Mental work is assessed by indicator. Emotional load. The value of labor intensity

Labor intensity (LT) is a characteristic of the work process. Determined based on a number of criteria. Used for workplace certification.

What is work intensity?

LT is a value that reflects the load on the central nervous system during the performance of official duties. The indicator gives an idea of ​​the load on the nervous system, emotional state, and sensory organs. It is especially indicative for managers, pilots and drivers. Representatives of these professions experience the greatest load on the central nervous system. The factor of physical fatigue is not taken into account. Work intensity is one of the criteria for professional selection. The indicator is also used when arranging a comfortable workplace.

Labor intensity classes

Three classes of NT are considered:

1. Optimal. Assumes a weak indicator of labor intensity. Such conditions provide the best level of performance.
2. Acceptable. Assumes a medium level of tension. These conditions do not contradict the regulations. It is expected that the accumulated stress will be eliminated during the weekend. Second class HT should not cause harm to the employee’s health in the long term.
3. Tense. Assumes exceeding established standards. This work is characterized by the presence of harmful production conditions. The third class of labor stress is an adverse effect on the employee’s body in the long term.

The third class is further divided into three categories:

• 3.1 . There are deviations from accepted standards. They can provoke reversible changes and increase the risk of developing diseases.
• 3.2 . Existing harmful conditions can provoke persistent disorders. There is a high risk of developing diseases and the possibility of short-term disability. The appearance of the first stage of occupational pathology is possible.
• 3 .3 . It has an increased level of harmful effects. There is a very high probability of the appearance and development of pathologies.

The tension class affects the organization of working conditions and the design of the workplace.

Types of loads

Each load is characterized by special evaluation criteria.

Intellectual loads

The following indicators are distinguished:

• The content of the work. Reflects the degree of complexity of the employee’s activities. For example, one worker solves a simple problem, while another specializes in complex problems without the use of an algorithm. Workers who perform simple tasks are, for example, cleaners. Workers who solve complex problems - surgeons, employees of research centers, etc.
• Data perception and evaluation. The first class involves work in which information is compared with norms. This includes, for example, machinists. The second class is the perception of information with a change in actions (laboratory assistants, accountants). Third class – perception of information, comprehensive analysis of all parameters (managers).
• The number of functions performed by one employee. The more functions an employee performs, the more stressful his work will be considered. The nature of the functions is taken into account: simple, complex.
• Nature of the work. Low NT – activity according to an individual plan, medium – work according to an accepted schedule. An increased NT indicator requires working under strict time limits.

When assessing, a whole range of parameters are taken into account. Let's look at some signs of complicated tasks:

• Reasoning is used in the process.
• The management has set a common goal.
• When solving a problem, you need to build a plan.
• The task is divided into many stages.
• The sequence of actions is chosen by the employee.

These are characteristic features inherent in complex work.

Sensory loads

Sensory loads involve stress on the senses. The following parameters are highlighted:

• Duration of observation. Expressed as a percentage of the shift duration.
• Frequency of incoming signals (sounds, light) per hour. The greatest tension in this parameter is observed in such professions as air traffic controllers and telegraph operators.
• Number of objects subject to simultaneous observation. For each profession, the number of such objects will be different. For example, for air traffic controllers the limit on the number of objects is 13.
• Size of object to be observed. The smaller the object, the greater the strain on the eyes.
• Labor involving optical equipment (percentage of total shift duration). The higher this percentage, the higher the load.
• Monitoring the terminal screen (number of hours per day). The duration of work with the screen is recorded.
It depends on the intelligibility of incoming signals and the presence of “white noise”. The noise level is also taken into account. The number of hours during which the employee talks (in connection with the performance of official duties) is calculated.

A large number of parameters are determined as a percentage.

For example, one worker’s shift is 10 hours. This is 100%. Direct eye strain lasts for 2 hours. That is, sensory load is 20% of the shift.

Emotional stress

The following load values ​​are distinguished:

• Responsibility for the results of your business.
• The degree of risk to the employee's life.
• Responsibility for the safety of people.

The greatest emotional stress is recorded among major managers.

Monotonous loads

The following parameters of load monotonicity are distinguished:

• The number of monotonous techniques for solving a problem.
• Time to complete one task.
• Duration of active actions (as a percentage of the entire shift).
• The monotony of the process (implies the duration of passive observation).

The greatest loads are observed among participants in conveyor production.

Operating mode

The following parameters can be distinguished:

• Actual duration of the working day.
• Shift work.
• Availability of employee rest breaks and their duration.

Again, the totality of all parameters is taken into account.

How to assess work intensity?

The assessment of labor intensity is carried out in accordance with the following principles:

• The working specialty is analyzed from the point of view of all the given values. It is prohibited to use the given indicators selectively.
• The class of working conditions is found for each of the given values.
• In the event that a working specialty lacks one of the parameters (for example, an employee does not need to monitor screens), it is assigned class 1 NT. You can't just skip a parameter.

Let's consider the criteria by which a certain class is assigned to a specialty:

• 1 class can be assigned only if 17 or more specialty indicators have received a similar class. However, if there is one value that belongs to class 3, then class 1 cannot be assigned.
• Class 2 is assigned only if 6 or more values ​​belong to the second class, the rest - to the first. From 1 to 5 indicators can be classified as 3.1 and 3.2.
• Class 3 is established if 6 values ​​deserve a rating of 3.1, the rest - to class 1 or 2. An alternative option is that 3-5 indicators belong to class 3.1, and from 1 to 3 values ​​– to class 3.2.

These rules are enshrined in relevant hygienic standards.

The choice of a particular profession is determined by factors of the labor process: the severity and intensity of work

Factors of the labor process- circumstances, conditions that determine the labor process: the severity of labor and the intensity of labor.

Difficulty of work- characteristic of the labor process, reflecting the predominant load on the musculoskeletal system and functional systems of the body (cardiovascular, respiratory) that ensure its activity.

The severity of labor is determined by the physical dynamic load, the mass of the load being lifted and moved, the total number of stereotypical working movements, the magnitude of the static load, the working posture, the degree of tilt of the body, and movements in space.

Labor intensity- a characteristic of the labor process, reflecting the load primarily on the central nervous system, sense organs, and emotional sphere of the employee.

Factors characterizing labor intensity include intellectual, sensory, emotional stress, the degree of monotony of workload, and work mode.

The severity and intensity of work are often aggravated by negative factors in the working environment. The set of factors in the labor process and the working environment in which human activity is carried out is called working conditions. Working conditions affect the performance and health of the employee.

The severity and tension are often aggravated by negative factors in the work environment. The set of factors in the labor process of the working environment in which human activity is carried out is called working conditions.

