 11/15/2010);
Resolution of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation dated June 21, 2016 N 81 (Official Internet portal of legal information www.pravo.gov.ru, 08/09/2016, N 0001201608090016).
________________
*Probably an error in the original. It should read: "dated June 3, 2003." - Database manufacturer's note.
Based on the Federal Law “On the Sanitary and Epidemiological Welfare of the Population” dated March 30, 1999 N 52-FZ Regulations on State Sanitary and Epidemiological Standards approved (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2000, N 31, Art. 3295),
I decree:
1. To put into effect from June 30, 2003 the sanitary and epidemiological rules and regulations "Hygienic requirements for personal electronic computers and organization of work. SanPiN 2.2.2/2.4.1340-03", approved by the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation on May 30 2003.
G. Onishchenko
Registered
at the Ministry of Justice
Russian Federation
June 10, 2003
registration N 4673
Sanitary and epidemiological rules and regulations SanPiN 2.2.2/2.4.1340-03. Hygienic requirements for personal electronic computers and work organization
SanPiN 2.2.2/2.4.1340-03
2.2.2. Occupational hygiene, technological processes, raw materials, materials, equipment, working tools
2.4. Hygiene of children and adolescents
Hygienic requirements for personal electronic computers and work organization
Sanitary and epidemiological rules and regulations
SanPiN 2.2.2/2.4.1340-03
____________________________________________________________________
The document takes into account:
Amendment No. 1 of April 25, 2007 (Resolution of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation of April 25, 2007 No. 22) (came into force on July 1, 2007);
Changes No. 2 of April 30, 2010 (Resolution of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation of April 30, 2010 No. 48;
Changes No. 3 of September 3, 2010 (Resolution of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation of September 3, 2010 No. 116).
____________________________________________________________________
I. General provisions and scope
1. General provisions and scope
1.1. These state sanitary and epidemiological rules and regulations (hereinafter referred to as the sanitary rules) were developed in accordance with the Federal Law “On the Sanitary and Epidemiological Welfare of the Population” dated March 30, 1999 N 52-FZ (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 1999, N 14, Art. 1650) and the Regulations on state sanitary and epidemiological regulation, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 24, 2000 N 554 (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2000, N 31, Art. 3295).
1.2. Sanitary rules apply throughout the Russian Federation and establish sanitary and epidemiological requirements for personal electronic computers (PCs) and working conditions.
1.3. The requirements of sanitary rules are aimed at preventing the adverse effects on human health of harmful factors in the working environment and the labor process when working with a PC.
1.4. These sanitary rules define the sanitary and epidemiological requirements:
- to the design, manufacture and operation of domestic PCs used in production, education, everyday life, gaming machines based on PCs;
- to the operation of imported PCs used in production, training, everyday life and gaming complexes (machines) based on PCs;
- to the design, construction and reconstruction of premises intended for the operation of all types of PCs, production equipment and gaming complexes (machines) based on PCs;
- to organize workplaces with PCs, production equipment and gaming complexes (machines) based on PCs.
1.5. The requirements of sanitary rules apply to:
- on the conditions and organization of work with a PC;
- for personal and portable electronic digital computers; peripheral devices of computing systems (printers, scanners, keyboards, external modems, electrical computer network devices, information storage devices, uninterruptible power supplies, etc.), information display devices (video display terminals (VDT) of all types) and PC-based gaming systems.
1.6. The requirements of sanitary rules do not apply to the design, manufacture and operation of:
Household televisions and television game consoles;
- means of visual display of information from microcontrollers built into technological equipment;
- PC of vehicles;
- PCs moving during operation.
1.7. Responsibility for compliance with these sanitary rules rests with legal entities and individual entrepreneurs carrying out:
- development, production and operation of PCs, production equipment and gaming complexes based on PCs;
- design, construction and reconstruction of premises intended for the operation of PCs in industrial, administrative public buildings, as well as in educational and cultural and entertainment institutions.
1.8. Individual entrepreneurs and legal entities during the production and operation of PCs must exercise production control over compliance with these sanitary rules.
1.9. Workplaces using PCs must comply with the requirements of these sanitary rules.
II. Requirements for PC
2. Requirements for PCs
2.1. PCs must comply with the requirements of these sanitary rules, and each type is subject to sanitary and epidemiological examination with evaluation in testing laboratories accredited in the prescribed manner.
2.2. The list of products and controlled hygienic parameters of harmful and dangerous factors is presented in Appendix 1 (Table 1).
2.3. The permissible levels of sound pressure and sound levels created by the PC must not exceed the values presented in Appendix 1 (Table 2).
2.4. Temporary permissible levels of electromagnetic fields (EMF) created by PCs should not exceed the values presented in Appendix 1 (Table 3).
2.5. Acceptable visual parameters of information display devices are presented in Appendix 1 (Table 4).
2.6. The concentrations of harmful substances released by PCs into indoor air should not exceed the maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) established for atmospheric air.
2.7. The exposure dose rate of soft X-ray radiation at any point at a distance of 0.05 m from the screen and the VDT body (on a cathode ray tube) at any position of the control devices should not exceed 1 μSv/hour (100 μR/hour).
