European Union. european union eu flag motto: harmony in diversity member states of the european union. Presentation on the topic "European Union" Main institutions of government

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Main institutions of power

The European Commission is the executive body of the European Union, consisting of 25 members who are appointed for five years but are completely independent in the performance of their duties. EU and is headed by the relevant Directorate General

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The European Parliament is a collection of 732 members directly elected by citizens of EU member states for a term of five years. The President of the European Parliament is elected for two and a half years.

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The Council of Ministers is the main decision-making body that meets at the ministerial level of national governments, and its composition changes depending on the issues being discussed. Representatives of the governments of member states discuss EU legislation and accept or reject them by voting.

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The European Court of Justice is the highest judicial body of the EU, regulating disputes:

• between EU member states
• between EU Member States and the European Union itself
• between EU institutions
• between the EU and individuals or legal entities

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The Court of Auditors (Court of Auditors) is a body of the European Union created for the purpose of auditing the EU budget and its institutions.

Block 2. Areas of interaction between Russia and the EU: economics. Topic 5. Relations between the EU and the Russian Federation in the trade and investment sphere Dynamics of volumes, characteristics and significance of trade between the EU and Russia. ATP Articles Relating to Trade and Investment. The practice of applying anti-dumping measures by the European Union against Russian exports. Other methods of restricting imports from Russia. Restrictions on trade with the European Union by the Russian government. Russia, EU and WTO. Current problems in trade relations. Dynamics, structure and problems of investment flows. The evolution of principles, goals, directions of EU policy to promote economic reform in Russia within the framework of the TACIS program. Russia and the financial instrument of the “neighborhood” policy. The 2001 initiative to create a common economic space (CES). Road map of the EEP 2005: goals and directions of activity. Progress and problems in the implementation of the “Road Map” of the EEP. EEP and “Partnership for Modernization”. Topic 6. Interaction between the EU and Russia in the oil and gas sector. Interaction between the USSR and Western European countries in the energy sector. EU and energy reform in Russia. Russia, the EU and the Charter Process. Investments of European TNCs in the Russian economy. Creation in the 1990s new pipelines for the supply of Russian energy resources to Europe. Factors in establishing the EU-RF Energy Dialogue mechanism. Goals, objectives, forms, levels, directions of interaction within the framework of the Energy Dialogue. Characteristics and assessment of the results and prospects of “Energodialogue”. Features of the modern Russian approach to interaction with the EU in the energy industry. Competition between Russia and the EU in relation to producing countries and transit countries. The impact of the “energy wars” of the Russian Federation with Ukraine and Belarus on relations with the EU.

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European Union

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The European Union includes 27 states:
Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Great Britain, Hungary, Germany, Greece, Denmark, Ireland, Spain, Italy, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Finland, France, Czech Republic, Sweden and Estonia.

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The EU has its own official symbols
- flag and anthem. The flag was approved in 1986 and is a blue rectangular panel with a length-to-height ratio of 1.5:1, in the center of which there are 12 gold stars in a circle. This flag was first raised in front of the European Commission in Brussels on May 29, 1986. The EU anthem is “Ode to Joy” by Ludwig van Beethoven, a fragment of his Ninth Symphony (which is also the anthem of another pan-European organization - the Council of Europe).

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President of the European Council
Herman Van Rompuy (at the G8 summit) Position held since December 1, 2009 Head of the European Council Appointed by a qualified majority of the European Council Term of office 2.5 years with the possibility of re-election Salary €298,495.44 per year Position appeared 2009 First in office Herman Van Rompuy
The Belgian Van Rompuy took office in 2009, when the Lisbon Treaty came into force. His first term ended on May 31, 2012. On March 1, 2012, Herman Van Rompuy was unanimously re-elected to a second term from June 1, 2012 to November 30, 2014.

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Although the EU does not have an official capital (member countries alternate as chairs of the Community for six months according to the Latin alphabet), most of the main EU institutions are located in Brussels (Belgium). In addition, some EU bodies are located in Luxembourg, Strasbourg, Frankfurt am Main and other large cities.

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European Union (European Union, EU)
economic and political unification of 27 European states. Aimed at regional integration, the Union was legally enshrined in the Maastricht Treaty in 1992.

