SYSTEM OF STATE TESTING OF PRODUCTS

TESTING AND CONTROL
PRODUCT QUALITY

BASIC TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

GOST 16504-81

USSR STATE COMMITTEE ON STANDARDS

Moscow

DEVELOPED by the USSR State Committee for Standards

PERFORMERS

L. M. Zaks, G. K. Martynov(topic leaders), G. V. Anisimova, V. P. Belyavtsev, Yu. S. Veniaminov, G. A. Gukasyan, M. G. Dolinskaya, V. D. Dudko, L. I. Zavalko, A. A Zenkov, M. G. Iofin, V. V. Kreshchuk, E. N. Leonova, O. G. Lositsky, A. E. Manokhin, M. M. Manzon, V. V. Melentyev, V. P. Nikiforov , V. A. Novikova, E. V. Nikitina, A. G. Osetrov, V. A. Pavlov, O. F. Poslavsky, V. I. Pereponov, V. I. Pronenko, V. N. Smirnov, N K. Sukhov. V. G. Stepanov, E. I. Taver, A. L. Terkel, R. V. Utkina, N. M. Fedotov, I. A. Khalap, S. S. Chernyshev, V. N. Chupyrin, V. I. Churilov, N. G. Sherstyukov, E. P. Schmidt, E. S. Erenburg.

INTRODUCED by the USSR State Committee for Standards

Head of the Department of Certification and State Testing of Products

M. A. Ushakov

APPROVED AND ENTERED INTO EFFECT by Resolution of the USSR State Committee on Standards dated December 8, 1981 No. 5297

STATE STANDARD OF THE USSR UNION

By Decree of the USSR State Committee on Standards dated December 8, 1981 No. 5297, the introduction date was established

from 01/01/1982.

This standard establishes terms used in science, technology and production and definitions of basic concepts in the field of testing and product quality control.

The terms established by this standard are mandatory for use in all types of documentation, scientific, technical, educational and reference literature.

There is one standardized term for each concept. The use of synonymous terms of a standardized term is prohibited.

Synonyms that are unacceptable for use are given in the standard as a reference and are marked “NDP”.

In cases where the necessary and sufficient characteristics of concepts are contained in the literal meaning of the term, the definition is not given, and, accordingly, a dash is placed in the “Definition” column.

For individual standardized terms, the standard provides short forms for reference, which are permitted to be used if the possibility of their different interpretation is excluded.

Standardized terms are printed in bold, short form in light, and unacceptable terms in italics.

The standard provides foreign equivalents for a number of standardized terms in English (E) and French (F) for reference.

The standard provides alphabetical indexes of the terms it contains in Russian and their foreign equivalents.

The reference provides explanations for some terms marked with an asterisk; the reference provides a systematization of the types of tests and control according to their main characteristics.