2.8. The design of the PC must provide the ability to rotate the housing in the horizontal and vertical plane with fixation in a given position to ensure frontal observation of the VDT screen. The design of the PC should include painting the body in calm, soft colors with diffuse light dispersion. The PC case, keyboard and other PC blocks and devices must have a matte surface with a reflection coefficient of 0.4-0.6 and not have shiny parts that can create glare.
2.9. The design of the RCCB must provide for brightness and contrast control,
2.10. Documentation for the design, manufacture and operation of PCs should not contradict the requirements of these Sanitary Rules.
III. Requirements for premises for working with PCs
3. Requirements for premises for working with PCs
3.1. The operation of PCs in rooms without natural light is allowed only if there are calculations that justify compliance with the standards of natural lighting and the safety of their activities for the health of workers (clause as amended, put into effect on July 1, 2007 by Amendment No. 1 of April 25, 2007.
3.2. Natural and artificial lighting must comply with the requirements of current regulatory documentation. Windows in rooms where computer equipment is used should predominantly be oriented to the north and northeast.
Window openings must be equipped with adjustable devices such as blinds, curtains, external canopies, etc.
3.3. It is not allowed to place PC user seats in all educational, cultural and entertainment institutions for children and adolescents in basements and basements.
3.4. The area per workstation of PC users with a VDT based on a cathode ray tube (CRT) must be at least 6 m2, in the premises of cultural and entertainment institutions and with VDTs based on flat discrete screens (liquid crystal, plasma) - 4.5 m2.
When using a PCEM with a CRT-based VDT (without auxiliary devices - printer, scanner, etc.) that meet the requirements of international computer safety standards, with an operating time of less than 4 hours per day, a minimum area of 4.5 m is allowed per user (adult) workplace and students of higher professional education).
3.5. For interior decoration of rooms where PCs are located, diffusely reflective materials with a reflectance coefficient for the ceiling of 0.7-0.8 should be used; for walls - 0.5-0.6; for the floor - 0.3-0.5.
3.6. Polymer materials are used for interior decoration of premises with PCs in the presence of a sanitary and epidemiological conclusion.
3.7. Premises where workstations with PCs are located must be equipped with protective grounding (grounding) in accordance with the technical requirements for operation.
3.8. Workplaces with PCs should not be placed near power cables and inputs, high-voltage transformers, or technological equipment that interferes with the operation of the PC.
IV. Requirements for the microclimate, the content of air ions and harmful chemicals in the air at workplaces equipped with a PC
4. Requirements for the microclimate, the content of air ions and harmful chemicals in the air
at workplaces equipped with PCs
4.1. In production premises in which work using a PC is auxiliary, the temperature, relative humidity and speed of air movement in the workplace must comply with the current sanitary standards for the microclimate of production premises.
4.2. In industrial premises in which work using a PC is the main one (control rooms, operator rooms, control rooms, cabins and control stations, computer rooms, etc.) and is associated with nervous and emotional stress, optimal microclimate parameters must be ensured for work categories 1a and 1b in accordance with current sanitary and epidemiological standards for the microclimate of production premises. At other workplaces, microclimate parameters should be maintained at an acceptable level that meets the requirements of the above standards.
4.3. In premises of all types of educational, cultural and entertainment institutions for children and adolescents, where PCs are located, optimal microclimate parameters must be ensured (Appendix 2).
4.4. In rooms equipped with a personal computer, daily wet cleaning and systematic ventilation are carried out after each hour of work on the computer.
4.5. The levels of positive and negative air ions in the air of premises where PCs are located must comply with current sanitary and epidemiological standards.
4.7. The content of harmful chemicals in industrial premises in which work using a PC is the main activity (control rooms, operator rooms, control rooms, cabins and control stations, computer rooms, etc.) should not exceed the maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants in the atmospheric air of populated areas in in accordance with current hygienic standards.
V. Requirements for noise and vibration levels at workplaces equipped with PCs
5. Requirements for noise and vibration levels at workplaces equipped with PCs
5.1. In production premises, when performing main or auxiliary work using a PC, noise levels at workplaces should not exceed the maximum permissible values established for these types of work in accordance with current sanitary and epidemiological standards.
5.2. In the premises of all educational, cultural and entertainment institutions for children and adolescents, where PCs are located, noise levels should not exceed the permissible values established for residential and public buildings.
5.3. When performing work using a PC in industrial premises, the vibration level should not exceed the permissible vibration values for workplaces (category 3, type “b”) in accordance with current sanitary and epidemiological standards.
In premises of all types of educational, cultural and entertainment institutions in which PCs are operated, the level of vibration should not exceed the permissible values for residential and public buildings in accordance with current sanitary and epidemiological standards.
5.4. Noisy equipment (printing devices, servers, etc.), the noise levels of which exceed the standard ones, must be located outside the premises with a personal computer.
VI. Requirements for lighting at workplaces equipped with PCs
6. Lighting requirements for workplaces equipped with PCs
6.1. Work desks should be positioned so that video display terminals are oriented with their sides facing the light openings, so that natural light falls predominantly from the left.