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Industry Union 1951-1957
During its existence, European integration has undergone a number of qualitative metamorphoses. In 1951, the initial “cell” of the future Union was the industry association of coal and steel (ECSC) - the Treaty of Paris, when the cartelization of two basic sectors of the economies of six countries took place. The following countries joined the EEC-6 Association: France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg. For the first time, the national governments of these countries voluntarily delegated part of their sovereignty, albeit in a clearly defined area, to a supranational organization.

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Free Trade Zone 1958-1968
In 1957, the same countries signed the historic Treaties of Rome establishing the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community. The Treaties of Rome, together with the Treaty of Paris, created the institutional foundations of the European Community. The founding day of the EEC is considered to be January 1, 1958, when the treaties came into force. All agreements had a common goal - economic growth and a higher standard of living, based on the political union of the peoples of Europe. All three Communities (EEC, ECSC, Euratom) had a common Parliamentary Assembly and Court. In 1958, R. Schumann, an active organizer of European unity, was elected Chairman of the Assembly.

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Customs Union 1968-1986
In accordance with Article 9 of the Treaty of Rome establishing the European Economic Community, the basis of the Community is a customs union, which covers all trade in goods and provides for the prohibition of import and export duties and any fees equivalent in effect in the trade relations of member states, as well as the establishment of a single customs tariff in relations with third countries. Thus, the creation of a customs union had two aspects - internal and external.

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Common Market 1986-1992
Since 1987, in accordance with the decisions of the Single European Act, the countries of the European Union have entered the Common Market stage. Not only goods, but also all other factors of production actually move within the Community: services, capital, etc. In other words, a common market space is being formed. The full functioning of the latter is impossible without the creation of a single monetary and financial space.

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The existing supranational governance structure of the European Union includes:
European Council (decision-making body) European Parliament (representative and advisory body) EU Council of Ministers (legislative body) European Commission (executive body) European Court of Justice (judicial body), Court of Auditors of the European Union (supervisory body) European Central Bank a number of funds and others institutional structures.

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The EU is responsible for issues relating to, inter alia, the common market, the customs union, the single currency (with some members maintaining their own currency), the common agricultural policy and the common fisheries policy.

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Stages of integration development
World practice shows that national economies are moving closer together in stages, moving from a simple stage of integration to a more complex one according to the scheme: free trade area > customs union > common market > economic and monetary unions > full economic and political integration.

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The main declared goals of the Union include:
1. promoting economic and social progress and high levels of employment, achieving balanced and sustainable development, especially through the creation of a space without internal borders, through economic and social cohesion and the creation of an Economic and Monetary Union, including the eventual introduction of a single currency; 2. contributing to the establishment of the identity of the Union in the international arena, especially through the implementation of a common foreign and security policy, including the progressive formation of a common defense policy that could lead to a common defense; 3. strengthening the protection of the rights and interests of citizens of the Member States through the introduction of Union citizenship; 4. preservation and development of the Union as a space of freedom, security and rule of law, in which the free movement of persons is ensured in conjunction with appropriate measures for external border control, asylum, immigration, crime prevention and control; 5. fully preserve the achievements of the Communities and build on them

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In 1994, referendums on joining the EU were held in Austria, Finland, Norway and Sweden. The majority of Norwegians again vote against. Austria, Finland (with the Åland Islands) and Sweden become members of the EU on January 1, 1995. Only Norway, Iceland, Switzerland and Liechtenstein remain members of the European Free Trade Association.

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On May 1, 2004, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Cyprus, and Malta became members of the European Union.

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On December 17, 2005, official EU candidate status was granted to Macedonia.

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Freedom of movement of persons means that a citizen of the European Union can move freely between the countries of the union for the purposes of residence (including retirement, work and study. Providing these opportunities includes simplification of formalities when moving and mutual recognition of professional qualifications.
EU members use a standardized burgundy-colored passport design, identifying the member country, the coat of arms, and the words "European Union" in the country's official language(s).

