Analysis of injuries allows us to reasonably develop measures to eliminate the causes of accidents at work and determine the main directions of work to further improve safety and improve working conditions.
The source materials for the analysis of injuries are state statistical reporting reports in Form No. 7 - injuries, reports of industrial accidents in Form N-1 and documents from a special investigation of group, fatal and severe accidents. The analysis also uses information on the availability and use of equipment, the number of workers by profession, types and volumes of work performed, as well as materials from inspections and surveys of the state of safety regulations carried out by state and departmental supervision and control bodies, and public organizations.
In practice, a number of methods for analyzing industrial injuries are used: statistical, group, topographic, monographic.
Statistical The analysis method is based on systematization and statistical processing of documents on injuries. The source materials are acts in form N-1, reports in form 7 - injuries, journals of registration and accounting of accidents, as well as data on the number of workers, costs of labor protection measures, etc.
To assess occupational injuries in the statistical method, relative values (coefficients) are used: an indicator of the frequency of injuries, the severity of injuries, an indicator of mortality, an indicator of the danger of production or loss of ability to work.
The indicator of the frequency of occupational injuries is usually called the average number of accidents per 1000 employees. This indicator is determined by the formula
Where A - number of NS for a certain period of time;
N- average number of employees in this period.
The frequency rate characterizes the level of injury only from a quantitative point of view, without taking into account the severity and outcome of the emergency. Therefore, along with the frequency coefficients, the gravity coefficient is also determined
Where SD r- number of days of incapacity for work A NS.
The severity coefficient shows how many days of disability on average fall on 1 NS.
Coefficient K T does not take into account severe and fatal NS, therefore, in addition to it, in our country the number of severe and fatal NS is added and the mortality rate is determined K l(number of fatalities per 1000 workers)
Along with the injury frequency rate, the disability indicator or (sometimes called the production hazard indicator) is also determined. K N. It is defined as the product of the frequency coefficient and the severity coefficient and shows the number of days of disability for all emergency situations per 1000 workers
Group method of analysis traumatism provides for the classification of accidents according to certain indicators or signs of injury.
The main objectives of using the group method are:
Establishing the most dangerous types of work, technological processes and operations, occupations of workers, types of equipment and tools used, in terms of the possibility of injury;
Identification of the influence of gender, age, work experience of workers, time of year and day, duration of shifts on the frequency of injuries;
Identification of the most typical traumatic factors, the nature and anatomical location of injuries inherent in this type of work;
Establishing the territorial occurrence of accidents.
With the group analysis method, accidents are classified according to:
Gender, age, work experience and profession of the victims;
Type of work, main technological processes, production operations and elements of work;
The type of equipment used, devices and tools;
Seasons;
A traumatic factor that directly causes injury;
The nature and anatomical location of injuries;
The location of the accident;
Cause of injury.
Topographic method of analysis traumatism is based on a graphical representation using symbols (indices) of accidents occurring at work.
The main objectives of this method:
Identify areas of work, units or individual components of the mechanism where the risk of injury to workers most often arises;
Identify dangerous areas where accidents occur;
Set the boundaries of dangerous zones;
Specify the causes of accidents.
The specific goal of the topographic method of injury analysis is the development of recommendations for eliminating the causes of accidents by localizing dangerous zones and areas, selecting and using more advanced protective and safety devices in certain areas of work or types of equipment, when performing construction and installation work, in an extensive system of mine workings and so on.
Monographic method of analysis injuries is based on the study of the relationship between accidents and process technology, organization of work and operating features of equipment or its individual components.
The monographic method allows you to study the work of individual units and parts of equipment and the labor practices of workers. At the same time, the speed, trajectory and area of movement of working units, shafts and other equipment parts are taken into account when workers perform individual production operations. In the monographic method of analysis, special attention is paid to the operation of equipment components and combined operations during which accidents occurred during the analyzed period of time. It is necessary to find out in what production environment dangerous moments and zones may arise that lead to injuries to workers.
The main tasks of monographic analysis:
Establish specific reasons causing accidents;
Identify violations in production process technology, equipment malfunctions, lack of protective and safety devices that cause injuries to workers;
Determine the traumatic factors of accidents;
Establish the boundaries of hazardous areas within which workers can be injured.
The purpose of the monographic method of injury analysis is to establish specific causes of injury and develop organizational and technical recommendations for the prevention of injury during the operation of certain types of equipment and the safe performance of production operations.
The monographic method is more difficult and complex than other methods of analysis, and therefore its use requires deep knowledge of technology and work organization; it is the most effective method and allows a more complete and comprehensive study of the causes of accidents and the development of specific measures to prevent them.
The analysis of injuries using the monographic method is carried out in three stages:
1. Definition of the area of study.
Based on the data of group and topographic methods of analysis, the object of study is established - from the general complex of works, production operations are distinguished during which the majority of accidents occur (for example, installation of the top panel of a drilling rig assembled in a horizontal position), a separate unit of a certain type of equipment (clamping chuck lathe, drilling oil seal, etc.).
2. Monographic description includes:
Monographic description of the operation of mechanisms, individual components and parts, with the establishment and measurement of their trajectory, as well as determination of the speed of movement and time spent;
A monographic description of workers’ work methods, with the establishment of the place of work, measuring the trajectory of a person’s movement and determining the time spent;
Description of workplaces, equipment and tools used;
Studying the design features of the equipment and tools used;
Timing of work processes with determination of the timing of the working methods of workers to the movement of parts and components of equipment.
3. Analysis of research data. At this stage, the nature of the occurrence of industrial hazards is investigated by establishing dangerous zones, their boundaries and, finally, the influence of the design features of the equipment on the possibility of a dangerous situation occurring when performing a specific job.