6.2. Artificial lighting in rooms for PC operation should be provided by a system of general uniform lighting. In production and administrative and public premises, in cases where work is primarily done with documents, combined lighting systems should be used (in addition to general lighting, local lighting lamps are additionally installed to illuminate the area where documents are located).
6.3. The illumination on the table surface in the area where the working document is placed should be 300-500 lux. Lighting should not create glare on the surface of the screen. The illumination of the screen surface should not be more than 300 lux.
6.4. Direct glare from light sources should be limited, and the brightness of luminous surfaces (windows, lamps, etc.) in the field of view should be no more than 200 cd/m.
6.5. Reflected glare on work surfaces (screen, table, keyboard, etc.) should be limited by correct selection of types of lamps and location of workstations in relation to sources of natural and artificial lighting, while the brightness of glare on the PC screen should not exceed 40 cd/m and the brightness of the ceiling should not exceed 200 cd/m.
6.6. The glare index for sources of general artificial lighting in industrial premises should be no more than 20. The discomfort index in administrative and public premises should be no more than 40, in preschool and educational premises no more than 15.
6.7. The brightness of general lighting lamps in the area of radiation angles from 50 to 90° with the vertical in the longitudinal and transverse planes should be no more than 200 cd/m, the protective angle of the lamps should be at least 40°.
6.8. Local lighting fixtures must have a non-translucent reflector with a protective angle of at least 40°.
6.9. The uneven distribution of brightness in the field of view of the PC user should be limited, and the brightness ratio between working surfaces should not exceed 3:1-5:1, and between working surfaces and the surfaces of walls and equipment 10:1.
6.10. The clause is excluded by Amendments No. 3 of September 3, 2010..
6.11. It is allowed to use multi-lamp luminaires with electromagnetic ballasts (EPGs), consisting of an equal number of leading and lagging branches (clause as amended by Amendments No. 3 of September 3, 2010.
6.12. General lighting when using fluorescent lamps should be provided in the form of continuous or broken lines of lamps located to the side of the workstations, parallel to the user’s line of sight when video display terminals are arranged in a row. When computers are located perimeterally, the lines of lamps should be located locally above the desktop closer to its front edge, facing the operator.
6.13. The safety factor (Kz) for general lighting lighting installations should be taken equal to 1.4.
6.14. The ripple factor should not exceed 5%.
6.15. To ensure standardized illumination values in rooms for the use of PCs, the glass of window frames and lamps should be cleaned at least twice a year and burnt-out lamps should be replaced in a timely manner.
VII. Requirements for the levels of electromagnetic fields at workplaces equipped with PCs
7. Requirements for the levels of electromagnetic fields at workplaces equipped with PCs
7.1. Temporary permissible levels of EMF generated by PCs at user workplaces, as well as in the premises of educational, preschool and cultural and entertainment institutions, are presented in Appendix 2 (Table 1).
7.2. The methodology for conducting instrumental monitoring of EMF levels at the workplaces of PC users is presented in Appendix 3.
VIII. Requirements for visual parameters of RCCBs monitored at workplaces
8. Requirements for visual parameters of RCCBs monitored at workplaces
8.1. The maximum permissible values of visual parameters of VDTs monitored at workplaces are presented in Appendix 2 (Table 3).
IX. General requirements for the organization of workstations for PC users
9. General requirements for the organization of workstations for PC users
9.1. When placing workstations with PCs, the distance between desktops with video monitors (toward the rear surface of one video monitor and the screen of another video monitor) must be at least 2.0 m, and the distance between the side surfaces of video monitors must be at least 1.2 m.
9.2. Workstations with PCs in rooms with sources of harmful production factors should be located in isolated booths with organized air exchange.
9.3. When performing creative work that requires significant mental stress or high concentration of attention, workstations with PCs are recommended to be isolated from each other by partitions 1.5-2.0 m high.
9.4. The video monitor screen should be located at a distance of 600-700 mm from the user’s eyes, but not closer than 500 mm, taking into account the size of alphanumeric characters and symbols.
9.5. The design of the work table should ensure optimal placement of the equipment used on the working surface, taking into account its quantity and design features, and the nature of the work performed. At the same time, it is possible to use work tables of various designs that meet modern ergonomic requirements. The surface of the desktop should have a reflection coefficient of 0.5-0.7.
9.6. The design of the work chair (chair) should ensure the maintenance of a rational working posture when working on a PC, allow you to change the posture in order to reduce the static tension of the muscles of the cervical-shoulder region and back to prevent the development of fatigue. The type of work chair (chair) should be selected taking into account the height of the user, the nature and duration of work with the PC.
The work chair (chair) must be lift-and-swivel, adjustable in height and angles of inclination of the seat and back, as well as the distance of the back from the front edge of the seat, while the adjustment of each parameter must be independent, easy to carry out and have a reliable fixation.
9.7. The surface of the seat, back and other elements of the chair (armchair) should be semi-soft, with a non-slip, slightly electrified and breathable coating, ensuring easy cleaning from dirt.