Working conditions affect the performance and health of the employee. Of all the diversity forms of labor activity person three main ones can be distinguished: physical labor, mental labor, a combination of physical and mental labor (in various respects).

Physical work characterized by increased load on the musculoskeletal system. It affects the cardiovascular, neuromuscular, and respiratory systems of the body. All types of physical work are performed with the participation of muscles, which, when contracting, perform work in the physiological sense of the word. Replenishment of muscle energy occurs due to the consumption of nutrients that are constantly supplied to the bloodstream.

Excessive physical activity can cause illness. After physical labor, the worker needs a long rest.

Monotony, which usually accompanies physical work, can affect the nervous system, causing loss of interest in work, a state of drowsiness, predisposing to injury.

Physical labor in assembly line production, monotony and high rhythm cause rapid fatigue.

Physical work is usually divided into three groups according to their severity: light, moderate and heavy.

Light work includes work performed while sitting, standing or associated with walking, but without systematic stress, without lifting and carrying heavy objects. These are works in clothing production, precision instrument making and mechanical engineering, printing, and communications.

The moderate category includes work involving constant walking and carrying small (up to 10 kg) weights, and performed while standing. This is work in mechanical assembly shops, in mechanized open-hearth, rolling, foundry, forging, thermal shops.

The heavy category includes work associated with systematic physical stress, as well as with constant movement and carrying of significant (more than 10 kg) weights. These are blacksmith works with hand forging, foundry works with hand stamping.

If, during prolonged hard work and when all the body's resources are mobilized, the delivery of the required amount of oxygen and nutrients is not ensured, muscle fatigue occurs.

Muscles work not only when a person moves weights, but also when he holds them in place, or holds the weight of his own body or its individual parts (torso, arms, head). In this regard, the main indicators of the severity of the labor process are:

• - the mass of the load lifted and moved manually;
• - stereotypical labor movements;
• - working posture;
• - body tilts, movement in space.

A forced and even more uncomfortable body position, even in the case of light work, can lead to rapid fatigue, because static load on the same muscle groups is more tiring.

Physiologists have identified several stages in the work process: at the beginning, performance increases (workability); having reached its maximum, labor productivity remains at this level for a more or less long time (stable work); then a gradual decrease in performance (fatigue) occurs.

Organizing short breaks at the end of maximum performance reduces fatigue and increases overall productivity.

To characterize the tension mental work From a physiological point of view, sufficiently objective criteria have not been developed. It can be characterized by the volume of information to be memorized and (or) analyzed, as well as the speed of receipt of information and decision-making, and the degree of responsibility for possible errors in decision-making. Labor, as a process occurring between nature and man, is one and indivisible. However, making a distinction between physical and mental work is important due to the specific nature of each. Their ratio characterizes the degree of intellectualization of labor. Intellectualization of social labor- one of the objective trends at the present stage. The ratio between the costs of physical and mental labor changes: the share of the first decreases, and the share of the second increases. The concept of mental work has, first of all, a psychophysiological basis, since it is associated with the activity of the human brain. This concept also has a social meaning associated with the identification of categories of workers, mainly physical (workers) and mental (employees).

The essence of mental work studied and characterized in various aspects. Physiologists and psychologists consider brainwork as processes of higher nervous activity that realize the functions and relationships of the brain with receptors and effectors. Psychologists and sociologists study the motives of mental activity, its structure, logic, as well as the behavior of workers, the moral and psychological climate. Cybernetics specialists consider mental work as a model of an information processing system.

Mental work covers a very wide range of different nature and content types of activities. These include:

• - scientific work - the work of scientists engaged in research work;
• - engineering work - the work of engineering and technical workers engaged in design, engineering and technological work;
• - pedagogical work - the work of professors, teachers and teachers;
• - medical work;
• - managerial work - the work of managers and specialists who manage labor collectives;
• - production labor - the labor of workers and specialists managing complex technological processes, equipment, automated and robotic systems;
• - auxiliary labor - the work of employees maintaining accounting records.

Subject of mental labor(regardless of the type) is information containing the state of practice and tasks for changing it.

Information is also product of mental labor. Mental work consists of processing and analyzing a large amount of varied information, and as a consequence of this, the mobilization of memory and attention, and muscle loads are usually insignificant. This work is characterized by a significant decrease in motor activity (hypokinesia), which can lead to cardiovascular pathology; prolonged mental stress depresses the psyche, impairs the functions of attention and memory. The main indicator of mental work is tension, which reflects the load on the central nervous system.

Creative characterizes productive activity, that is, activity that changes existing practice. Non-creative - characterizes reproductive activity, that is, activity that reproduces current practice. The highest form of mental work is creativity.

The main trend in the development of social labor at the present stage is its intellectualization, which is manifested in an increase in the proportion of people engaged in mental work and an increase in the importance of intellectual work in society. In all areas of modern production, intellectual work plays a decisive role. Performing the functions of intellectual work requires the employee to have appropriate abilities, a certain level of intelligence, and a high level of professional and general educational knowledge.

work environment overwork person

The intensity of the labor process is assessed in accordance with the “Guide to the hygienic assessment of factors in the working environment and the labor process. Criteria and classification of working conditions" R2.2.2006-05 Assessment of labor intensity of a professional group of workers is based on an analysis of work activity and its structure, which are studied through time-lapse observations over the course of the entire working day, for at least one week. The analysis is based on taking into account the entire complex of production factors (stimuli, irritants) that create the prerequisites for the occurrence of unfavorable neuro-emotional states (overstrain). All factors (indicators) of the labor process have a qualitative or quantitative expression and are grouped by types of loads: intellectual, sensory, emotional, monotonous, routine loads.

Indicators of labor intensity and the criteria by which the class of working conditions is determined for each indicator are presented in Table 1.