The most accurate and comprehensive idea of the causes of accidents at work is provided by monographic method analysis. It consists of a comprehensive study of all factors that can, individually or in combination, lead to an accident. Labor and technological processes, main and auxiliary equipment, processed materials, general conditions of the production environment, workplaces, trajectories of movement of equipment and objects, protective equipment, clothing and work characteristics, work and rest schedules, psychological factors, etc. are studied. accidents that occurred without causing harm to human health. When studied, hidden dangerous factors are revealed.
A computer should be used to collect information about injuries and identify psychological causes of accidents. There are programs that allow you to assess the significance of the personal factor based on an analysis of the victim’s answers to the questions posed; Moreover, each subsequent question depends on the answer to the previous one. An important tool for monographic analysis can be the study of biographies of those responsible for accidents.
The monographic method of analysis is expensive because it requires the involvement of a large number of specialists and takes quite a lot of time. It is advisable to use it in industries with a large number of workers engaged in the same or similar activities. Therefore, in small enterprises or large industries that unite workers of many professions, simpler methods of analysis are more often used.
One of the most common is the statistical method of analyzing the state of injury. With this method, a predetermined limited number of accident indicators are analyzed. This method requires the collection of a large statistical array of data on all indicators being studied. With the help of statistical analysis, it is possible to detect patterns inherent in these indicators, to study the peculiarities of the occurrence of accidents in certain professions, at certain production sites among certain categories of workers. The strength of this approach is its predictive ability.
Statistical approach aimed at identifying general patterns of injury manifestations. Injury rates are considered as a function of various variables. Identifying the most significant of these variables and the nature of their influence on injury is the main goal of this approach. With its help, it is impossible to develop any specific recommendations for the prevention of individual accidents - it is aimed at identifying general ways to combat certain types of injuries.
One of the sources of statistical data are documents in which accidents are registered (N-1 forms, certificates of incapacity for work, etc.). With their help, two statistical indicators can be determined - the frequency coefficient and the severity coefficient of accidents.
The frequency coefficient Kh is equal to the number of accidents per 1000 workers for a certain calendar period (month, quarter, year):
K h = 1000 * n/r,
where n is the number of accidents taken into account, i.e. cases with loss of ability to work for three days or more;
p - the payroll of employees in the reporting period, including all workers and employees of the enterprise.
The severity coefficient Kt characterizes the average duration of disability per accident:
where D is the total number of days of incapacity for work for all working days.
The severity coefficient does not take into account fatal and severe accidents resulting in disability. Therefore, to characterize the state of injury, such cases should be specifically indicated.
The product of the frequency and severity coefficients is called loss factor K p:
K p = K h * K t = 1000 * D/r
Often, injury analysis is limited to considering only the above coefficients. But such a simplified, formal approach to statistical analysis does not provide a sufficient understanding of the state and dynamics of injuries. Based on these coefficients, it is impossible to detect any patterns and connections and make an accurate forecast. The main reason is that accidents recorded in forms N-1, certificates of incapacity for work, etc., are many times less than the total number of injury cases. Most of the accidents that occur do not have serious consequences and are usually not documented. Meanwhile, strict accounting of absolutely all accidents, as well as dangerous incidents that did not result in injuries, allows us to obtain rich statistical material for analysis.
One of the varieties of the statistical method is group method studying traumatism. According to this method, accidents are grouped according to individual homogeneous characteristics: time of injury, qualifications and specialty of victims, type of work, age, etc. Identification of the most significant signs allows the development of appropriate preventive measures.
Topographic method serves to identify dangerous points with a high frequency of accidents. To accumulate statistics about dangerous points, a plan of the enterprise (workshop, site) is used, on which the locations of incidents, causes and damaged body parts are marked with symbols. The degree of danger of these points is assessed not only by the frequency of accidents, but also by their severity.
Economic method injury analysis is to determine the losses caused by it, as well as to assess the socio-economic effectiveness of measures to prevent accidents.
Severe injuries to people at work resulting from accidents are considered irreparable by society. At the same time, the material consequences of all these cases at enterprises are fully taken into account. The report on an industrial accident in form N-1 provides for accounting for these losses in the following amount:
Number of days of incapacity;
Payment for sick leave;
The cost of damaged equipment and tools, materials and the cost of destroyed buildings and structures.
The listed volume of losses includes mainly losses caused directly by the accident. In reality, these losses are greater. Material losses (consequences) caused to society due to an employee’s incapacity for work due to injury are made up of the following costs and losses:
P 1 - payment to the victim on a certificate of incapacity for work;
P 2 - the amount of the pension assigned to the victim in connection with the injury;
PZ - the same, to close relatives of the victim in connection with the injury;
P 4 - payment of benefits for the temporary transfer of workers to another job due to injury;
P 5 - compensation for damage to a worker in case of partial loss of ability to work;
P 6 - costs of enterprises for professional training of workers hired instead of those who left due to injury;
P 7 - other losses that are not taken into account in most cases, although sometimes they can be significant.
As a result, the total material losses, rubles, will be:
M p = P 1 + P 2 + P Z + P 4 + P 5 + P 6 + P 7
The aggregated calculation of total material losses based on the above formula is determined from the relationship:
M p = D in * Z * j,
where D in - loss of working time for victims with loss of ability to work for one or more working days, whose temporary disability ended in the reporting period (for the period of time under study), days;
W - average daily wage of one worker, rub.;
J is a coefficient that takes into account all elements of material costs (payments for sick leave, pensions, etc.) in relation to wages (j=l.5, 2.0).
The most complete and objective results are obtained by complex methods that combine several of the methods discussed above.
The main objectives of injury analysis are:
Identification of the causes and recurrence of accidents;
Determination of the most dangerous types of work;
Determination of factors influencing accidents, etc.
When analyzing the causes of industrial injuries, various methods can be used, based on statistical materials (statistical, group, topographical, economic, etc.), and methods based on the results of a technical examination (laboratory or technical, monographic, etc.).
The statistical method is based on studying the causes of injuries according to acts of form N-1 for a certain period of time. This method allows us to determine the dynamics of injuries, identify patterns and connections between the circumstances and causes of accidents.