X. Requirements for the organization and equipment of PC workstations for adult users
10. Requirements for the organization and equipment of workstations with PCs for adult users
10.1. The height of the working surface of the table for adult users should be adjusted within 680-800 mm; If this is not possible, the height of the working surface of the table should be 725 mm.
10.2. The modular dimensions of the working surface of a PC table, on the basis of which the design dimensions should be calculated, should be considered: width 800, 1000, 1200 and 1400 mm, depth 800 and 1000 mm with a non-adjustable height of 725 mm.
10.3. The work desk must have legroom of at least 600 mm high, at least 500 mm wide, at least 450 mm deep at knee level and at least 650 mm deep at leg level.
10.4. The design of the work chair should ensure:
- the width and depth of the seat surface is at least 400 mm;
- seat surface with a rounded front edge;
- adjustment of the height of the seat surface within the range of 400-550 mm and tilt angles forward up to 15° and backward up to 5°;
- the height of the back support surface is 300±20 mm, the width is at least 380 mm and the radius of curvature of the horizontal plane is 400 mm;
- backrest tilt angle in the vertical plane within ±30°;
- adjusting the distance of the backrest from the front edge of the seat within 260-400 mm;
- stationary or removable armrests with a length of at least 250 mm and a width of 50-70 mm;
- adjustment of the armrests in height above the seat within 230±30 mm and the internal distance between the armrests within 350-500 mm.
10.5. The PC user's workstation should be equipped with a footrest with a width of at least 300 mm, a depth of at least 400 mm, height adjustment up to 150 mm and an inclination angle of the support surface of the stand up to 20°. The surface of the stand should be corrugated and have a rim 10 mm high along the front edge.
10.6. The keyboard should be placed on the table surface at a distance of 100-300 mm from the edge facing the user, or on a special, height-adjustable work surface separated from the main tabletop.
XI. Requirements for the organization and equipment of workstations with a PC for students in general education institutions and institutions of primary and higher professional education
11. Requirements for the organization and equipment of workplaces with PCs for students in general education institutions and institutions of primary and higher vocational education
11.1. Classrooms are equipped with single tables designed for working with PCs.
11.2 The design of a single table for working with a PC should provide for:
- two separate surfaces: one horizontal for placing a PC with smooth height adjustment within 520-760 mm and the second for a keyboard with smooth height adjustment and tilt angle from 0 to 15° with reliable fixation in the optimal working position (12-15 °);
- the width of the surfaces for the VDT and the keyboard is at least 750 mm (the width of both surfaces must be the same) and the depth is at least 550 mm;
- support of the surfaces for the PC or VDT and for the keyboard on the riser, in which the power supply wires and the local network cable should be located. The base of the riser should be combined with the footrest;
- no drawers;
- increasing the width of surfaces up to 1200 mm when equipping the workplace with a printer.
11.3. The height of the edge of the table facing the person working with the PC and the height of the legroom must correspond to the height of students wearing shoes (Appendix 4).
11.4. If you have a high table and a chair that does not correspond to the height of the students, you should use a height-adjustable footrest.
11.5. The line of sight should be perpendicular to the center of the screen and its optimal deviation from the perpendicular passing through the center of the screen in the vertical plane should not exceed ±5°, acceptable ±10°.
11.6. A workstation with a PC is equipped with a chair, the main dimensions of which must correspond to the height of students wearing shoes (Appendix 5).
XII. Requirements for equipment and organization of premises with PCs for preschool children
12. Requirements for equipment and organization of premises with PCs for preschool children
12.1. Classrooms are equipped with single tables designed for working with PCs.
12.2. The design of a single table should consist of two parts or tables connected together: the VDT is located on one surface of the table, and the keyboard is located on the other.
The design of the table for placing a PC should include:
- smooth and easy height adjustment with reliable fixation of the horizontal surface for a video monitor within the range of 460-520 mm with a depth of at least 550 mm and a width of at least 600 mm;
- the ability to smoothly and easily change the angle of the keyboard surface from 0 to 10° with reliable fixation;
- the width and depth of the surface under the keyboard must be at least 600 mm;
- a flat surface without indentations for the keyboard;
- no drawers;
- legroom under the table above the floor is at least 400 mm.
The width is determined by the design of the table.
12.3. The dimensions of chairs for classes are given in the appendix. 5*. Replacing chairs with stools or benches is not permitted.
________________
*Probably an error in the original. Should read "in appendix 6". - Database manufacturer's note.
12.4. The surface of the chair seat should be easy to disinfect.
XIII. Requirements for the organization of medical care for PC users
13. Requirements for the organization of medical care for PC users
13.1. Persons who work with a PC more than 50% of the working time (professionally associated with the operation of a PC) must undergo mandatory pre-employment and periodic medical examinations in the prescribed manner.
13.2. From the time pregnancy is established, women are transferred to jobs that do not involve the use of a PC, or their time working with a PC is limited (no more than 3 hours per work shift), subject to the hygiene requirements established by these sanitary rules. Employment of pregnant women should be carried out in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.