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In non-cash payments, euros were introduced on January 1, 1999; in cash from January 1, 2002. Euro cash has replaced the national currencies of 13 (out of 27) European Union countries. (in brackets - national currency before the introduction of the euro): Austria (Austrian schilling) Belgium (Belgian franc) Germany (Deutsche mark) Greece (Greek drachma) Ireland (Irish pound) Spain (Spanish peseta) Italy (Italian lira) Luxembourg (Luxembourg franc) ) Netherlands (Dutch guilder) Portugal (escudo) Finland (Finnish mark) France (French franc)

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In addition, the euro was also introduced into circulation: In the dwarf states of Europe that are not formally members of the European Union (Vatican City, San Marino, Andorra and Monaco) In the overseas departments of France (Guadeloupe, Martinique, French Guiana, Reunion) On the islands included part of Portugal (Madeira and the Azores) In the Serbian region of Kosovo, controlled by international peacekeeping forces In Montenegro.
Montenegro
Monaco

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However, the euro has not been introduced in the following countries and territories (in parentheses is the currency used): Liechtenstein (European microstate) (Swiss franc) Netherlands Antilles (autonomous region of the Netherlands) (Antillean guilder) Aruba (autonomous region of the Netherlands) (Aruban florin)

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Russia and the EU
Since 2003, economic relations between the EU and Russia have been governed by the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA). The European Union is Russia's main trading partner. The EU accounts for 54% of Russian imports and 39% of Russian exports. After the enlargement of the European Union, Russia's exports to the EU will amount to more than 50% of its total exports. Russia's share in EU foreign trade is also significant. In 2008, Russia was the fifth trading partner of the EU after the USA, Switzerland, Japan, and China.

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creation of the Schengen space
The Schengen Agreement is an agreement on the abolition of passport and customs controls for a number of states of the European Union, originally signed on June 14, 1985 by five European states (Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, Germany). It came into force on March 26, 1995. The agreement was signed in Schengen, a small town in Luxembourg. Since then, several more states have joined the agreement; as of the end of 2007, the agreement was signed by 30 states and is actually in force (with the abolition of border controls) in 25 states: Austria, Belgium, Hungary, Germany, Greece, Denmark, Iceland, Spain, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands , Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Finland, France, Czech Republic, Switzerland, Sweden, Estonia.

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Visa categories
* Category A. Airport transit visa. Issued to those who travel by air in transit through a Schengen country. It implies permission to stay in the transit territory of the airport zone of a participating country, but does not give the right to move within the country. * Category B. Transit visa, which gives its holder the right to travel once, twice, or as an exception several times through the territory of one of the Schengen member states en route to a third country, and the duration of the transit stay cannot exceed five days. Not issued since 04/05/2010. Replaced by an ordinary short-term visa “C” with a “transit” stamp, * Category C. Tourist visa valid for one or more entries, and the duration of a continuous stay or the total duration of several stays, starting from the moment of the first entry , cannot exceed three months within six months. This type of visa is not available to citizens of countries with a visa-free treaty * Category D. National visas for a stay exceeding 90 days but not exceeding 365 days. * Category C+D. A visa that combines the 2 previous categories. Such a visa is issued by one of the Schengen states for a long-term stay for a period not exceeding 365 days in the territory of the state that issued the visa. In addition, it allows its holders to stay in all Schengen countries for the first 3 months

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In addition to these types of visas, some enshrined in the Schengen Convention, there are also other types of visas, the emergence of which is associated with the use of the flexibilities of the Schengen system. * FTD (UTD) and FRTD (UTD-ZhD). Simplified transit document. A special type of visa issued only for transit between the main territory of Russia and the Kaliningrad region. * LTV category. Visas with limited territorial validity (Limited territorial validity visa). Short-term or transit visas issued at the border in exceptional cases. Such a visa gives the right of transit (LTV B) or entry (LTV C) only to the territory of the Schengen country or countries in which it is valid.

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This stage of integration is characterized by the following features:
scale of expansion; low socio-economic level of candidate countries; strengthening the urgent need for institutional reform in the EU; priority of political considerations over economic ones.

The European Economic Union is an international organization uniting the 27 independent states of Europe, based on the Council of Europe and founded to increase political, economic and social cooperation. Today, the EU is the most effective, authoritative and dynamic of such supranational “constructions”.