To assess the level of injuries, relative statistical indicators (coefficients) of frequency, severity and the coefficient of total injuries at the enterprise are used.
The injury frequency rate Kf is determined by the number of accidents per 1000 workers over a certain calendar period (year, quarter):
The injury severity coefficient Kt characterizes the average duration of disability per accident:
The total injury rate at the Koshch enterprise, which characterizes the number of days of incapacity for work lost by every 1000 employees during the reporting period, is calculated using the formula:
The group analysis method makes it possible to distribute accidents by type of work, dangerous and harmful production factors, information about the victims (age, gender, work experience, etc.), data on the time of the incident (month, day, shift, hour of the working day).
The topographic method consists of studying the causes of accidents at the location of their occurrence at the enterprise. At the same time, all accidents are systematically marked with symbols on the plans of the enterprise or workshops (departments), resulting in a topogram on which work areas and places with an increased risk of injury are clearly visible.
The economic method consists of determining losses caused by industrial injuries and assessing the socio-economic effectiveness of measures to prevent accidents.
The monographic method of studying injuries consists of a detailed study of the entire complex of working conditions where the accident occurred, the technological process, workplace, equipment, protective equipment, etc. In this case, technical (laboratory) methods and research tools are widely used.
The monographic method makes it possible to identify not only the true causes of accidents that have occurred, but also the reasons that can lead to injuries, i.e., to predict the level of injuries in a particular production.
17 Safety requirements for structures and equipment.
The fundamental standard defining safety requirements for production equipment is GOST 12.2.003 SSBT "Production equipment. General safety requirements".
Production equipment in operation:
– must not pollute the environment with emissions of harmful substances exceeding established standards;
– must be fire and explosion-proof;
– should not create danger as a result of exposure to humidity, solar radiation, mechanical vibrations, high and low temperatures, aggressive substances and other factors;
– must meet safety requirements throughout the entire period of operation when the consumer fulfills the requirements established in the operational documentation.
Equipment safety in accordance with the specified standard is ensured by:
– selection of rational designs for production equipment and their safe elements;
– the use of mechanization, automation, remote control, protective equipment, automatic alarms, and automatic interlocks in the design of equipment;
– sealing equipment, using means of collecting and purifying polluted air;
– noise reduction and vibration insulation of equipment;
– meeting ergonomic requirements; inclusion of appropriate safety requirements in technical documentation for transportation, installation, operation, repair and storage of equipment.
Production equipment must also meet fire and explosion safety requirements, be electrically safe, be provided with means for removing static electricity and other means of protecting workers from dangerous and harmful production factors.
It is necessary that the elements and components of the structures of machines, mechanisms, machine tools, tools and other equipment do not have sharp corners, uneven edges and surfaces, unless this is established by the functional purpose of the equipment.
Components of equipment, including wires, cables, pipelines must be constructed in such a way that the possibility of accidental damage is excluded.
The equipment must comply with safety requirements by taking appropriate preventive measures throughout its service life.
More specific and additional requirements are established by standards and technical specifications for individual types of equipment. For example, GOST 12.2.026 SSBT "Woodworking equipment. Safety requirements for design", GOST 12.2.070 SSBT "Electrical products. General safety requirements", GOST 12.2.062 SSBT "Production equipment. Protective fences", GOST 12.2.022 SSBT " Conveyors. General safety requirements", etc.
19 Safety of electrical installations (protective grounding).
The electrical safety of existing electrical installations must be ensured by the implementation of organizational and technical measures, as well as the use of technical methods and means of protection. Organizational measures include: admission to work in existing electrical installations of persons who have been instructed and trained in safe methods, testing knowledge of safety rules and instructions in accordance with the position held in relation to the work performed with the assignment of the appropriate qualification group for electrical safety; appointment of persons responsible for the organization and safety of work; drawing up a work order or order for work; compiling a list of works performed in the order of routine operation; granting access to work; organization of supervision of work; registration of breaks in work, transfers to other workplaces, end of work; establishment of rational labor regimes.
Technical measures when carrying out work in existing electrical installations with voltage relief include: disconnecting the electrical installation (part of the installation) from the electrical power supply; mechanical locking of drives of disconnected switching devices; removing fuses; disconnecting interlocks and ends of power lines and other actions to prevent erroneous supply of voltage to the place of work; checking for lack of voltage; grounding of disconnected live parts (by turning on grounding blades, applying portable grounding devices); fencing of live parts that remain energized, which during operation can be touched or approached at an unacceptable distance; installation of safety signs and posters; fencing the workplace (or live parts) and installing safety signs; safe location of working and used mechanisms, instruments and devices.
Organizational and technical measures when performing work on live parts or near them include: performing work simultaneously by at least two persons; continuous supervision of those performing the work; use of electrical protective barriers and means; isolation of the workplace; safe location of working and used mechanisms and devices.
Ensuring electrical safety by technical methods and means should be achieved by using: protective grounding, grounding, protective shutdown, potential equalization, protective shunting, low voltage, network separation, insulation of live parts (working, additional, double), compensation of ground fault currents, insulation of the workplace , electrical protective equipment (basic and additional).
Technical methods and means of protection are used separately or in combination so that optimal protection is ensured.
Technical methods and means of protection that ensure electrical safety must be installed taking into account: rated voltage; type and frequency of electrical installation current; method of power supply (from a stationary network, from an autonomous power supply); neutral mode (midpoint) of the electrical power supply; type of execution (stationary, mobile, portable); environmental conditions; the possibility of relieving voltage from live parts on or near which work must be carried out; the nature of possible human contact with the elements of the current circuit; the possibility of approaching live parts that are energized at a distance less than permissible or entering the zone of current spreading; types of work (installation, adjustment, testing, etc.).
Protective grounding is an intentional electrical connection to the ground or its equivalent of metal non-current-carrying parts that may be energized due to a short circuit to the body and for other reasons (inductive influence of adjacent live parts, potential removal, lightning discharge, etc.).