13.3. Medical examination of students of higher educational institutions, students of secondary specialized educational institutions, children of preschool and school age to determine contraindications to working with PCs is carried out in the prescribed manner.
XIV. Requirements for state sanitary and epidemiological supervision and production control
14. Requirements for state sanitary and epidemiological surveillance and production control
14.1. State sanitary and epidemiological supervision over the production and operation of personal computers is carried out in accordance with these sanitary rules.
14.2. The sale and operation on the territory of the Russian Federation of types of PCs that do not have a sanitary and epidemiological certificate are not allowed.
14.3. Instrumental control over compliance with the requirements of these sanitary rules is carried out in accordance with current regulatory documentation.
14.4. Production control over compliance with sanitary rules is carried out by the manufacturer and supplier of PCs, as well as by enterprises and organizations operating PCs in the prescribed manner, in accordance with current sanitary rules and other regulatory documents.
Annex 1.
Annex 1
Table 1. List of products and controlled hygienic parameters
|
List of products and controlled |
|||
|
Product type |
Controlled hygiene parameters |
||
|
Electronic digital computing machines, electronic digital personal computing machines (including portable computers) |
40 1300, |
Levels of electromagnetic fields (EMF), acoustic noise, concentration of harmful substances in the air, visual indicators of VDT, soft x-ray radiation* |
|
|
Peripheral devices: printers, scanners, modems, network devices, uninterruptible power supplies, etc. |
Levels of EMF, acoustic noise, concentration of harmful substances in the air |
||
|
Information display devices (video display terminals) |
EMF levels, visual indicators, concentration of harmful substances in the air, soft x-rays* |
||
|
Slot machines using PC |
Levels of EMF, acoustic noise, concentration of harmful substances in the air, visual indicators of VDT, soft X-ray radiation* |
||
|
_______________ |
|||
Table 2. Acceptable values of sound pressure levels in octave frequency bands and sound levels generated by a PC
|
Acceptable values of sound pressure levels in octave frequency bands and sound levels generated by a PC |
|||||||||
|
Sound pressure levels in octave bands with geometric mean |
Levels |
||||||||
Measurement of sound levels and sound pressure levels is carried out at a distance of 50 cm from the surface of the equipment and at the height of the sound source(s).
Table 3. Temporary permissible levels of EMF generated by PCs
|
Temporary permissible levels of EMF generated by PCs |
||
|
Name of parameters |
||
|
Tension |
in the frequency range 5 Hz-2 kHz |
|
|
electric field |
||
|
Magnetic density |
in the frequency range 5 Hz-2 kHz |
|
|
in the frequency range 2 kHz-400 kHz |
25 nTl After confirmation of payment, the page will | |
Artificial lighting in rooms for PC operation should be provided by a system of general uniform lighting. In production and administrative and public premises, in cases where work is primarily done with documents, combined lighting systems should be used (in addition to general lighting, local lighting lamps are additionally installed to illuminate the area where documents are located).
As light sources When using artificial lighting, predominantly LB-type fluorescent lamps and compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) should be used. When installing indirect lighting in industrial and administrative public premises, the use of metal halide lamps is allowed. Local lighting fixtures use incandescent lamps, including halogen ones.
To ensure standardized illumination values in rooms for the use of PCs, the glass of window frames and lamps should be cleaned at least twice a year and burnt-out lamps should be replaced in a timely manner. Windows in rooms where computer equipment is used should predominantly be oriented to the north and northeast. Window openings must be equipped with adjustable devices such as blinds, curtains, external canopies, etc.
Area per workplace for PC users with a VDT based on a cathode ray tube (CRT) should be at least 6 m2, in the premises of cultural and entertainment institutions and with a VDT based on flat discrete screens (liquid crystal, plasma) - 4.5 m2.
When using a PC with a VDT based on a CRT (without auxiliary devices - printer, scanner, etc.) that meet the requirements of international computer safety standards, with a duration of less than four hours a day, a minimum area of 4.5 m2 is allowed per user workstation.
Premises where PC workstations are located must be equipped protective grounding(zeroing). Workplaces with PCs should not be placed near power cables and inputs, high-voltage transformers, or technological equipment that interferes with the operation of the PC.
In production premises in which work using a PC is auxiliary, the temperature, relative humidity and speed of air movement in the workplace must comply with the current sanitary standards for the microclimate of production premises. In industrial premises in which work using a PC is the main one (control rooms, operator rooms, control rooms, cabins and control stations, computer rooms, etc.) and is associated with nervous and emotional stress, optimal microclimate parameters for work category I a and I b in accordance with current sanitary and epidemiological standards for the microclimate of industrial premises. At other workplaces, microclimate parameters should be maintained at an acceptable level that meets the requirements of the above standards.
In rooms equipped with a PC, daily wet cleaning and systematic ventilation after each hour of work on a PC.
To decorate the interior of the premises, pastel-colored materials with a matte texture should be used; the floor covering should be made of smooth, non-slip materials with antistatic properties. All materials used for finishing premises must meet hygienic requirements and be approved for use by authorities and institutions of sanitary and epidemiological supervision.