Classes of working conditions according to indicators of intensity of the labor process

Table 1

Indicators of tension in the labor process	Classes of working conditions
Optimal (light labor intensity)	Acceptable (average work intensity)	Harmful (Hard work)
1st degree	2 degrees
1. Intellectual loads:
1.1. The content of the work	No need to make a decision	Solving simple problems according to instructions	Solving complex problems with choice using known algorithms (work according to a series of instructions)	Heuristic (creative) activity that requires solving an algorithm, sole leadership in difficult situations
1.2. Perception of signals (information) and their assessment	Perception of signals, but no action correction required	Perception of signals with subsequent correction of actions and operations	Perception of signals followed by comparison of actual parameter values ​​with their nominal values. Final assessment of actual parameter values	Perception of signals followed by a comprehensive assessment of related parameters. Comprehensive assessment of all production activities

Continuation of Table 1

1.3. Distribution of functions according to the degree of task complexity	Job Processing and Execution	Processing, execution of the task and its verification	Processing, checking and monitoring the completion of the task	Control and preliminary work on the distribution of tasks to other persons.
1.4. Nature of work performed	Work according to an individual plan	Work according to a set schedule with possible adjustments as work progresses	Working under time pressure	Working in conditions of shortage of time and information with increased responsibility for the final result
2. Sensory loads
2.1. Duration of concentrated observation (% of shift time)	up to 25	26 – 50	51 – 75	more than 75
2.2. Density of signals (light, sound) and messages on average per 1 hour. Work	up to 75	76 – 175	176 – 300	more than 300
2.3.Number of production facilities for simultaneous observation	up to 5	6 – 10	11 – 25	more than 25
2.4. Size of the discrimination object (at a distance from the worker’s eyes to the discrimination object of no more than 0.5 m) in mm for the duration of concentrated observation (% of shift time)	more than 5 mm – 100%	5 – 1.1 mm - more than 50%; 1 – 0.3 mm - up to 50%; less than 0.3 mm - up to 25%	1 – 0.3 mm - more than 50%; less than 0.3 mm - 26 – 50%	less than 0.3 mm - more than 50%
2.5. Working with optical instruments (microscopes, magnifying glasses, etc.) with the duration of concentrated observation (% of shift time)	up to 25	26 – 50	51 – 75	more than 75

Continuation of Table 1

2.6. Monitoring the screens of video terminals (hours per shift): with an alphanumeric type of information display: with a graphic type of information display:	up to 2 to W	to 3 to 5	to 4 to 6	more than 4 more than 6
2.7. Load on the auditory analyzer (if there is a production need to perceive speech or differentiated signals)	The intelligibility of words and signals is from 100 to 90%. No interference	The intelligibility of words and signals is from 90 to 70%. There is interference against which speech can be heard at a distance of up to 3.5 m	The intelligibility of words and signals is from 70 to 50%. There is interference against which speech can be heard at a distance of up to 2 m	The intelligibility of words and signals is less than 50% There is interference against which speech can be heard at a distance of up to 1.5 m
2.8. Load on the vocal apparatus (total number of hours spoken per week)	up to 16	up to 20	up to 25	more than 25
3. Emotional stress
H.1.Degree of responsibility for the results of one’s own activities. Significance of error	Responsible for the implementation of individual elements of tasks. Involves additional effort in work on the part of the employee	Responsible for the functional quality of auxiliary work (tasks). Involves additional efforts on the part of higher management (foreman, foreman, etc.)	Responsible for the functional quality of the main work (task). Involves corrections due to additional efforts of the entire team (group, brigade, etc.)	Responsible for the functional quality of the final product, work, task. Causes damage to equipment, interruption of the process and may pose a danger to life.
3.2. The degree of risk to your own life	Excluded			Likely
3.3. Degree of responsibility for the safety of others	Excluded			Possible

Continuation of Table 1

3.4. Number of conflict situations caused by professional activities per shift	None	1 – 3	4 – 8	More than 8
4. Monotonous loads
4.1. The number of elements (techniques) required to implement a simple task or in repetitive operations	more than 10	9 – 6	5 – 3	less than 3
4.2. Duration (in seconds) of simple tasks or repetitive operations	more than 100	100 – 25	24 – 10	less than 10
4.3. Time of active actions (in % of shift duration). The rest of the time - monitoring the progress of the production process	20 or more	19 – 10	9 – 5	less than 5
4.4. Monotony of the production environment (time of passive observation of the technical process as a percentage of the shift time)	less than 75	76–80	81–90	more than 90
5. Operating mode
5.1. Actual working hours	6 – 7 hours	8 – 9 hours	10 – 12 h	more than 12 hours
5.2. Shift work	Single shift work (no night shift)	Two-shift work (no night shift)	Three-shift work (night shift work)	Irregular shifts with night work
5.3. Availability of regulated breaks and their duration	Breaks are regulated and of sufficient duration: 7% or more of working time	Breaks are regulated, of insufficient duration: from 3 to 7% of working time	Breaks are not regulated and of insufficient duration: up to 3% of working time	No breaks

Methodology
assessing the intensity of the labor process

The intensity of the labor process is assessed in accordance with these “Hygienic criteria for assessing working conditions in terms of the harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process.”

The assessment of labor intensity of a professional group of workers is based on an analysis of work activity and its structure, which is studied through time-lapse observations over the course of the entire working day, for at least one week. The analysis is based on taking into account the entire complex of production factors (stimuli, irritants) that create the prerequisites for the occurrence of unfavorable neuro-emotional states (overstrain). All factors (indicators) of the labor process have a qualitative or quantitative expression and are grouped by types of loads: intellectual, sensory, emotional, monotonous, routine loads.

1. Intellectual loads

The differences between classes 2 and 3.1 practically come down to two points: “solving simple” (class 2) or “complex problems with choice using known algorithms” (class 3.1) and “solving problems according to instructions” (class 2) or “working in a series instructions" (class 3.1).

In the case of applying the evaluation criterion “simplicity - complexity of the problems being solved,” you can use the table, which shows some characteristic features of simple and complex problems.

Some signs of the complexity of the problems being solved

Simple tasks	Complex tasks
1. Does not require reasoning	1. Requires reasoning
2. Have a clearly stated purpose	2. The goal is formulated only in general (for example, managing the work of a team)
3. There is no need to build internal ideas about external events	3. It is necessary to build internal ideas about external events
4. The plan for solving the entire problem is contained in the instructions (instructions)	4. The solution to the entire problem must be planned
5. A task may include several subtasks that are not interconnected or related only by a sequence of actions. Information obtained when solving a subtask is not analyzed and is not used when solving another subtask	5. The task always includes the solution of logically related subtasks, and the information obtained when solving each subtask is analyzed and taken into account when solving the next subtask
6. The sequence of actions is known, or it does not matter	6. The sequence of actions is chosen by the performer and is important for solving the problem

For example, the task of a chemical analysis laboratory technician includes subtasks (operations): sampling (as a rule), preparation of reagents, sample processing (using chemical solutions, combustion) and quantitative assessment of the content of analyzed substances in the sample. Each subtask has clear instructions, clearly formulated goals and a predetermined final result with a known sequence of actions, i.e., according to the above characteristics, it solves simple problems (class 2). The work of a chemical engineer, for example, is of a completely different nature. First, he must determine the qualitative composition of the sample, using sometimes complex methods of qualitative analysis (task planning, choosing a sequence of actions and analyzing the results of the subtask), then develop a work execution model for laboratory technicians, using the information obtained from solving the previous subtask. Then, based on all the information received, the engineer makes a final assessment of the results, i.e. the problem can only be solved using an algorithm as a logical set of rules (class 3.1).