The equivalent of land can be river or sea water, coal in a quarry, etc.
The purpose of protective grounding is to eliminate the danger of electric shock in the event of touching the electrical installation housing and other non-current-carrying metal parts that are energized due to a short circuit to the housing and for other reasons.
The operating principle of protective grounding is to reduce touch and step voltages to safe values due to a short circuit to the body and other reasons. This is achieved by reducing the potential of the grounded equipment (by reducing the resistance of the ground electrode), as well as by equalizing the potentials of the base on which the person stands and the grounded equipment (by raising the potential of the base on which the person stands to a value close to the potential of the grounded equipment).
25 Providing first aid to victims.
First pre-hospital emergency aid (PHEA) is a set of simple measures aimed at saving life and preserving human health, carried out before the arrival of medical workers.
The main objectives of the PDNP are:
a) carrying out the necessary measures to eliminate the threat to the life of the victim;
b) prevention of possible complications;
c) ensuring the most favorable conditions for transporting the victim.
1.2. First aid to the victim should be provided quickly and under the guidance of one person, since conflicting advice from others, vanity, disputes and confusion lead to the loss of precious time. At the same time, calling a doctor or transporting the victim to a medical center (hospital) must be carried out immediately.
1.3. The algorithm of actions to save the life and preserve the health of the victim should be as follows:
a) use of personal protective equipment by the rescuer (if necessary, depending on the situation);
b) eliminating the cause of exposure to threatening factors (removing the victim from a gas-contaminated area, freeing the victim from the effects of electric current, removing a drowning person from the water, etc.);
c) urgent assessment of the victim’s condition (visual examination, inquire about health, determine the presence of signs of life);
d) call others for help, and also ask to call an ambulance;
e) giving the victim a safe position for each specific case;
f) take measures to eliminate life-threatening conditions (carry out resuscitation measures, stop bleeding, etc.)
g) do not leave the victim unattended, constantly monitor his condition, continue to support the vital functions of his body until medical workers arrive.
1.4. The person providing assistance should know:
Fundamentals of working in extreme conditions;
Signs (symptoms) of disorders of vital body systems;
Rules, methods, techniques for providing PDNP in relation to the characteristics of a particular person, depending on the situation;
Methods of transporting victims, etc.
1.5. The person providing assistance must be able to:
Assess the condition of the victim, diagnose the type and characteristics of the injury (injury), determine the type of necessary first aid, the sequence of appropriate measures;
Correctly carry out the entire complex of emergency resuscitation care, monitor the effectiveness and, if necessary, adjust resuscitation measures taking into account the condition of the victim;
Stop bleeding by applying a tourniquet, pressure bandages, etc.; apply bandages, scarves, transport splints for fractures of skeletal bones, dislocations, severe bruises;
Provide assistance in case of electric shock, including in extreme conditions (on power line supports, etc.), in case of drowning, heat stroke, sunstroke, and acute poisoning;
Use available means when providing emergency treatment, when carrying, loading, transporting the victim;
Determine the need to call an ambulance, a medical worker, evacuate the victim by passing (unsuitable) transport, use an ambulance kit.
27 Methods and means of extinguishing fires
Prevention of combustion can be achieved in the following ways: preventing access of the oxidizer to the combustion zone or combustible substance; reducing their intake to levels at which combustion is impossible; cooling the combustion zone below the auto-ignition temperature or lowering the temperature of the burning substance below the ignition temperature; dilution of flammable substances with non-flammable ones; intense inhibition of the rate of chemical reactions in the flame; mechanical flame suppression with a strong jet of water or gas.
The main extinguishing agents (fire extinguishing agents) are water, foam, inert and non-flammable gases, water vapor, dry fire extinguishing powders, etc. Their choice depends on the fire class.
Fire extinguishing equipment includes all types of fire fighting equipment, security and fire alarm systems, fire equipment, etc.
To extinguish fires in energized electrical installations, you can use a carbon dioxide or powder fire extinguisher; improvised means; water, if the electrical installation is open to the operator’s view and special measures are taken to protect people from electric shock.
Security and fire alarm systems include: automatic fire detectors of heat, light, smoke, combined (heat and flame) action. In thermal detectors, an element sensitive to heat is triggered, in light detectors - to a flame, and smoke detectors - to smoke. The sensitive element to a fire in a smoke detector is an ionization chamber, in a light detector - a photon counter, in a thermal maximum action - a bimetallic plate, in a thermal semiconductor - a thermal resistance, in a thermal differential action - a thermocouple.
Automatic fire extinguishing systems are sprinkler and deluge.
28 Classification of premises and buildings according to explosion and fire hazard.
To correctly select fire protection measures, it is necessary to establish the fire hazard category of the building (structure). Depending on the fire hazard category of the building (structure) and the required floor area, the degree of fire resistance of the building (structure), the number of floors, the length of the evacuation route, the need for emergency smoke ventilation, easily removable structures, etc. are established.
Categories of premises and buildings (or parts of buildings between fire walls - fire compartments) for industrial and warehouse purposes in terms of explosion and fire hazard are established depending on the quantity and fire-explosive properties of the substances and materials located (circulating) in them.
Premises and buildings, in accordance with technological design standards ONTP 24 - 86, are divided into categories A, B, C, D and D.
A - fire and explosion hazard. Combustible gases or flammable liquids with a flash point of no more than 28°C are circulated in such quantities that they can form vapor-gas mixtures, upon ignition of which an excess pressure exceeding 5 kPa develops. Substances and materials capable of exploding and burning when interacting with water, air oxygen or with each other (their quantity can also create an excess pressure of more than 5 kPa).
B - fire and explosion hazard. Combustible dusts, fibers or flammable liquids with a flash point of more than 28 °C are used in such quantities that they can form dust or steam-air mixtures that create an excess pressure of more than 5 kPa during an explosion.