Premises with VDT and PC must be equipped with heating systems. The premises must have a first aid kit and fire extinguishing equipment.
Requirements for organizing workplaces for PC users
When placing workstations with PCs, the distance between desktops with video monitors (toward the rear surface of one video monitor and the screen of another video monitor) must be at least 2.0 m, and the distance between the side surfaces of video monitors must be at least 1.2 m.
Desktops should be placed so that the video display terminals are oriented with their sides facing the light openings and natural light falls predominantly from the left.
Workplaces when performing creative work that requires significant mental effort or high concentration of attention, it is recommended to isolate from each other with partitions 1.5-2.0 m high.
Video monitor screen should be located at a distance of 600-700 mm from the user’s eyes, but no closer than 500 mm, taking into account the size of alphanumeric characters and symbols.
Keyboard should be placed on the table surface at a distance of 100-300 mm from the edge facing the user, or on a special, height-adjustable work surface separated from the main table top.
For ease of reading documents, movable stands (lecterns) should be used, which should be placed in the same plane and at the same height as the screen.
The design of the work chair (chair) should ensure the maintenance of a rational working posture when working with a PC, allow you to change the posture in order to reduce the static tension of the muscles of the cervical-shoulder region and back to prevent the development of fatigue. The type of work chair (chair) should be selected taking into account the height of the user, the nature and duration of work with the PC.
Work chair(the chair) must be lift-and-swivel, adjustable in height and angles of inclination of the seat and backrest, as well as the distance of the backrest from the front edge of the seat. In this case, the adjustment of each parameter must be independent, easy to carry out and have a reliable fixation.
Seat surfaces, backrest and other elements of the chair (armchair) should be semi-soft, with a non-slip, slightly electrified and breathable coating, ensuring easy cleaning from dirt.
The PC user should be equipped with a footrest with a width of at least 300 mm, a depth of at least 400 mm, height adjustment up to 150 mm and an inclination angle of the supporting surface of the stand up to 20 degrees. The surface of the stand should be corrugated and have a rim 10 mm high along the front edge.
Requirements for the microclimate of workplaces
Users' workplaces must be provided with optimal microclimate parameters. For work performed while sitting and not requiring physical stress, the air temperature should be in the cold period of the year from 22 to 24 °C, in the warm period of the year - from 23 to 25 °C. Relative air humidity at permanent workplaces should be 40-60%, air movement speed should be 0.1 m/s. Humidifiers should be used to increase indoor air humidity.
Workplace lighting requirements
The illumination on the table surface in the area where the working document is placed should be 300-500 lux. Lighting should not create glare on the surface of the screen. The illumination of the screen surface should not be more than 300 lux.
The uneven distribution of brightness in the field of view of the PC user should be limited; the brightness ratio between working surfaces should not exceed 3:1-5:1, and between working surfaces and the surfaces of walls and equipment - 10:1.
Ripple factor should not exceed 5%.
To avoid glare from reflections in the screen of general lighting lamps, the desktop with a PC should be placed between the rows of lamps. In this case, the lamps should be located parallel to the horizontal line of sight of the worker. To reduce glare, it is recommended to use an on-screen protective filter for video monitors.
When placing desktops in a row, display screens should not be positioned towards each other due to their mutual reflection; otherwise, partitions should be installed between the tables.
Requirements for noise and vibration levels in workplaces
In production premises, when performing main or auxiliary work using a PC, levels at workplaces should not exceed the maximum permissible values established for these types of work in accordance with current sanitary and epidemiological standards.
Printing equipment that is a source of noise should be installed on a sound-absorbing surface of an autonomous user workstation. If noise levels from printing equipment exceed standard limits, it should be located outside the PC room. Rooms for performing basic work with a PC should not be located next to (adjacent) to production premises with high noise levels (workshops, production departments, etc.).
When performing basic work on monitors and PCs (control rooms, operator rooms, computer rooms, etc.), where engineers and technical workers work, the noise level should not exceed 60 dBA, in the premises of computer operators (without displays) - 65 dBA, at workplaces in rooms where noisy computer units are located - 75 dBA.
When performing work using a PC in industrial premises, the level should not exceed the permissible vibration values for workplaces (category 3, type “c”) in accordance with current sanitary and epidemiological standards.
Requirements for electromagnetic field levels in workplaces
A personal computer is source of alternating electric and magnetic fields. It is generally accepted that the main source of EMF that determines the electromagnetic environment are the components of the PC, primarily the video monitor. As numerous studies have shown, in addition to the EMF sources of the display (batteries, high-voltage elements, vertical and horizontal scanning units), there is another source of alternating electric field in displays on cathode ray tubes - the display screen itself. When the nature of the image on the display screen changes, the levels of their electromagnetic fields may change, including upward in relation to the values recorded during test tests. Until now, monitors have only been tested with a text picture, and in this operating mode the level of EMF from the computer being turned on remains normal. In particular, a sharp increase in field strength occurs while working with graphic information, especially when increasing the clarity of the image on the monitor screen.
As practice shows, in some cases, the intensity of EMF is created by external sources, i.e. elements of the building's power supply system, transformers, overhead power lines, etc. Therefore, when installing a PC at the workplace, it must be correctly connected to the power supply and reliably grounded.