When applying the evaluation criterion “work according to instructions - work according to a series of instructions,” you should pay attention to the fact that sometimes the number of instructions characterizing the content of the work is not a sufficiently reliable characteristic of intellectual load.

For example, a chemical analysis laboratory assistant can work according to several instructions, while the head of a chemical laboratory works according to one job description. Therefore, here you should pay attention to those cases when the general instruction, being formally unique, contains many individual instructions, and in this case, evaluate the activity as work according to a series of instructions.

The differences between classes 3.1 and 3.2 in terms of “work content” (intellectual load) are only in one characteristic - whether solutions to problems using known algorithms (class 3.1) or heuristic techniques (class 3.2) are used. They differ from each other in the presence or absence of a guarantee of obtaining the correct result. An algorithm is a logical set of rules that, if followed, always leads to the correct solution to a problem. Heuristics are some rules of thumb (procedures or descriptions), the use of which does not guarantee successful completion of a task. Consequently, class 3.2 should evaluate work in which the methods for solving the problem are not known in advance.

An additional feature of class 3.2 is “single leadership in difficult situations.” Here it is necessary to consider only those situations that can arise suddenly (as a rule, these are pre-emergency or emergency situations) and are of an emergency nature (for example, the possibility of stopping the technological process, breakdown of complex and expensive equipment, danger to life), and also, if management the actions of other persons in such situations are determined by the job description in force at the certified workplace.

Thus, class 3.1 should be used to evaluate work where decisions are made on the basis of necessary and sufficient information according to a known algorithm (as a rule, these are diagnostic or selection tasks), and class 3.2 should be used to evaluate work when decisions need to be made in conditions of incomplete or insufficient information (as a rule, these are decisions under conditions of uncertainty), and there is no solution algorithm. Consistency in solving such problems is also important.

For example, a power system dispatcher usually solves problems rated class 3.1, and in the event of emergency situations, tasks of class 3.1, if the task is typical and encountered before, and class 3.2, if such a situation is encountered for the first time. Since tasks of class 3.2 are much less common, the work of the dispatcher should be assessed according to the “content of work” criterion of class 3.1.

Examples. The simplest problems are solved by laboratory assistants (1st class of working conditions**), and activities that require solving simple problems, but with a choice (according to instructions) are typical for nurses, telephone operators, telegraph operators, etc. (2nd class). Complex problems solved using a well-known algorithm (work according to a series of instructions) occur in the work of managers, foremen of industrial enterprises, vehicle drivers, air traffic controllers, etc. (class 3.1). The most complex work in terms of content, requiring heuristic (creative) activity to one degree or another, is found among scientists, designers, doctors of various profiles, etc. (class 3.2).

1.2. “Perception of signals (information) and their evaluation.” The criterion from the point of view of differences between classes of intensity of the labor process is the setting goal (or reference norm), which is adopted to compare the information received during work with the nominal values ​​​​necessary for the successful progress of the work process.

Class 2 includes work in which the perception of signals involves subsequent correction of actions or operations. In this case, an action should be understood as an element of activity in the process of which a specific, not decomposed into simpler, conscious goal is achieved, and an operation should be understood as a completed action (or a sum of actions), as a result of which an elementary technological goal is achieved.

For example, in a turner, the processing of a simple part is carried out through a series of operations (fastening the part, processing the outer and inner surfaces, cutting off ledges, etc.), each of which includes a number of elementary actions, sometimes called techniques. Correction of actions and operations here consists of comparison with certain simple and unrelated “standards”, operations are separate and complete elementary components of the technological process, and the perceived information and the corresponding correction are of a “right-wrong” nature according to the type of identification process, for which is characterized by operating with holistic standards. Typical examples include the work of a controller, a machine operator, an electric and gas welder and most representatives of mass working professions, the basis of which is substantive activity.

“Standard” for work characterized by this indicator as tension class 3.1. is a set of information characterizing the current state of the object of labor during work, the basis of which is intellectual activity. Correction (comparison with the standard) is carried out here according to the type of recognition process, including the processes of decoding, information retrieval and information preparation of a decision based on thinking with the obligatory use of intelligence, i.e., the mental abilities of the performer. Such jobs include most operator and dispatcher-type professions, as well as the work of scientists. The perception of signals with the subsequent comparison of the actual values ​​of parameters (information) with their nominal required levels is noted in the work of nurses, foremen, telephone operators and telegraph operators, etc. (class 3.1).

Class 3.2 evaluates work related to the perception of signals, followed by a comprehensive assessment of all production activities. In this case, when

work activity requires the perception of signals followed by a comprehensive assessment of all production parameters (information); accordingly, such work in terms of intensity belongs to class 3.2 (managers of industrial enterprises, vehicle drivers, air traffic controllers, designers, doctors, scientists, etc.).

1.3. "Distribution of functions according to the degree of complexity of the task." Any work activity is characterized by the distribution of functions between workers. Accordingly, the more functional responsibilities assigned to an employee, the higher the intensity of his work.

According to this indicator, class 2 (acceptable) and class 3 (hard work) differ in two characteristics - the presence or absence of a control function and work on distributing tasks to other persons. Class 3.1 is characterized by work, a mandatory element of which is monitoring the completion of the task. Here we mean control over the completion of a task by other persons, since control over the completion of one’s tasks should be assessed by class 2 (processing, execution of the task and its verification, which, in essence, is control).

An example of work that includes monitoring the completion of tasks may be the work of a labor protection engineer, a production and technical department engineer, etc.

Class 3.2 evaluates according to this indicator such work that includes not only control, but also preliminary work on distributing tasks to other persons.

Thus, work activity containing simple functions aimed at processing and performing a specific task does not lead to significant labor intensity. An example of such activity is the work of a laboratory assistant (class 1). Tension increases when processing, execution and subsequent verification of the task (class 2) is carried out, which is typical for such professions as nurses, telephone operators, etc.

Processing, checking and, in addition, monitoring the completion of a task indicates a greater degree of complexity of the functions performed by the employee, and, accordingly, the intensity of labor is more manifested (industrial foreman, telegraph operators, designers, vehicle drivers - class 3.1).

The most complex function is preliminary preparatory work with the subsequent distribution of tasks to other persons (class 3.2), which is typical for such professions as managers of industrial enterprises, air traffic controllers, scientists, doctors, etc.

1.4. "Nature of the work performed"- in the case when the work is carried out according to an individual plan, the level of labor intensity is low (grade 1 - laboratory assistants). If the work proceeds according to a strictly established schedule with its possible correction as necessary, then the tension increases (grade 2 - nurses, telephone operators, telegraph operators, etc.). Even greater labor intensity is typical when work is performed under time pressure (class 3.1 - industrial foremen, scientists, designers). The greatest tension (class 3.2) is characterized by work under conditions of shortage of time and information. At the same time, there is a high level of responsibility for the final result of work (doctors, managers
industrial enterprises, vehicle drivers, air traffic controllers).