B - fire hazard. Combustible and low-flammable liquids, solid flammable and low-flammable substances and materials (including dust and fibers) that are capable of burning when interacting with water, atmospheric oxygen or with each other without forming an explosion are handled.
D - non-flammable substances and materials are used in a hot, hot or molten state, the processing of which is accompanied by the release of radiant heat, sparks and flames, and flammable gases, liquids and solids are used, burned or disposed of as fuel.
D - use non-flammable substances and materials in a cold state. It is allowed to classify as category D premises containing flammable liquids in the lubrication, cooling and hydraulic drive systems of equipment of no more than 60 kg per piece of equipment at a pressure of no more than 0.2 MPa, electrical cable connections to the equipment, and individual pieces of furniture in the workplace.
The category of explosion and fire hazard of premises and buildings is determined for the most unfavorable period in relation to a fire or explosion, based on the type of flammable substances and materials located in the apparatus and premises, their quantity and fire hazardous properties, and the characteristics of technological processes.
find the mass of flammable substances present in the room at the time of the accident;
establish, based on reference data, the fire hazardous properties of substances, mixtures and technical products located in the premises or entering it at the time of the accident;
choose the most unfavorable accident scenario;
determine excess explosion pressure.
30 Escape routes.
EVACUATION PATH - a safe path for evacuating people leading to an emergency exit. Protection of people on P. e. is provided by a complex of space-planning, constructive, engineering, technical and organizational measures. Regulatory documents regulate the length of the fire resistance, the width of the main evacuation passages and exits, the slopes of flights of stairs, etc. Depending on the purpose of the premises, the volume and degree of fire resistance of the building, the maximum permissible distance according to the fire resistance is determined. to the nearest emergency exit. Distances according to P. e. are also regulated. from the doors of the most remote rooms of public buildings to the final evacuation exit to the outside or to the staircase, depending on the degree of fire resistance of the building and the density of human flow during evacuation. These and other regulatory requirements are taken into account when developing space-planning solutions for buildings and structures for various purposes.
EXITS are evacuation if they lead from the premises:
· 1st floor to the outside directly or through the corridor, lobby, staircase;
· any floor except the 1st: into the corridor leading to the staircase, or directly into the staircase (including through the hall). In this case, staircases must have access to the outside directly or through a vestibule, separated from adjacent corridors by partitions with doors;
· to an adjacent room on the same floor.
For doors opening from rooms into common corridors, the width of the evacuation route along the corridor should be taken as the width of the corridor, reduced by:
half the width of the door leaf - with one-sided doors,
by the width of the door leaf” - with double-sided doors.
31 Organization of fire protection.
FIRE PROTECTION ORGANIZATION is the process of creating fire departments that carry out fire prevention, rescuing people and property during fires, extinguishing them and conducting emergency control measures.
FPS units are created for the purpose of organizing the prevention and extinguishing of fires in organizations (facility units), in closed administrative-territorial entities, as well as in particularly important and sensitive organizations (special and military units), in populated areas (territorial units). Financial support for the activities of the FPS, social guarantees and compensation for its personnel is an expenditure obligation of the Russian Federation. Material and technical support for the FPS is carried out in the manner and according to the standards established by the Government of the Russian Federation. The organizational structure, powers, tasks, functions, and procedures of the FPS are determined by the Regulations on the FPS.
The fire service of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is created by state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in accordance with the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Financial support for the activities of State Fire Service units created by government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, social guarantees and compensation to the personnel of these units in accordance with the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is an expenditure obligation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
Municipal fire protection is created by local governments on the territory of municipalities. The purpose, objectives, procedure for creating and organizing the activities of the municipal fire department, the order of its relationships with other types of fire protection are determined by local government bodies.
Departmental fire protection is created by federal executive authorities and organizations in order to ensure fire safety. The procedure for organizing, reorganizing, liquidating management bodies and departments of departmental fire protection, the conditions for carrying out their activities, and serving personnel are determined by the relevant provisions.
Private fire protection is created in populated areas and organizations. The creation, reorganization and liquidation of private fire departments are carried out in accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.
Voluntary fire protection is created to participate in activities to prevent and (or) extinguish fires in populated areas, enterprises, institutions and organizations. Financial support for the voluntary fire department is provided by its founders. Financial, logistical and technical support for the activities of departmental, private and voluntary fire departments, as well as financial provision of social guarantees and compensation for their personnel, is carried out by their founders at their own expense.
35 Labor protection service at the enterprise.
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY SERVICE IN AN ORGANIZATION is an independent structural unit of the organization, formed to ensure compliance with occupational safety requirements, monitor their implementation and consisting of a staff of occupational safety specialists headed by the head (chief) of the occupational safety service. In accordance with Art. 217 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, each employer carrying out production activities, the number of employees of which exceeds 50 people, creates an occupational safety service (hereinafter - S.) or introduces the position of an occupational safety specialist with appropriate training or experience in this field. S. reports directly to the head of the organization or his deputy.
An employer whose number of employees does not exceed 50 people decides to create a labor force or introduce the position of an occupational safety specialist, taking into account the specifics of its production activities.
The main tasks of the labor protection service are:
Organization and coordination of labor protection work at the enterprise;
Monitoring compliance with legislative and other regulatory legal acts on labor protection by enterprise employees;
Improving preventive work to prevent industrial injuries, occupational and work-related diseases and improving working conditions;
Consulting employers and employees on labor safety issues.
Identification of dangerous and harmful production factors at work sites;
Conducting an analysis of the state and causes of industrial injuries, occupational and work-related diseases;
Providing assistance to enterprise departments in organizing and conducting measurements of hazardous and harmful production factors, certification and certification of workplaces and production equipment for compliance with labor protection requirements;
Informing employees on behalf of the employer about the state of working conditions in the workplace, about the causes and possible timing of the onset of occupational diseases, as well as about measures taken to protect against dangerous and harmful production factors;
Participation in the preparation of documents for payment of compensation for harm caused to the health of employees as a result of an industrial accident or occupational disease;
Carrying out inspections, surveys (or participation in inspections, surveys) of the technical condition of buildings, structures, equipment, machines and mechanisms for compliance with regulatory legal acts on labor protection, the efficiency of ventilation systems, the condition of sanitary devices, sanitary facilities, facilities collective and individual protection of workers;
37 Organization of occupational safety training for workers.
GOST 12.0.004-79 on the organization of labor safety training for workers establishes mandatory training in labor safety issues during advanced training.