	Definition
1. TESTS
E. Normal test conditions F. Conditions d'essais normales	Test conditions established by the normative and technical documentation (NTD) for this type of product
E. Test specimen F. Echantillon pour essai	Product or part thereof, or sample directly subjected to experiment during testing
E. Pilot sample	A sample of a product manufactured according to newly developed working documentation for verification by testing of compliance with its specified technical requirements in order to make a decision on the possibility of putting it into production and (or) intended use
F. Modele pour essai	A product, process, phenomenon, mathematical model that is in certain correspondence with the test object and (or) influences on it and is capable of replacing them during the testing process
E. Test mock-up F. Maquette pour essais	A product representing a simplified reproduction of the test object or part thereof and intended for testing
E. Test program F. Programme d'essais	An organizational and methodological document, mandatory for implementation, establishing the object and goals of the tests, the types, sequence and volume of experiments carried out, the order, conditions, place and timing of tests, provision and reporting on them, as well as responsibility for provision and conduct of tests
F. Moyen d'essais	Technical device, substance and (or) material for testing
E. Test equipment F. Equipment d'essais	Testing tool, which is a technical device for reproducing test conditions
F. Systeme d'essais	A set of test tools, performers and certain test objects interacting according to the rules established by the relevant regulatory documentation
E. Accuracy of test results F. Precision des resultsats d'essais	A test property characterized by the closeness of test results to the actual values ​​of the object’s characteristics under certain test conditions
E. Reproducibility of test methods and results F. Reproducibilite des methods et results d'essais	A characteristic determined by the similarity of test results of identical samples of the same object using the same method in different laboratories, by different operators using different equipment
F. Donnees d'essais	The values ​​of the characteristics of the properties of the object and (or) test conditions, operating time, as well as other parameters recorded during testing, which are the initial parameters for subsequent processing
F. Resultat d'essais	Assessment of the characteristics of the object’s properties, establishing the object’s compliance with the specified requirements based on test data, the results of analyzing the quality of the object’s functioning during the testing process
F. Proces-verbal d'essais
E. Test organization F.Organisme d'essais	An organization that is duly entrusted with testing certain types of products or conducting certain types of tests
	An organization that is approved in accordance with the accepted procedure for conducting tests at the state level of the established most important types of products for industrial, technical and cultural purposes.
E. State testing center F. Center national d'essais	A specialized division of the parent organization for state testing, designed to conduct state tests of established critical types of products for industrial, technical and cultural purposes
E. Republican (regional) testing center F. Center republicain (regional) d'essais	An organization approved in the accepted manner for conducting certain categories of tests of assigned types of products produced and (or) developed by enterprises and organizations of the republic (region) regardless of their departmental subordination
E. Testing division F. Unite d'essais	A division of an organization entrusted by the management of the latter with conducting tests for its needs
Basic unit	A unit appointed in the accepted manner to conduct tests of certain types of products or types of tests from among those assigned to the parent organization for state testing
strong point	An organization that is a consumer of products subject to testing, appointed in accordance with the accepted procedure to test these products under operating conditions
E. Investigation test F. Essais de recherche	Tests carried out to study certain characteristics of the properties of an object
F. Essais de controle	Tests carried out to control the quality of an object
E. Comparative test F. Essais comparatifs	Tests of similar or identical objects, carried out under identical conditions to compare the characteristics of their properties
E. Determinative test F. Essais de determination	Tests carried out to determine the values ​​of the characteristics of an object with given values ​​of accuracy and (or) reliability indicators
F. Essais officiels	Tests of established critical types of products conducted by the parent organization for state tests, or acceptance tests conducted by a state commission or testing organization that is granted the right to conduct them
E. Departmental test F. Essais sectoriels	Tests conducted by a commission of representatives of the interested ministry or department
NDP. Structural tests E. Developmental test F. Essais de finition	Research tests carried out during product development in order to assess the impact of changes made to it in order to achieve specified values ​​of its quality indicators
E. Preliminary test F. Essais preliminaires	Control tests of prototypes and (or) pilot batches of products in order to determine the possibility of their presentation for acceptance testing
E. Qualification test F.Essais de qualification	Control tests of the installation series or the first industrial batch, carried out to assess the readiness of the enterprise to produce products of this type in a given volume