Common Market", a state-monopoly organization of 6 Western European countries: France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg, created to unite the national economies of the participating countries into a single "Common Market". The Treaty establishing the EEC was signed in March 1957 in Rome and came into force on January 1. The official goal of the creation of the EEC was declared to be the achievement of “comprehensive development of economic activity” throughout the entire community, “constant and uniform development, increasing stability, a rapid increase in living standards and closer connections between the states that it unites” through the creation of the “Common Market”. The “Common Market” refers to such a unification (integration) of the national markets of the participating countries, which provides for: the gradual elimination of all restrictions on trade between them; introduction of a common customs tariff in trade with third countries; removing obstacles to the free movement of “persons, capital and services”; pursuing a common policy in the field of transport and economics; development of principles for coordinating the economic policies of participating countries; establishment of uniform rules of competition The US ruling circles supported the creation of the EEC, hoping with its help to strengthen the economic base of NATO and rally the forces of Western European imperialism in the fight against the world communist movement. However, the community has become a strong competitor to the United States, squeezing it out in world markets. Hopes for strengthening NATO were also not justified.

Principles of functioning of the European Union: The EEC was originally founded on the rule of law and democracy. The historical diversity of countries, regions and cultures must be preserved. This goal is clearly stated in the provisions of the EEC Treaty. The principle of subsidiarity plays a primary role in this policy. Following this principle, the EU undertakes only those tasks that it can resolve better than the national and local authorities of the member states.

The EEC includes 27 states: Sweden Finland Denmark Ireland England Netherlands Germany Estonia Hungary Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Austria France Italy Greece Spain Belgium Malta Poland Slovakia Slovenia Bulgaria Romania Portugal Cyprus Czech Republic EEC building in Brussels

Today, the European Community, the largest trade and economic bloc of 27 states in the modern world, is Russia’s main political and economic partner. The European Union accounts for about 40% of Russian exports and about 1/3 of foreign investment in the Russian economy. Russia ranks 6th in the list of countries exporting to the EU and 7th among importers, but the problem is that the main product of Russia's exports to the EEC is energy, especially natural gas, the percentage of Russian supplies of other goods to the European Union is negligible.

Created in 1960 with the aim of creating a free trade area, the original members were the UK, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Austria, Switzerland and Portugal. EFTA Flag Headquarters Geneva (Switzerland)

The Stockholm Convention was subsequently replaced by the Vaduz Convention. This Convention provided for the liberalization of trade among member states of the association by 1970 by reducing customs duties and eliminating quantitative restrictions. EFTA was limited to more modest tasks than the EEC. According to the Stockholm Convention, the EFTA customs policy applied only to industrial goods. The EFTA countries did not introduce a single tariff on products imported from third countries and retained national customs duties, thus implementing an independent trade policy. The European Free Trade Association is governed by the EFTA Council. The Council meets twice a month at the level of ministers or permanent representatives. In its activities, it relies on a number of committees: customs experts, trade experts, an economic committee, an advisory committee (representatives of entrepreneurs and trade unions, up to five people from each member state), a committee of parliamentarians, a budget committee, etc. Expert groups convened from time to time consider special issues. The Council monitors the implementation of the EFTA Convention and develops recommendations to the governments of the participating countries. The Secretariat, headed by the Secretary General, provides support to the Council, committees and expert groups. Six departments of the secretariat are responsible for issues of trade, economics, integration, press and information, etc. The EFTA Secretariat is located in Geneva (Switzerland). In connection with the 1992 Agreement on the European Economic Area, two further EFTA organizations were established: the EFTA Supervisory Authority and the EFTA Court. The headquarters of the EFTA Supervisory Authority is in Brussels (as is the headquarters of the European Commission), while the EFTA Court is headquartered in Luxembourg (as is the Court of Justice of the European Union). All governing bodies of the Association, unlike the bodies of the EEC, perform primarily advisory functions.