Thus, the criteria for classifying work according to this indicator as class 3.1 (intense work of the 1st degree) is work under time pressure. In practice, time shortage is usually understood as a high workload, on the basis of which almost any work is assessed according to this indicator as class 3.1. Here it is necessary to be guided by the requirements of this

guidelines, according to which the assessment of working conditions must be carried out when carrying out technological processes in accordance with technological regulations. Therefore, class 3.1 according to the indicator “the nature of the work performed” should only evaluate work in which time shortage is its constant and integral characteristic, and at the same time, successful completion of the task is possible only with the correct actions in conditions of such shortage.

Hard work of the 2nd degree (class 3.2) characterizes work that occurs in conditions of a shortage of time and information with increased responsibility for the final result. With regard to time shortages, one should be guided by the considerations outlined above, and as for increased responsibility for the final result, such responsibility should not only be subjectively realized, since in any workplace the performer is aware of and bears such responsibility, but also assigned to the performer by the job description. The degree of responsibility must be high - this is responsibility for the normal course of the technological process (for example, a dispatcher, operator of boilers, turbines and units at an energy enterprise), for the safety of unique, complex and expensive equipment and for the lives of other people (foremen, foremen).

As an example of the degree of responsibility, let us cite the work of doctors. The work of not all doctors is characterized by the same level of tension due to the nature of the work: for example, the work of emergency doctors, surgeons (operating), traumatologists, anesthesiologists, resuscitators, without a doubt, can be assessed according to the indicator under consideration as class 3.2 (lack of time, information and increased responsibility for the final result), while the work, for example, of clinic doctors - therapists, ophthalmologists and others - does not meet such criteria, just like the work of, for example, hygienists.

2. Sensory loads

2.1. “Duration of concentrated observation (in % of shift time)”-The greater the percentage of time during a shift devoted to concentrated observation, the higher the tension. The total time of the work shift is taken as 100%.

Example. The longest duration of concentrated observation of the progress of the technological process is observed in operator professions: telephone operators, telegraph operators, air traffic controllers, vehicle drivers (more than 75% of the shift - class 3.2). The value of this parameter was slightly lower (51-75%) among doctors (class 3.1). The value of this indicator ranged from 26 to 50% among nurses and industrial foremen (grade 2). The lowest level of this indicator is observed among enterprise managers, scientists, and designers (grade 1 - up to 25% of the total shift time).

The basis of this process, which characterizes the intensity of work, is concentration, or concentration of attention on any real (driver) or ideal (translator) object, therefore this indicator should be interpreted more broadly as the “duration of concentration of attention,” which manifests itself in depth in the activity . The defining characteristic here is precisely the concentration of attention, in contrast to the passive nature of monitoring the progress of the technological process, when the performer periodically, from time to time, controls the state of an object.

The differences here are defined as follows. Long-term concentrated observation is necessary in those professions where the state of the observed object is constantly changing, and the performer’s activity consists of periodically solving a number of tasks that continuously follow each other, based on received and constantly changing information (surgeons during an operation, proofreaders, translators , air traffic controllers, drivers, radar operators, etc.).

The most common errors encountered in this criterion are two. The first is that this indicator evaluates such work when observation is not concentrated, but is carried out in a discrete mode, such as, for example, by dispatchers at process control panels, when from time to time they note instrument readings during the normal course of the process. The second mistake is that high indicators for the duration of concentrated observation are assigned a priori, only because in professional activities this characteristic is clearly expressed, as, for example, among drivers.

Thus, for vehicle drivers, the duration of concentrated observation while driving a vehicle averages more than 75% of the shift time; on this basis, the work of all drivers is assessed according to this indicator with class 3.2. However, this is not true for all drivers.

For example, this indicator is significantly lower for drivers of rotational and firefighting vehicles, as well as vehicles on which special equipment is installed (drilling, steam installations, cranes, etc.). Therefore, this indicator must be assessed in each specific case according to its actual value, obtained either using timing or another method.

For example, for welders, the duration of concentrated observation can be determined quite accurately by measuring the combustion time of one electrode and counting the number of electrodes used during a work shift. For car drivers, it can be easily determined by the shift mileage indicator (in km) divided by the average vehicle speed (km per hour) in a given area, information about which can be obtained from the relevant branch of the Russian Transport Inspectorate. In practice, quite often such calculations show that the total driving time and, accordingly, the duration of concentrated observation do not exceed 2-4 hours per work shift. Good results are also obtained by using technological documentation, for example, process maps, workplace passports, etc.

2.2. “Density of signals (light, sound) and messages on average for 1 hour of operation”- the number of perceived and transmitted signals (messages, orders) makes it possible to assess employment and the specifics of the employee’s activities. The greater the number of incoming and transmitted signals or messages, the higher the information load, leading to increased tension. According to the form (or method) of presenting information, signals can be sent from special devices (light, sound signaling devices, instrument scales, tables, graphs and diagrams, symbols, text, formulas, etc.) and by voice communication (by telephone and radiophone , with direct direct contact of workers).

Example. The largest number of connections and signals with ground services and with aircraft crews is observed among air traffic controllers - more than 300 (class 3.2) The driver's production activity while driving vehicles is somewhat lower - on average about 200 signals per hour (class 3.1) This class also includes the work of telegraph operators. In the range from 75 to 175 signals are received within an hour by telephone operators (the number of served subscriptions per hour is from 25 to 150). For nurses and doctors in intensive care units (urgent call to a patient, alarm from monitors about the patient’s condition) - class 2. The smallest number of signals and messages is typical for such professions as laboratory assistants, managers, foremen, scientists, designers - 1st class.

Significant errors can be avoided if high values ​​for this indicator are not assigned in all cases and only because the perception of signals and messages is a characteristic feature of the work. For example, a city transport driver perceives about 200 signals per hour. However, this figure may be significantly lower for drivers, for example, intercity buses, long-distance truck drivers, rotational vehicle drivers, or in cases where the traffic density is low, which is typical for rural areas. In the same way, telegraph operators and telephone operators of a communication center in a large city will differ significantly in this indicator from their colleagues working in a small communication center.

2.3. “Number of production facilities for simultaneous observation”- indicates that with an increase in the number of objects of simultaneous observation, labor intensity increases. This characteristic of work places demands on the volume of attention (from 4 to 8 unrelated objects) and its distribution as the ability to simultaneously focus attention on several objects or actions.