Workers who have completed advanced training courses are tested on their knowledge of occupational safety during qualification exams.
Testing of knowledge on occupational safety is also provided for management and engineering workers upon completion of their training at institutes, faculties and advanced training courses. Occupational safety rooms provide great assistance in conducting training sessions and promoting labor protection at enterprises. In these rooms, introductory briefings for those entering the workforce, lectures and conversations are held that promote the most important provisions on labor protection, technical safety solutions, issues of occupational health and industrial sanitation.
The training section contains manuals and materials necessary for conducting instructions and training on labor protection issues. Visual and educational materials are placed on general, industrial and special topics on stands, display cases and tables.
The general topic includes materials of general significance and content, which are introduced to all workers, regardless of their place of work and specialty. Production topics include materials that reflect the safe operating conditions of a particular workshop. Special topics include materials that reflect the safe operation of pressure vessels, lifting mechanisms, electrical installations, industrial ventilation, industrial lighting, etc.
The reference and methodological section concentrates reference and guidance materials on labor protection. In addition to fundamental documents, this section contains rules, regulations and instructions on safety and industrial sanitation, as well as the necessary reference literature and teaching materials.
The exhibition section displays samples of protective and fencing devices, working models, layouts, visual aids, tables, posters, photo displays, diagrams, etc.
Occupational safety corners are also created in workshops and areas, where visual aids, posters, photo displays, and stands reflecting best practices in the field of occupational safety are displayed. Warning notices, special posters and other visual materials are posted directly at workplaces, promoting correct and safe methods of working on equipment and warning workers about the dangers that may occur if labor safety rules are not followed.
The work of the labor protection office is carried out according to plan and is carried out under the direct supervision of the chief engineer of the enterprise.
Occupational safety training for employees of Labor Safety LLC is carried out:
When preparing newly hired employees, their retraining, obtaining a second profession, advanced training;
When conducting various types of instruction.
Control over the regularity and quality of labor safety training for workers is carried out by the labor safety department.
Occupational safety briefings
Based on the nature and timing of the briefings, they are divided into:
Introductory;
Initial training at the workplace;
Repeated;
Unscheduled;
Target.
Related information.
Methods for injury analysis
Trauma, as a cause of an investigative phenomenon, is characterized by a combination of separately influencing factors. All existing analysis methods can be divided into 3 groups:
1. Technical.
2. Statistical.
3. Probabilistic.
Technical methods for injury analysis.
The purpose of technical analysis is to establish the causes and relationships of technical factors that led to accidents and to develop technical recommendations for the prevention of accidents and accidents. At the root of technical methods of analysis is the use of the laws of technical sciences. Technical analysis should establish a qualitative picture of the development of events and a full assessment of the determining factors. A full assessment makes specific technical recommendations. Technical analysis of n/s begins with the study of the circumstances preceding it. Information is obtained based on interviewing witnesses, studying recommendations and inspecting the scene of the incident. The situation on the spot is studied, which is sometimes the only way to reconstruct the development of events before the attack. Exceptions are allowed only in cases of extreme urgency.
Monographic method of analysis is a type of technical analysis. The task of the monographic analysis is to identify the dangers associated with the use of an object in the labor process, to determine the causes and to develop measures to eliminate them. The purpose of the analysis is to ensure working conditions when using this technological process.
The result of implementing the conclusions of the monographic analysis is the creation of the safest facilities possible, the development of instructions and recommendations for their safe operation. The monographic method is used at the design stage when deficiencies are easily eliminated.
Statistical methods are based on statistical material (acts in form N-1).
The goal is a generalized assessment of the degree of safety of existing conditions at a site, mine, industry, etc. The accuracy of the analysis method depends on the perfection of the mathematical apparatus used and the reliability of the source data. The following types of statistical analysis are distinguished:
1. Tabular.
2. According to the injury rate.
3. Topographical.
4. Correlation.
Tabular analysis of injuries consists of grouping scientific research according to certain indicators in the form of tables.
After this, an injury analysis is performed. Tabular analysis allows us to determine the most dangerous causes, factors, places of injury, as well as changes in the specific gravity of injuries over time.
Analysis by injury rate. There are a number of injury rates, of which the most commonly used is the frequency and severity rate. Frequency factor- represents the number of victims over a period of time per 1000 people.
Kch = 1000*n/N,
where n is the number of victims, N is the payroll of the enterprise’s workers. The coefficient can be established both by the total number of employees and by individual groups of employees.
K’ch =1000000 *n/D,
where D is the daily production of the mine.
Injury severity coefficient- characterizes the average severity of a disability over a certain period of time based on the number of days of disability.
Kt = 100*N/N,
where N is the number of days of labor loss, Kt = N/n - total Kt.
Topographic method of analysis. The goal is a visual representation of injury characteristics.
They take a mining plan and mark the locations of accidents and accidents. The advantages are its clarity, but the analytical capabilities of this method are limited. Used as an addition to other methods.
Correlation method of analysis. It is used to establish quantitative relationships between injury rates and determining traumatic factors. Since injuries and the factors that determine them are random, the relationship between them is not unambiguous, but is of a statistically averaged nature.
Posted on ref.rf
Methods of correlation analysis are based on correlation methods. The final goal is to obtain correlation dependencies or correlation equations between the injury rate and the analyzed factors ft = 2.052*10¯³ - 7.883*10¯ *Te+1.948*10¯ *Te
Probabilistic method of analysis. This method uses the concept of probability and the apparatus of probability theory to assess occupational safety. It is based on the idea of traumatism as a random process.