E.Predelivery test F. Essais de presentation	Control tests of products carried out by the technical control service of the manufacturer before presenting it for acceptance by a representative of the customer, consumer or other acceptance bodies
E. Approval test F. Essais de reception	Control tests of products during acceptance inspection
E. Periodical test F. Essais periodiques	Control tests of manufactured products, carried out in volumes and within the time limits established by regulatory and technical documentation, in order to control the stability of product quality and the possibility of continuing its production
E. Inspection test F. Essais d'inspection	Control tests of established types of manufactured products, carried out on a random basis in order to control the stability of product quality by specially authorized organizations
NDP. Verification tests	Control tests of manufactured products, carried out to assess the effectiveness and feasibility of changes made to the design, recipe or technological process
E. Evaluation test F. Essais d'attestation	Tests carried out to assess the level of product quality when certifying it according to quality categories
E. Certification test F.Essais de certification	Control tests of products carried out to establish compliance of characteristics and properties with national and (or) international regulatory and technical documents
E. Laboratory test F. Essais de laboratoire	Testing of an object carried out in laboratory conditions
F. Essais au banc	Testing of an object carried out on testing equipment
F. Essais au terrain	Object tests carried out at the test site
E. Test with modeling F. Essais avec utilization des modeles
F. Essais normaux	Tests, methods and conditions of which provide the required amount of information about the characteristics of the properties of the object in the same time interval as under the intended operating conditions.
E. Accelerated test F. Essais acceleres	Tests, methods and conditions of which provide the necessary information about the characteristics of the properties of an object in a shorter time than during normal tests
F. Essais tronques	Tests carried out according to an abbreviated program
E. Environmental test F. Essais climatiques	Climatic testing
E. Thermal test F. Essais thermoques	Thermal testing
E. Radiation test F. Essais de radiation	Tests for exposure to radiation factors
E.Electromagnetic test F. Essais electromagnetiques	Tests for exposure to electromagnetic fields
E.Electric test F. Essais electriques	Electrical voltage, current or zero tests
E. Magnetic test F. Essais magnetiques	Magnetic Field Tests
E. Chemical test F. Essais de resistance chimique	Tests for exposure to special environments
F. Essais biologiques	Biological testing
E.Strength test F. Essais d'endurance	Tests carried out to determine the values ​​of influencing factors that cause the values ​​of the characteristics of the properties of an object to go beyond the established limits or cause its destruction
E. Stability test F. Essais de stabilite	Tests carried out to monitor the ability of a product to perform its functions and maintain parameter values ​​within established standards when exposed to certain factors
E.Functional test F. Essais fonctionnels	Tests carried out to determine the values ​​of indicators for the purpose of an object
E. Reliability test F. Essais de fiabilite	Tests carried out to determine reliability indicators under specified conditions
F. Essais de securite
E. Transportability test F. Essais d'aptitude au transport
E. Marginal test F. Essais limites	Tests carried out to determine the relationship between the maximum permissible values ​​of object parameters and operating mode
E. In-process test F. Essais de technicite	Tests carried out during the manufacture of products to assess their manufacturability
2. CONTROL
General concepts
Control F.Control technique	Checking the object's compliance with established technical requirements
E. Item under inspection F. Objet a controler	Products subject to control, processes of its creation, use, transportation, storage, maintenance and repair, as well as relevant technical documentation
E. Automated control system F. Systeme de controle automatise	A control system that provides control with partial direct human participation
E. Automatic control system F. Systeme de controle automatique	A control system that ensures control without direct human participation
Types of control
E. Manufacturing supervision F. Controle de fabrication	Control carried out at the production stage
E. Field inspection F. Controle en utilization	Control carried out at the stage of product operation
E. 100% inspection F. Controle a 100%	Control of each product unit in the batch
E. Sampling inspection F. Controle par echantillonnage	* GOST R 50779.10-2000, GOST R 50779.11-2000 are in force on the territory of the Russian Federation
E. Registration control F. Controle par enregistrement	Control carried out by recording the values ​​of controlled parameters of products or processes
E. Organoleptic inspection F. Controle organoleptique	Control in which primary information is perceived by the senses