A necessary condition for work to be assessed by this indicator is the time spent from receiving information from objects of simultaneous observation to actions: if this time is significantly short and actions must be performed immediately after receiving information simultaneously from all necessary objects (otherwise the normal course of the technological process will be disrupted process or a significant error occurs), then the work must be characterized by the number of production objects of simultaneous observation (pilots, drivers, drivers of other vehicles, operators controlling robots and manipulators, etc.). If information can be obtained by sequentially switching attention from object to object and there is enough time before making a decision and/or performing actions, and a person usually moves from distribution to switching attention, then such work should not be assessed by the indicator “number of objects of simultaneous observation » (on-duty electrical mechanic for instrumentation and automation, inspector-inspector, order picker).

Example. For the operator type of activity, the objects of simultaneous observation are various indicators, displays, controls, keyboards, etc. The largest number of objects of simultaneous observation is installed for air traffic controllers - 13, which corresponds to class 3.1, this number is slightly lower for telegraph operators - 8-9 teletypes, for drivers of motor vehicles (class 2). Up to 5 objects of simultaneous observation are observed among telephone operators, foremen, managers, nurses, doctors, designers and others (class 1).

2.4. “The size of the object of discrimination during the duration of concentrated attention (% of the shift time)”. The smaller the size of the object in question (product, part, digital or letter information, etc.) and the longer the observation time, the higher the load on the visual analyzer. Accordingly, the labor intensity class increases.

The categories of visual work from SNiP 23-05-95 “Natural and artificial lighting” were taken as the basis for the size of the object of discrimination. In this case, it is necessary to consider only such an object that carries the semantic information necessary to perform this work. So, for inspectors this is the minimum size of the defect that needs to be identified, for PC operators - the size of a letter or number, for an operator - the size of the instrument scale, etc. (Often only this characteristic is taken into account and another, equally necessary one, is not taken into account - the duration of concentration of attention on a given object, which is equivalent and mandatory.)

In a number of cases, when the dimensions of an object are small, they resort to the help of optical instruments that increase these dimensions. If optical instruments are resorted to from time to time to clarify information, the object of differentiation is the direct information carrier. For example, radiologists, when viewing fluorographic images, must differentiate dark spots with a diameter of up to 1 mm (class 3.1), and from time to time they use a magnifying glass to clarify information, which increases the size of the object and transfers it to class 2. However, the main work on viewing images is carried out without optical instruments, therefore such work should be assessed according to this criterion as class 3.1.

If the size of the object is so small that it is indistinguishable without the use of optical instruments, and they are used constantly (for example, when counting blood cells, the sizes of which are in the range of 0.006-0.015 mm, the laboratory doctor always uses a microscope), it must be recorded size of the enlarged object.

2.5. “Working with optical instruments (microscope, magnifying glass, etc.) with the duration of concentrated observation (% of the shift time).” Based on timing observations, the time (hours, minutes) of working with the optical device is determined. The duration of the working day is taken as 100%, and the time of fixed gaze using a microscope or magnifying glass is converted into percentages - the greater the percentage of time, the greater the load, leading to the development of tension in the visual analyzer.

Optical instruments include those devices that are used to increase the size of the object under consideration - magnifying glasses, microscopes, flaw detectors, or used to increase the resolution of the device or improve visibility (binoculars), which is also associated with an increase in the size of the object. Optical devices do not include various devices for displaying information (displays) in which optics are not used - various indicators and scales covered with a glass or transparent plastic cover.

2.6. “Monitoring the video terminal screen (hours per shift).” According to this indicator, the time (hours, minutes) of direct work of the VDT user with the display screen throughout the entire working day when entering data, editing text or programs, reading alphabetic, numeric, and graphic information from the screen is recorded. The longer the time the VDT user fixates his gaze on the screen, the greater the load on the visual analyzer and the higher the labor intensity.

Labor intensity

Labor intensity is a characteristic of the labor process, reflecting the load primarily on the central nervous system, sensory organs, and the emotional sphere of labor.

Impact on the human body

Mental work is associated with the perception and processing of large amounts of information. Mental work combines work related to the reception and transmission of information, requiring activation of the processes of thinking, attention, and memory. This type of work is characterized by a significant decrease in physical activity. The main indicator of mental work is tension, which reflects the load on the central nervous system. Energy consumption during mental work is 2500 - 3000 kcal per day.

But energy expenditure varies depending on the working posture. Thus, when working in a sitting position, energy expenditure exceeds the level of basal metabolism by 5–10%; standing - by 10 - 25%, with a forced uncomfortable position - by 40 - 50%. During intense intellectual work, the brain's need for energy accounts for 15 - 20% of the total metabolism in the body. The increase in total energy costs during mental work is determined by the degree of neuro-emotional tension. Daily energy consumption during mental work increases by 48% when reading aloud while sitting, by 90% when lecturing, and by 90-100% for computer operators. In addition, the brain is prone to inertia, since after stopping work the thought process continues, which leads to greater fatigue and exhaustion of the central nervous system than during physical labor.

Mental work is associated with nervous tension, which depends on the significance, danger and responsibility of the work. With nervous tension, tachycardia occurs, blood pressure rises, ECG changes, and oxygen consumption increases. For the correct organization of mental activity it is necessary: ​​to gradually “enter” the work, to maintain rhythm and systematicity.

This type of work is characterized by a significant decrease in motor activity (hypokinesia), which leads to cardiovascular pathology; prolonged mental stress depresses the psyche, impairs the functions of attention and memory. The main indicator of mental work is tension, which reflects the load on the central nervous system.

Standardized indicators for assessing the intensity of the labor process

All indicators have qualitative or quantitative expression and are grouped by type of load:

intellectual;

sensory;

emotional;

monotonous;

operating loads.

The intensity of the work process should be assessed at each workplace. The assessment of labor intensity is based on an analysis of workers’ work activities, job descriptions, time observations (photographs of the working day) and expert assessment. Classes of working conditions must be determined by all 23 assessment indicators presented in Table 2 of Guide R 2.2.2006-05.