Areas of application of existing methods of injury analysis.
1. The technical method is widely used in the investigation of individual problems and the development of measures to eliminate them.
2. Monographic - used in design.
3. Statistical - used in official statistical reporting at all levels.
4. Probabilistic - used when designing production based on the safety factor and comparing technical safety solutions. It is used in conjunction with the correlation method.
Methods for analyzing injuries - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Methods of injury analysis" 2017, 2018.
The most important stage in the investigation of accidents, occupational diseases, accidents is to find the main causes that led to negative consequences, as well as to determine the responsibility of the perpetrators.
The purpose of analyzing negative consequences is to develop preventive measures to prevent accidents and injuries.
The main methods of analysis include: probabilistic-statistical and deterministic.
Probable-statistical methods of analysis, in turn, are divided into: statistical, group, topographic, etc.
Statistical method is based on an analysis of statistical reporting on injuries and other negative events based on reporting forms N-1, NT, N-5, P-5 (accidents that resulted in loss of ability to work for 1 day or more are taken into account).
When carrying out the analysis, various indicators (criteria) and methods are used. The choice of evaluation methods and indicators (criteria) depends on the adopted goals and assigned tasks. The main goals and objectives include the analysis of accidents, injuries, occupational diseases, emergency situations in various industries; analysis of the state of law and order; analysis of the effectiveness of preventive measures to prevent negative phenomena; analysis of the level of labor protection, etc.
A brief listing of the main goals and objectives indicates that some methods and indicators can be used both within one industry and in a number of sectors of the country’s economy. One of the most widely used both within one industry and in a number of sectors of the country’s economy are the average values of the analyzed factors - the arithmetic mean: geometric mean, harmonic mean, root mean square. For example, an average in criminology can characterize the state of the crime rate; in medicine – average morbidity; in the field of labor protection - the average value of injuries; in transport - average accident rate, etc.
Another relative cross-industry indicator may be the coefficient
, where A is the number of negative events (criminal situations, crimes, injuries, occupational diseases, etc.) during the reporting period; N – number of employees or population for the reporting period; M – conversion factor per 1000; 10,000; 1,000,000, etc. people.
In criminology, the K coefficient is considered the crime coefficient. In reports from the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the prosecutor's office, and law enforcement agencies, it is used to compare crime in different states, regions, and different time periods.
The severity of negative events is assessed by the accident severity coefficient K T, and the fatality coefficient K C,
The state of injury is assessed by the overall injury rate
Other indicators are also used: disability indicators, indicators of frequency and severity of diseases.
Disability rate: ;
Disease incidence rate: 
;
Disease severity indicator: ;
Safety indicator: ;
T – number of days of incapacity for work due to injury;
C – number of deaths;
Z – number of days of incapacity for work due to illness;
О b – number of safe operations;
О о – total number of operations.
This method of analysis allows us to obtain a comparative assessment of the state of labor protection at an enterprise or site.
Group method of analysis
consists in dividing injured people into certain groups: profession, gender, work experience, age, qualifications, etc. This allows us to determine the groups of people most susceptible to injury or disease.
Topographic method
consists in studying the causes of injuries by drawing on the plan of a workshop, area, landfill, enterprise, or accident site. The repetition of accidents in this location indicates an ongoing violation of safety regulations.
If it is impossible to identify the causes of an accident, very often they resort to deterministic (additional) methods of analysis: monographic, network modeling, questionnaires, surveys, expert assessments, etc.
Monographic method
based on an analysis of individual hazardous and harmful production factors.
The essence of the network modeling method
dangerous production situation is that after familiarization with the materials, a logical connection is established between all the phenomena that preceded the moment of injury (network relationship).
Example.
A worker - a molder at a site for reinforced concrete products - was given the task of assembling formwork and installing reinforcement inside one of the steaming chambers.
The crane servicing the landfill was not working, and the worker himself carried the reinforcing mesh (the weight of one mesh is 15 kg) and walked with it over the lids of the chambers, which is prohibited by the safety instructions. While moving with the net, a worker fell into one of the cells and was seriously injured.
In the investigation report, in the column “Causes” it is written: “The cause of the accident was the fall of the victim into a steam chamber 2.6 m deep.” In the column “List of measures to establish causes” it is written: “Conduct an emergency briefing. To sort out the accident at a general workshop meeting.”
Has the cause been correctly identified and are the recommended measures sufficient?
Let us establish a logical connection between the reasons that led to the accident. The worker fell because he violated the instructions, and he violated the instructions because the crane did not work. As it turned out, the overhead crane did not work due to a sharp drop in temperature and a thick layer of frost covering the crane trolls. A worker stepped into an open hatch due to poor visibility due to intense steam generation due to
malfunction of valves on steam lines and large temperature differences between the outside air and the steam-air mixture inside the steaming chamber.
Thus, the root cause was a decrease in temperature, which gave impetus to the development of the entire chain of events up to the accident. The crane had stopped before due to a layer of frost covering the trolley, but this violation of production technology was not controlled for various reasons. It was further established that the worker walked over the lids of the chambers because the passages were cluttered with finished products.
The master explained this violation of technological discipline by a violation of the schedule for the export of finished products. This method of investigation makes it possible to establish that stopping the crane and deteriorating visibility in the work area are the main causes of the accident. The lack of technical control and the clutter of the area with finished products in this example are related secondary reasons.
To prevent such cases, it is necessary: 1) replace the trolleys with a supply hose cable; 2) switch the steaming chambers to automatic operating mode; 3) strengthen control over compliance with the removal of finished products from the workshop.
Survey and questionnaire
are carried out through interviewing eyewitnesses and allow us to identify the logical connection between the manifestation of negative consequences.