During operation, the protective filter must be tightly installed on the display screen and reliably grounded. It should be cleaned of dust daily, just like the display screen.
To protect workers at adjacent workplaces, it is recommended to install special protective screens between work tables that have a coating that absorbs low-frequency electromagnetic radiation.
Requirements for the content of air ions in the air at workplaces
The ionic composition of the air should contain the following amount negative and positive air ions: minimum required level of 600 and 400 ions per 1 cm3 of air; the optimal level is 3,000-5,000 and 1,500-3,000 per 1 cm3 of air; the maximum permissible is 50,000 ions per 1 cm3 of air.
Monitoring the aeroionic composition of indoor air should be carried out directly at workplaces in the breathing zones of personnel. If, as a result of monitoring the aeroionic composition of the air, it is revealed that it does not comply with the standardized indicators, it is recommended that it be normalized.
Organization of work and rest regime when working with VDTs and PCs
To ensure optimal performance and health of professional users, equipment must be installed throughout the work shift. regulated breaks.
To prevent premature fatigue in those working with VDTs and PCs, visual discomfort and other unfavorable subjective sensations, despite compliance with sanitary, hygienic, ergonomic requirements, work and rest regimes, an individual approach should be used in limiting the time spent working with VDTs and PCs, and correcting the duration of breaks for rest or change activities to another, not related to the use of VDT and PC.
In cases where the nature of the work requires constant interaction with VDT (typing texts or data entry, etc.) and is associated with strained attention and concentration, with the exception of the possibility periodically switching to other types, not associated with a PC, it is recommended to organize breaks for 10-15 minutes every 45-60 minutes of operation. During regulated breaks, in order to reduce neuro-emotional stress, fatigue of the visual analyzer, eliminate the influence of physical inactivity and hypokinesia, and prevent the development of postural fatigue, it is advisable to perform sets of exercises. Those working on VDTs and PCs with a high level of tension during regulated breaks and at the end of the working day are given psychological relief in specially equipped rooms (psychological relief room).
In accordance with the List of harmful and (or) dangerous production factors, during which preliminary and periodic medical examinations (examinations) are carried out, approved by the order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation dated August 16, 2004 and SanPiN 2.2.2/2.4. 1340-03 “Hygienic requirements for personal electronic computers and organization of work”, mandatory preliminary upon entry to work and periodic medical examinations must be carried out by persons working with a PC for more than 50% of the working time (professionally related to the operation of a PC), which must be carried out at the expense of the employer. Persons who do not have medical contraindications are allowed to work with a personal computer (PC).
In accordance with the requirements of the order of the Ministry of Health and Medical Industry of the Russian Federation “On the procedure for conducting preliminary and periodic medical examinations of workers and medical regulations for admission to the profession” dated March 14, 1996 No. 90, periodic medical examinations of PC users must be carried out annually.
From the time pregnancy is established, women should be transferred to jobs that do not involve the use of a PC, or their time working with a PC should be limited (no more than 3 hours per work shift), subject to the hygiene requirements established by SanPiN 2.2.2/2.4-1340- 03 “Hygienic requirements for personal electronic computers and work organization.”
11.1. Classrooms are equipped with single tables designed for working with PCs.
11.2 The design of a single table for working with a PC should provide for:
two separate surfaces: one horizontal for placing a PC with smooth height adjustment within 520 - 760 mm and the second for a keyboard with smooth height and tilt adjustment from 0 to 15 degrees with reliable fixation in the optimal working position (12 - 15 degrees );
the width of the surfaces for the VDT and the keyboard is at least 750 mm (the width of both surfaces must be the same) and the depth is at least 550 mm;
support of the surfaces for the PC or VDT and for the keyboard on the riser, in which the power supply wires and the local network cable should be located. The base of the riser should be combined with the footrest;
no drawers;
increasing the width of surfaces up to 1200 mm when equipping the workplace with a printer.
11.3. The height of the edge of the table facing the person working with the PC and the height of the legroom must correspond to the height of students wearing shoes (Appendix 4).
11.4. If you have a high table and a chair that does not match the height of the students, you should use a height-adjustable footrest.
11.5. The line of sight should be perpendicular to the center of the screen and its optimal deviation from the perpendicular passing through the center of the screen in the vertical plane should not exceed +-5 degrees, acceptable +-10 degrees.
11.6. A workstation with a PC is equipped with a chair, the main dimensions of which must correspond to the height of students wearing shoes (Appendix 5).
XII. Requirements for equipment and organization of rooms with personal computers for preschool children
12.1. Classrooms are equipped with single tables designed for working with PCs.
12.2. The design of a single table should consist of two parts or tables connected together: the VDT is located on one surface of the table, and the keyboard is located on the other.
The design of the table for placing a PC should include:
smooth and easy height adjustment with reliable fixation of the horizontal surface for a video monitor within the range of 460 - 520 mm with a depth of at least 550 mm and a width of at least 600 mm;
the ability to smoothly and easily change the angle of inclination of the keyboard surface from 0 to 10 degrees, with reliable fixation;
the width and depth of the surface under the keyboard must be at least 600 mm;
a flat surface without indentations for the keyboard;
no drawers;
legroom under the table above the floor is at least 400 mm.