Finland became an associate member in 1961 (became a full member in 1986), Iceland joined EFTA in 1970. Liechtenstein joined in 1991 (preliminarily, its interests in EFTA were represented by Switzerland). Great Britain (1973), Denmark (1973), Portugal (1986), Finland (1995), Austria (1995), Sweden (1995) left EFTA and became members of the EU. EFTA flag since 1995

The Council is the supreme decision-making body (members of the EFTA Council, members of the European Commission, one representative from each EFTA member), Joint Parliamentary Committee. Medical services in the EEA; Open Method of Coordination and SES; Energy and climate change and implications for the SES; EU future maritime policy and the EEA, as well as Environmental issues of the European northern peaks Joint Committee forum for the exchange of views and information, body for search and decision-making (high officials of the Commission and EU and EFTA Member States), Advisory Committee (members of the Economic and Social EU Committee, members of the EFTA Advisory Committee).

The day-to-day affairs of EFTA are handled by a permanent Secretariat. All governing bodies of the Association, unlike the bodies of the EEC, perform primarily advisory functions. In addition, in connection with the Agreement on the European Economic Area of ​​1992, two more EFTA organizations were established: the EFTA Supervisory Authority and the EFTA Court. The headquarters of the EFTA Supervisory Body is in Brussels (as is the headquarters of the European Commission), while the EFTA Court is headquartered in Luxembourg (as is the European Court of Justice).

Currently, EFTA members have 24 free trade agreements (covering 33 countries) with the following partners: Korea, Republic of Lebanon Macedonia Mexico Montenegro Morocco Palestinian Authority Peru Serbia Singapore Albania Canada Chile Colombia Croatia Egypt Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Hong Kong, China Israel Jordan South African Customs Union (SACU) Tunisia Turkey Ukraine

At the initial stage of integration between the participants, customs duties and quantitative restrictions on mutual trade were abolished, but each participating country still retained its national customs tariff in relation to third countries. During the same period, coordination of domestic economic policy began (primarily in the field of agriculture). Almost simultaneously with the EEC, in 1960, another Western European integration group began to develop - the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). If France played a leading role in the organization of the EEC, then Great Britain became the initiator of EFTA. Initially, EFTA was larger than the EEC - in 1960 it included 7 countries (Austria, Great Britain, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Switzerland, Sweden), later it included 3 more countries (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Finland). However, the EFTA partners were much more diverse than the EEC participants. In addition, Great Britain was superior in economic strength to all its EFTA partners combined, while the EEC had three centers of power (Germany, France, Italy), and the economically strongest country of the EEC did not have absolute superiority. All this predetermined the less successful fate of the second Western European group. The second stage of Western European integration, the customs union, turned out to be the longest - from 1968 to During this period, member countries of the integration group introduced common external customs tariffs for third countries, establishing the level of rates of a single customs tariff for each product item as the arithmetic average of national rates Strong economic crisis 1973–1975 somewhat slowed down the integration process, but did not stop it. Since 1979, the European Monetary System began to operate. The successes of the EEC have made it a center of attraction for other Western European countries

It is important to note that the majority of EFTA countries (first Great Britain and Denmark, then Portugal, in 1995 3 countries at once) “crossed over” to the EEC from EFTA, thereby proving the advantages of the first group over the second. Essentially, EFTA turned out to be a kind of launching pad for most of its participants to join the EEC/EU. The third stage of Western European integration, 1987–1992, was marked by the creation of a common market. According to the Single European Act of 1986, the formation of a single market in the EEC was planned as “a space without internal borders in which the free movement of goods, services, capital and civilians is ensured.” To achieve this, it was planned to eliminate border customs posts and passport control, unify technical standards and taxation systems, and carry out mutual recognition of educational certificates. Since the world economy was booming, all these measures were implemented quite quickly. The outstanding achievements of the EU in the 1980s became a model for the creation of other regional integration blocs of developed countries fearing their economic backwardness. In 1988, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was concluded between the United States and Canada, and Mexico joined this union in 1992. In 1989, on the initiative of Australia, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) organization was formed, whose members initially included 12 countries - both highly developed and newly industrialized (Australia, Brunei, Canada, Indonesia, Malaysia, Japan, New Zealand, South Korea , Singapore, Thailand, Philippines, USA). The fourth stage of Western European integration, the development of an economic union, began in 1993 and continues to this day. His main achievements were the transition to a single Western European currency, the euro, completed in 2002, and the introduction in 1999, in accordance with the Schengen Convention, of a single visa regime