Expert assessment method
consists of involving specialists in the field (chemistry, physics, technology, medicine, etc.) in the investigation of the causes, which allows us to confirm the possibility of negative manifestations. When analyzing injuries, first of all, it is necessary to inspect the place where the accident occurred, interview victims, eyewitnesses, and familiarize yourself with the necessary documents and logs.
In this case, special attention should be paid to parts of machines, mechanisms, tools, devices and objects that directly caused injury. This makes it possible to develop the correct engineering solutions to eliminate such injuries, for which analysis methods exist.
When analyzing industrial injuries, one has to deal with various indicators determined by the influence of a number of factors, conditions, and causes. In this case it applies elimination method
(logical method, or method of exceptions), with the help of which the influence of certain factors is excluded and one of them is isolated.
The causes of injuries and occupational diseases can be divided into the following four groups: technical (including technological), organizational, sanitary and hygienic and psychophysiological.
Technical reasons include
cases related to the presence of dangerous and harmful production factors in technological processes, unsatisfactory condition of safety devices, lack of personal protective equipment; use of faulty equipment, tools, devices, etc.
To organizational reasons
include: unsatisfactory labor organization in the workplace; unsatisfactory organization of safety control; untimely and irregular supply of personal protective equipment to workers; poor quality training of workers; failure to comply with instructions for the safe execution of technological processes and the use of production equipment; unsatisfactory professional selection, etc.
For reasons of sanitary and hygienic nature
include: non-compliance with the requirements of meteorological conditions in production premises (temperature, radiant and thermal energy, relative humidity, air speed, barometric pressure); production noise, vibration; air pollution with harmful industrial gases,
vapors, dust; insufficient illumination of workplaces; unsatisfactory protection of workplaces from electromagnetic radiation, voltage of electric and magnetic fields, increased levels of ionizing radiation, insufficient (in accordance with the requirements of sanitary standards) workplace area and room volume per worker; failure to comply with personal hygiene requirements, etc.
To psychophysical reasons
can be attributed to deviations in health status, including as a result of unsatisfactory professional selection (visual impairment, hearing impairment, allergies, etc.)
Knowledge of the causes of injuries and occupational diseases makes it possible to eliminate dangerous and harmful production factors or develop preventive measures to improve occupational safety.
Accounting and analysis of injuries allows not only to identify the causes of injuries, but most importantly to correctly develop and implement occupational safety measures and reduce injuries (Fig. 1.5.1).
One of the main tasks of recording injuries is a detailed study of the causes of injuries and their careful and complete registration. This makes it possible to reliably assess working conditions and the organization of the workplace at the time of injury. For every accident, occupational disease, accident and other negative consequences at the enterprise, their consequences (losses) are determined:
P = P b + P M + P O + P Z + P i + P pr (1.5.1)
P b, P m, P O, P Z, P i, P pr – losses from disability, damage caused to materials, equipment, buildings and structures, tools, non-manufactured products.
The effectiveness of labor protection measures is assessed according to the following relationship:
E = (O P1 – O P2) – Z O.T. (1.5.2)
O P1 and O P2 – losses from injuries, occupational diseases, accidents before and after the events for a certain period;
ZOT – costs of labor protection measures for the period under review.
Annual savings in product costs from improving working conditions are determined by the dependence:
E C = E T + E Z + E P.Z. + E T.K. (1.5.3)
E T, E Z, E P.Z, E T.K. – annual savings from reducing injuries, illnesses, occupational diseases, and staff turnover.
Methods for predicting negative events
Forecasting methods make it possible not only to assess occupational safety issues, but also to foresee the dynamics of the development of injuries, crime, accidents, occupational diseases and other events for the future period of time, to develop preventive measures, strategic comprehensive plans and thus influence the development of events in the future.
One of the forecasting methods can be correlation dependencies (regression models) that describe changes in negative events from basic indicators, for example, a model of the dynamics of changes in the level of injuries, occupational diseases, accidents depending on the level of labor productivity, labor productivity capabilities; changes in the crime rate by region - depending on population size, etc.
The criterion for safe work on a site in a team can be taken as probability P, which is determined by the formula:
(1.5.4)
where T 3 is a given period of time for which the value is determined; N – number of teams or sections; n is the number of recorded cases of injuries (diseases) in N teams during time T.
The results are considered reliable, that is, they provide the main condition (work safety for the period T 3), if: . If<0,95, то полной уверенности в безопасной работе за период Т 3 быть не может.
Example. Over three years of work (T=12 blocks), 12 accidents (n=12) occurred in four teams of masons (N=4). It is necessary to find out whether industrial accidents may occur in these teams during the first half of the year (T 3 = 2 quarters) of the next year.
The obtained result suggests that there can be no absolute confidence in the safe work of masonry teams during the next six months with this organization of work. For safe work, it is necessary to rethink the organization of work for masonry teams.
If a random variable has a Poisson distribution, then, taking into account time, we can talk about the simplest flow of events (injuries, fires, crimes, etc.). Probability of safe operation over a period of time t with K events
K=0, 1, 2…,
where is the flow intensity, that is, the number of events occurring per unit time.
P is the probability that at least one injury may occur during the same period:
(can be interpreted as a risk of injury).
Similar principles form the basis of several models of occupational safety criteria.
Essence probability-theoretic The method is as follows.
Firstly, when analyzing injuries at a particular enterprise, it is established that the number of injuries and occupational diseases has a Poisson distribution.
Secondly, according to the formula P, the probability of at least one injury or occupational disease or crime is determined.
Thirdly, the number of injuries and illnesses in the future over time at enterprises, sites, in teams with established technology is estimated
P = Р∙t 1 (1.5.5)
Fourthly, the total economic damage is determined, which consists of economic damage due to sick leave and damage from failure to fulfill the plan in the future:
(1.5.6)
where M is the conversion factor for 100, 1000, etc. workers; D – number of employees at the enterprise;
- total costs for n sick leave for a certain period (in UAH);
- total damage due to failure to fulfill the plan by workers during the period of injury
Fifthly, the costs of measures to prevent such accidents are determined.