The width is determined by the design of the table.
12.3. The dimensions of chairs for classes are given in Appendix 5. Replacing chairs with stools or benches is not allowed.
12.4. The surface of the chair seat should be easy to disinfect.
XIII. Requirements for organizing medical care for PC users
13.1. Persons who work with a PC more than 50% of the working time (professionally associated with the operation of a PC) must undergo mandatory pre-employment and periodic medical examinations in the prescribed manner.
13.2. From the time pregnancy is established, women are transferred to jobs that do not involve the use of a PC, or their time working with a PC is limited (no more than 3 hours per work shift), subject to the hygiene requirements established by these sanitary rules. Employment of pregnant women should be carried out in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.
13.3. Medical examination of students of higher educational institutions, students of secondary specialized educational institutions, children of preschool and school age to determine contraindications to working with PCs is carried out in the prescribed manner.
Workstations with VDT and PC in relation to lighting projects should be located so that natural light falls from the side, mainly from the left.
Layout diagrams for workstations with VDTs and PCs must take into account the distance between work tables with video monitors (towards the rear surface of one video monitor and the screen of another video monitor), which must be at least 2.0 m, and the distance between the side surfaces of video monitors - at least 1. 2 m.
Window openings in rooms where VDTs and PCs are used must be equipped with adjustable devices such as: blinds, curtains, external canopies, etc.
The video monitor screen should be at a distance of 600 - 700 mm, but not closer than 500 mm, taking into account alphanumeric characters and symbols, Fig. 7.5.
Premises with VDTs and PCs must be equipped with a first aid kit and carbon dioxide fire extinguishers.
Rice. 5. Layout of workplaces relative to light openings
Keyboard requirements
The keyboard design should include:
Designed as a separate device with the ability to move freely;
A support device that allows you to change the angle of inclination of the keyboard surface in the range from 5° to 15°;
The height of the middle row of keys is no more than 30 mm;
The location of frequently used keys is in the center, bottom and right, rarely used - up and left;
Highlighting with color, size, shape and location of functional groups of keys;
The minimum key size is 13 mm, the optimal one is 15 mm;
Keys with a recess in the center and a pitch of 19 ± 1 mm;
The distance between the keys is at least 3 mm;
The same stroke for all keys with a minimum pressing resistance of 0.25 N and a maximum resistance of no more than 1.5 N;
Sound feedback from turning on the keys with adjustable sound level and the ability to turn it off.
Table 11 – Time of routine breaks depending on the duration of the work shift, type and category of work activity with VDT and PC
Requirements for the organization of medical care for users of VDT and PC
Professional users of VDTs and PCs must undergo mandatory preliminary (upon entry to work) and periodic examinations in the manner and within the time limits established by the Ministry of Health and Medical Industry of Russia and the State Committee for Sanitary and Epidemiological Surveillance of Russia.
Persons who do not have medical contraindications are allowed to directly work with VDTs and PCs.
Women from the time of pregnancy and during breastfeeding are not allowed to perform all types of work related to the use of VDT and PC. Employment of pregnant women should be carried out in accordance with the “Hygienic Recommendations for the Rational Employment of Pregnant Women.”
conclusions
The chapter examines the influence of network hardware and technology on humans. Direct operation of the developed software is carried out on a computer and for production purposes, therefore, when working, it is necessary to follow safety rules.
The computer user is faced with the impact of physical factors such as increased noise levels, insufficient illumination of workplaces, electric current, static electricity, improper ergonomics of the place, and the condition of the production premises.
Conclusion
In modern conditions, the search for an optimal solution to the problem of organizing an interaction interface takes on the character of a complex problem, the solution of which is significantly complicated by the need to optimize the functional interaction of enterprise employees among themselves and with the technical means of automated control systems in the changing nature of their professional activities.
Particular emphasis when implementing these tasks, design and development of AIS should, of course, be given to modern CASE program development tools, since they most optimally allow you to design solutions based, first of all, on the requirements for a consistent user interface, which is the interface Windows. No other third-party product available today offers the simultaneous ease of use, performance, and flexibility that Delphi does. This language bridged the gap between 3rd and 4th generation languages, combining their strengths and creating a powerful, productive development environment.
In this thesis, an automated sales accounting system for the Rigla Pharmacy was designed.
During the writing of the thesis, the following was accomplished:
8 The activities of the Rigla Pharmacy were analyzed;
9 The functional responsibilities of employees and the essence of the sales accounting process were studied;
10 Development tools have been selected;
11 The structure of the developed system was designed;
12 User interface developed;
13 Implemented and tested the AS using data from a specific example;
14 The economic effect of implementation has been calculated
The designed AS occupies a minimum of space and memory, subject to all connections between data. You can easily enter new data into it. The database fully satisfies the client's requirements, as it is easy to use and provides the necessary information.
All goals set as a result of the work were achieved.