Table 2 - Classes of working conditions according to indicators of intensity of the labor process

Indicators of tension in the labor process	Class of working conditions
Optimal	Acceptable
Mild work intensity	Moderate work intensity	Hard work
1st degree	2 degrees
1. Intellectual loads
	No need to make a decision	Solving simple problems according to instructions	Solving complex problems with choice using known algorithms (work according to a series of instructions)	Heuristic (creative) activity that requires solving an algorithm, sole leadership in difficult situations
1.2. Perception of signals (information) and their assessment	Perception of signals, but no action correction required	Perception of signals with subsequent correction of actions and operations	Perception of signals followed by comparison of actual parameter values ​​with their nominal values. Final assessment of actual parameter values	Perception of signals followed by a comprehensive assessment of related parameters. Comprehensive assessment of all production activities
1.3. Distribution of functions according to the degree of task complexity	Job Processing and Execution	Processing, execution of the task and its verification	Processing, checking and monitoring the completion of the task	Control and preliminary work on the distribution of tasks to other persons
1.4. Nature of work performed	Work according to an individual plan	Work according to a set schedule with possible adjustments as work progresses	Working under time pressure	Working in conditions of shortage of time and information with increased responsibility for the final result
2. Sensory loads
2.1. Duration of concentrated observation (% of shift time)
2.2. Density of signals (light, sound) and messages on average for 1 hour of operation
2.3. Number of production facilities for simultaneous observation
2.4. Size of the discrimination object (at a distance from the worker’s eyes to the discrimination object of no more than 0.5 m) in mm for the duration of concentrated observation (% of shift time)	more than 5 mm - 100%	5-1.1 mm - more than 50%; 1-0.3 mm - up to 50%; less than 0.3 mm - up to 25%	1-0.3 mm - more than 50%; less than 0.3 mm - 26-50%	less than 0.3 mm - more than 50%
2.5. Working with optical instruments (microscopes, magnifying glasses, etc.) with the duration of concentrated observation (% of shift time)
2.6. Monitoring the screens of video terminals (hours per shift):
with alphanumeric type of information display:
with a graphical type of information display:
2.7. Load on the auditory analyzer (if there is a production need to perceive speech or differentiated signals)	The intelligibility of words and signals is from 100 to 90%. No interference	The intelligibility of words and signals is from 90 to 70%. There is interference against which speech can be heard at a distance of up to 3.5 m	The intelligibility of words and signals is from 70 to 50%. There is interference against which speech can be heard at a distance of up to 2 m	The intelligibility of words and signals is less than 50%. There is interference, against which speech can be heard at a distance of up to 1.5 m
3. Emotional stress
3.1. The degree of responsibility for the results of one’s own activities. Significance of error	Responsible for the implementation of individual elements of tasks. Involves additional effort in work on the part of the employee	Responsible for the functional quality of auxiliary work (tasks). Involves additional efforts on the part of higher management (foreman, foreman, etc.)	Responsible for the functional quality of the main work (task). Involves corrections due to additional efforts of the entire team (group, brigade, etc.)	Responsible for the functional quality of the final product, work, task. Causes damage to equipment, interruption of the process and may pose a danger to life.
3.2. The degree of risk to your own life	Excluded	Likely
3.3. Degree of responsibility for the safety of others	Excluded	Possible
3.4. Number of conflict situations caused by professional activities per shift	None
4. Monotonous loads
4.1. The number of elements (techniques) required to implement a simple task or in repetitive operations
4.2. Duration (in seconds) of simple tasks or repetitive operations
4.3. Time of active actions (in % of shift duration). The rest of the time - monitoring the progress of the production process	20 or more
4.4. Monotony of the production environment (time of passive observation of the technical process as a percentage of the shift time)
5. Operating mode
5.1. Actual working hours				more than 12 hours
5.2. Shift work	Single shift work (no night shift)	Two-shift work (no night shift)	Three-shift work (night shift work)	Irregular shifts with night work
5.3. Availability of regulated breaks and their duration	Breaks are regulated and of sufficient duration: 7% or more of working time	Breaks are regulated, of insufficient duration: from 3 to 7% of working time	Breaks are not regulated and of insufficient duration: up to 3% of working time	No breaks

Occupational hygiene is a field in medicine that deals with the study of work activities and working conditions, taking into account their effects on the body. This area is also developing hygienic standards and measures that are designed to prevent the occurrence of occupational pathologies and make working conditions safer.

The main tasks of occupational health include:

1. Setting the permissible impact of harmful factors on the employee’s body.
2. Classification of labor intensity based on process conditions.
3. Determination of tension and severity of the work process.
4. Organization of rest and work schedules, as well as the workplace, in accordance with rational standards.
5. Study of psychophysical parameters of work.

When assessing the quality of the environment surrounding an employee, it is necessary not only to examine the impact of various factors and their influence on each other, but also working conditions based on the intensity of the labor process. It is also necessary to develop comprehensive indicators that will be considered the norm. Occupational hygiene methods can be either instrumental or clinical or physiological. Methods of medical statistics and sanitary examination are also applicable.

The classification of different types of severity and intensity of work is of particular importance for the rational organization and optimization of working conditions. Such classifications, as well as the identification of working conditions factors, make it possible to evaluate various types of work. In addition, this makes it possible to find methods for implementing health-improving measures, taking into account the assessment of the severity and intensity of work.

Quite often, labor intensity is classified taking into account the energy expenditure of a person in the process of carrying out work activities. An indicator such as energy expenditure is determined by the degree of muscle labor tension coefficient, as well as the neuro-emotional state of a person during work. Another important indicator is working conditions. A person spends 10-12 MJ per day on mental work, and workers performing hard physical work spend from 17 to 25 MJ.

The severity and intensity of work can be defined as the degree of tension in the body of a functional plan that arises during the performance of work tasks. Depending on the power of work during physical or mental labor, functional tension occurs during information overload. The physical burden of labor is the load on the body when performing activities that require muscle tension and corresponding energy consumption.

Emotional stress occurs during the performance of intellectual tasks when processing information. This type of load is often called nervous labor tension.

Factors in the work environment: an overview

The harmful effects on the worker’s body are determined by factors in the working environment. Occupational hygiene identifies two main factors - harmful and dangerous. Hazardous is a factor of the severity and intensity of work that can cause an acute illness or a sharp deterioration in an employee’s health indicators or death. A harmful factor can, in the process of work and in the combination of certain conditions, cause an occupational disease, a decrease in performance of a temporary or chronic nature, increase the number of infectious and somatic pathologies and lead to problems in reproductive function.

Harmful production factors

Conditions affecting the intensity of working conditions can be divided into several groups:

1. Physical. These include humidity, temperature conditions, electromagnetic and non-ionizing radiation and fields, air speed, constant magnetic fields, electrostatic fields, thermal and laser radiation, industrial noise, ultrasound, vibrations, aerosols, lighting, air ions, etc.
2. Chemical. Biological and chemical substances, including hormones, antibiotics, enzymes, vitamins, proteins.
3. Biological. Live spores and cells, harmful microorganisms.
4. Factors that characterize the severity of work.
5. Factors that characterize labor intensity.

Assessment of severity and tension

The severity of labor is most often determined by the load on the musculoskeletal system and various body systems. The assessment of the severity and intensity of work is characterized by an energy component and is determined by a number of indicators.

Indicators of the severity of the process

These include:

Labor intensity characterizes the labor process. The concept also projects a load on the central nervous system, emotional area and sensory organs.