ALPHABETIC INDEX Test equipment certification Certification of testing organizations and departments Certification of test methods Reproducibility of test methods and results Research tests Qualification tests Structural tests Interdepartmental tests Model testing Transportability tests Bearer tests Acceptance tests Certification tests Operational tests Electromagnetic tests Product quality control Organoleptic control Destructive control method Non-destructive testing method Test equipment Object of technical control Stronghold of the parent organization for state testing Head organization for state testing of products Product quality assessment Test division Basic testing unit Automated control system Automatic control system Departmental control system Test conditions are normal Accuracy of test results Departmental testing center State testing center Republican (regional) testing center ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF ENGLISH TERMS 1 Certification of testing organizations and divisions* ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF FRENCH TERMS 1 Organisme pilote pour les essais officiels des produits Reproducibilite des methods et results d'essais Unite d'essais de base d'un organisme pilote** 1 Terms marked with a single asterisk (*) are approximate equivalents; terms marked with two asterisks (**) should be considered translations; terms without symbols are full equivalents. ANNEX 1 Information EXPLANATIONS FOR SOME TERMS Experimental determination of the characteristics of the properties of an object during testing can be carried out by using measurements, analyses, diagnostics, organoleptic methods, by recording certain events during testing (failures, damage), etc. The characteristics of the properties of an object during testing can be assessed if the task of the tests is to obtain quantitative or qualitative estimates, and can be controlled if the task of the tests is only to establish compliance of the characteristics of the object with the specified requirements. In this case, the tests are reduced to control. Therefore, a number of types of tests are control tests, during which the control problem is solved. The most important feature of any tests is the adoption of certain decisions based on their results. Another feature of testing is the setting of certain test conditions (real or simulated), which is understood as a set of impacts on the object and modes of operation of the object. Determination of the characteristics of an object during testing can be carried out both while the object is functioning and in the absence of functioning, in the presence of influences, before or after their application. To the term “Test conditions” () Test conditions include external influencing factors, both natural and artificially created, as well as internal influences caused by the functioning of the object (for example, heating caused by friction or the passage of electric current) and operating modes of the object, methods and place of its installation, installation, fastening, moving speed, etc. To the term “Normal test conditions” () Normal test conditions (values ​​of influencing factors, operating modes) must be specified in the normative and technical documentation for test methods for specific types of products. For example, normal climatic test conditions are established for various types of other technical products. Normal conditions for performing linear and angular measurements, etc. A wide range of types of tests, combined into test categories, are characterized by organizational features of their conduct, namely the level (state, interdepartmental, departmental tests), stages of development (preliminary, acceptance), various types of tests of finished products (qualification, acceptance, periodic , standard, etc.). Based on the results of all these tests, the object as a whole is assessed and an appropriate decision is made - on the possibility of presenting the product for acceptance testing, on putting the product into production, on the completion of the development of mass production, on the possibility of continuing it, on assigning the product one or another quality category, etc. d. To the term “Test object” () The main feature of a test object is that, based on the results of its tests, one or another decision is made on this object - about its suitability or rejection, about the possibility of being presented for the next tests, about the possibility of serial production, and others. Depending on the type of product and testing program, the test object may be a single product or a batch of products subjected to continuous or random control, a separate sample or a batch of products from which a sample specified in the regulatory documentation is taken. The test object may be a mock-up or model of a product, and the decision based on the test results may relate directly to the mock-up or model. However, if, when testing a product, some of its elements have to be replaced for testing with models or certain characteristics of the product must be determined on models, then the object of testing remains the product itself, the assessment of the characteristics of which is obtained on the basis of testing the model. 2. One of several channels of the communication system is presented for testing. In this case, the test object is this communication system channel. 3. A batch of TVs with a volume of N. From N products are sampled in n products for which the characteristics of their properties are determined. Based on the use of selective evaluation and control methods, test results apply to the entire batch of N TVs. In this case, the test object is the entire batch of N TVs. To the term “Test program” () The test program must contain test methods or references to them, if these methods are issued as independent documents. To the term “Test methodology” () The test methodology, which essentially determines the technological process of conducting it, can be formalized in a separate document or in a test program, or in a regulatory and technical document for products (standards, technical specifications). The test method must be certified. To the term “Test tool” () The concept of testing means covers any technical means used during testing. This includes, first of all, test equipment (), which refers to means of reproducing test conditions (). Test instruments include measuring instruments, both built into testing equipment and used during testing to measure certain characteristics of an object or control test conditions. Test facilities should also include auxiliary technical devices for fastening the test object, recording and processing the results. Testing equipment also includes basic and auxiliary substances and materials (reagents, etc.) used during testing. To the term “Test system” () The main characteristic feature of any testing system is the presence of a certain organized set of performers (organizations or individuals) who have the necessary testing means and interact with certain test objects according to established rules. In this sense, they talk, for example, about a system for testing agricultural machines, based on machine testing stations of the State Committee for Agricultural Equipment; on the system of state testing of measuring instruments, based on metrological institutes and regulated by relevant state standards; on the system of state testing of the most important types of products, based on the parent organizations for state testing and regulated by the corresponding set of regulatory documents. To the term "Reproducibility of test methods and results" () The reproducibility of test methods and results, in addition to the test methodology (including method, means, algorithm, etc.) may largely depend on the properties of the test object. If the object is, for example, a batch of products subjected to random testing, then such tests at the supplier and consumer can be carried out on identical samples selected from this batch, in which case the heterogeneity of the products can significantly, sometimes decisively, affect the reproducibility of test results. To the term “Research trials” () Research trials are carried out to: determining or assessing the quality indicators of the functioning of the tested object under certain conditions of its use; selecting the best modes of application of the object or the best characteristics of the properties of the object; comparison of many options for implementing an object during design and certification; constructing a mathematical model of the functioning of an object (estimating the parameters of the mathematical model); selection of significant factors influencing the quality indicators of the facility’s functioning; choosing the type of mathematical model of the object (among a given set of options). To the term “State tests” () By Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 695 of July 12, 1979, the concept of “state tests” was extended to the most important types of products for industrial, technical and cultural purposes. The parent organizations for state testing of these types of products, approved in accordance with the resolution, are entrusted with conducting a wide range of state tests, including, along with acceptance tests, also tests of serial products, imported products, certification and other types of tests. Accordingly, the content of the concept of “state tests” for these most important types of products has been changed. At the same time, for other important types of products, to which the activities of the parent organizations do not apply, the previous content of the concept of “state tests” is retained as acceptance tests conducted by the state commission with the addition of the possibility of conducting them by organizations that have been granted such a right. To the term “Interdepartmental tests” () For certain types of products, the concept of “interdepartmental testing”, by decision of the interested ministries, can refer only to certain categories of tests (for example, only acceptance tests), regardless of the fact that representatives of different ministries may also participate in the testing commissions of other categories. To the term “Acceptance tests” () Acceptance tests of prototypes or batches of products are carried out to decide the feasibility of putting these products into production, and acceptance tests of individually produced products are carried out to decide the feasibility of transferring these products into operation (GOST 15.001-88 *). * GOST R 15.201-2000 is in force on the territory of the Russian Federation. To the term “Acceptance tests” () Acceptance tests are usually carried out by the product manufacturer. If the manufacturer has a representative of the customer, acceptance tests are carried out by him in the presence of a representative of the manufacturer. To the term “Certification tests” () The procedure and conditions for conducting certification tests are established in the certification documentation. Based on the results of these tests, the compliance of product quality with the requirements of national or international standards is verified. To the term “Bench tests” () The concept of “test bench” is interpreted differently in different industries. So, for example, in vibration testing technology, a vibration stand is understood as a vibrating table on which the product being tested is installed, and the entire complex of control and measurement equipment together with the table is called a vibration installation. An engine test stand, on the contrary, includes the entire range of tools necessary to carry out these tests. There are great discrepancies in the interpretation of this term and in foreign terminology. Since the term “test equipment” () as a testing means for reproducing test conditions completely covers all interpretations of the concept “test bench”, then, accordingly, the common term “bench tests” is defined as tests carried out on test equipment. To the term “Full-scale tests” () Full-scale tests are carried out if three main conditions are met: 1. Directly manufactured products (i.e., the test object) are tested without using models of the product or its components. 