Indicators of labor intensity

Data considered includes:

1. Sensory, emotional and intellectual stress.
2. Monotonous load.
3. Operating mode.
4. Intensity and duration of intellectual load.

The Cyberspace Age

Scientific and technological progress not only provokes the creation of new professions, but also new pathogenic factors. In recent years, the importance of psychophysiological indicators of the severity and intensity of work has increased significantly, which is due to the development of computer technology.

Working conditions are considered safe when the influence of production factors is minimized and does not exceed hygiene standards. The latter include MPC, or maximum permissible concentrations, and MPL, or maximum permissible levels.

Classification of labor by load

The load, depending on the severity of the work performed, is regulated in sanitary and hygienic requirements that comply with GOST. In them, all physical types of work are divided into three categories depending on the severity and intensity of labor and the energy expenditure of the body to perform them.

• Energy consumption up to 139 W. Work performed in a sitting position that does not involve significant physical stress factors. This is a number of professions related to precision instrument making, clothing production, and management. This also includes watchmakers, metalworkers, engravers, knitters, etc.
• Energy consumption up to 174 W. Work performed while standing or requiring a lot of walking. This category includes workers in the printing industry, communications enterprises, labelers, bookbinders, photographers, auxiliary workers in agriculture, etc.

Third category. Includes work requiring more than 290 W of energy consumption. These are professions that do not involve a reduction in labor intensity and include heavy physical activity, carrying weights of more than 10 kilograms, work in a forge and foundry, the activities of postmen, agricultural workers, namely: tractor drivers, cattlemen, livestock breeders, etc.

Additional features of working conditions

The conditions in which a person works and their severity can be determined by a number of indicators, namely:

1. Posture and body position when performing work. This indicator is divided into the following types:

• Horizontal body position. This includes high-altitude assemblers, welders, mining workers, etc.
• Half-bent or flexed position. In this case, it is necessary to clarify the temporary stay in this position as a percentage of the total working time.
• Same type of movements. The number of movements of the same type that an employee makes per shift is calculated. Not only the local load is taken into account, but also the regional one.

2. Time on your feet. To classify working conditions as severe, this condition must be constant and include not only static standing in an upright position, but also walking.

3. Tilts of the body. Typical for agricultural workers during harvesting, weeding, as well as on dairy farms and construction sites when laying floors and cladding walls. In this case, the number of bends during a shift is specified.

4. The pace at which the required actions are performed. This includes work on semi-automatic machines, conveyors and weaving.

5. Operating mode. Typically, difficult working conditions include shift work schedules or shift work, night shifts and frequent changes in the rhythm of life.

6. Exposure to vibration. The influence can be not only general, but also local. Tractor drivers, combine operators, choppers, bulldozer operators, as well as railway and urban transport employees are exposed to vibrations.

7. Meteorological working conditions. Abnormally low or high temperature operating conditions, high humidity or sudden changes, air speed and drafts.

8. Exposure to radiation of any kind. This may be a magnetic field, laser or ionizing radiation, insolation, the influence of static electricity and electric fields.

9. Interaction with toxins, namely poisons and other substances harmful to humans.

10. Professional malicious features.

11. Polluted air in the workplace, high levels of noise and atmospheric pressure.

12. Quite often, in one profession there are several factors at once, according to which working conditions can be classified as difficult.

Types of intellectual work

In addition to working conditions, it is also necessary to consider the intensity and severity of the work. Many areas of activity combine mental and physical aspects. However, in modern professional fields, sensory, mental and emotional stress are prevalent. This is due to the fact that mental work is given especially great importance.

Professions that involve processing large amounts of information are considered intellectual. Carrying out this type of activity requires tension in memory, sensory apparatus, attention, emotions and thinking.

Occupational health identifies five main types of intellectual activity:

1. Operator labor. This involves the management of equipment, technological processes and machines. This area involves great responsibility and stress of a neuro-emotional nature.
2. Management work. This group includes teachers and teachers, as well as heads of organizations and enterprises. This field of activity involves an increasing amount of information, a small amount of time to process it and personal responsibility for decisions made. The workload is irregular, and solutions are often non-standard. Sometimes conflicts may arise, the resolution of which also requires a certain emotional stress.
3. Creation. Such professions usually include writers, artists, composers, painters, designers, architects and others. This activity involves the creation of non-standard algorithms based on many years of training and qualifications. In these areas you need to have initiative, good memory, and the ability to concentrate. All this causes increased nervous tension.
4. Medical workers. The following traits are considered typical for all workers in this field: lack of information, close contact with sick people, high degree of responsibility to patients.
5. Educational area. Students and students need to constantly strain their attention, memory, perception, and be resistant to stressful situations when taking exams, tests or tests.

Neuro-emotional stress is characterized depending on the load and density of the work schedule, the number of actions performed, the complexity and volume of information to be absorbed, and the time spent on the operation.

Types of working conditions according to the intensity of the work process

There are several classes that show the degree of assessment of labor intensity:

• First grade. Mild tension. The criteria for this class are: work in one shift without going to the workplace at night, no need to make decisions in emergency mode, an individual work plan, a real working day of up to 7 hours, no risk to life, no liability for other persons. This category includes those professions that do not undergo dramatic changes and do not require concentration on more than one subject. The work itself is small, for example, secretary, timekeeper, typist, etc.
• The second class is characterized as acceptable and has an average level of labor intensity. This category involves moderate nervous tension and the performance of tasks of moderate complexity. Responsibility is only for specific types of actions typical for a given field of activity. The second class includes economists, accountants, legal advisers, engineers, librarians and doctors.
• The third class denotes hard work. These areas of activity require strong mental stress, a large volume of production activity, attentional stress for a long time, and the ability to quickly process a large amount of information. This type of work includes heads of large organizations and enterprises, leading specialists of departments, for example, chief accountants, designers and technologists. In addition, this includes activities that involve a continuous flow of information and an immediate response to it. These could be dispatchers at airports, railway stations, duty officers and metro operators, television workers, telephone and telegraph operators, as well as ambulance doctors, intensive care wards, etc. The last category also implies working under time pressure, increased responsibility for decisions made and a lack of information. The length of the working day is not standardized and is usually more than 12 hours. A high degree of risk and responsibility for the lives of other people are also indicators of work intensity.
• The fourth class includes extreme working conditions. They mean the presence of factors that can pose a threat to life during work or lead to the development of serious complications for the employee’s health. Such particularly dangerous activities include mine rescuers, firefighters, liquidators of the consequences of the Chernobyl accident, etc. This is the hardest and most intense work, which does not pass without leaving a mark on the human condition. Working in such conditions is only permissible in case of an emergency. A prerequisite is the use of personal protective equipment.