2. Tests are carried out under conditions and under impacts on the product that correspond to the conditions and impacts of use for their intended purpose. 3. The determined characteristics of the properties of the test object are measured directly and analytical dependencies that reflect the physical structure of the test object and its components are not used. It is allowed to use the mathematical apparatus for statistical processing of experimental data. Examples: 1. An all-round radar station is presented for testing. The purpose of the tests is to determine the detection range of this station for an aircraft of a given type with a given reflective surface. During the testing process, aircraft with a given reflective surface are flown along pre-selected routes, the radar detection range is determined directly (the radar coordinates are known in advance, the aircraft coordinates are known for any moment in time), the detection time is determined during the testing process. In this case, all three of the above conditions are met. Consequently, the radar was subjected to full-scale testing. The tests will remain full-scale if, instead of an aircraft, some physical body with characteristic movements close to the characteristics of an aircraft of a given type with a given reflective surface is used. Tests using models include carrying out calculations on mathematical or physical-mathematical models of the test object and (or) impacts on it in combination with full-scale tests of the object and its components (experimental-theoretical test method), as well as the use of a physical model of the test object or its components. Full-scale test data is necessary as input data for modeling, and is also used to verify the correct functioning of the test object (correct joining of the object’s components, the ability of the object to perform the tasks for which it is intended, etc.). To the term “Operational testing” () One of the main types of operational tests is trial operation. In addition, controlled operation can be carried out, which to some extent can also be classified as operational tests. Controlled operation is a natural operation, the progress and results of which are observed by personnel specially designed and trained for this purpose (additional or full-time) and guided by documentation also developed specifically for the collection, recording and primary processing of information, the source of which is controlled operation. To terms "Mechanical tests" (), "Climate tests" (), "Thermal tests" (), 2. Comparison of primary information with pre-established requirements, norms, criteria, i.e. detection of compliance or non-compliance of actual data with the required (expected). Information about the discrepancy (discrepancy) between actual and required data can be called secondary. The object, data on the state and (or) properties of which are subject to comparison with the established requirements during control, can be a product or process (see explanations and examples of the term “Object of control”). In some cases, the time boundary between the first and second stages of control is indistinguishable. In such cases, the first stage may not be clearly expressed or may be virtually unobservable. A typical example is size control by gauge, which is reduced to the operation of comparing actual and maximum permissible size values. Next, secondary information is used to develop appropriate control actions on the object being monitored. In this sense, any control is always active. It should be noted in this regard that any control, in addition, should always be preventive to one degree or another, since secondary information can be used to improve the development, production and operation of products, to improve their quality, etc. However, decision-making based on the analysis of secondary information and the development of appropriate control actions are no longer part of control. This is the next stage of management, based on the results of control - an integral and essential part of any management. During technical control, primary information is compared with the technical requirements recorded in regulatory documentation, with the characteristics of the control sample, with data recorded using a gauge, etc. At the product development stage, technical control consists, for example, of checking the compliance of the prototype and (or) developed technical documentation with the design rules and technical specifications. At the manufacturing stage, technical control covers quality, completeness, packaging, labeling and quantity of products presented, the progress (condition) of production processes. At the stage of product operation, technical control consists, for example, of checking compliance with the requirements of operational and repair documentation. To the term “Object of technical control” () The objects of technical control are objects of labor (for example, products of primary and auxiliary production in the form of products, materials, technical documentation, etc.), means of labor (for example, equipment of industrial enterprises) and technological processes. To the term “Checkpoint” () The control point of the control object can be a part (element) of the controlled object or located at some distance from it (for example, monitoring the content of carbon monoxide in exhaust gases by its content in the atmosphere outside the pipe). At the control point, a sensor is usually placed, the beginning of the output from the electrical circuit to the measuring device, etc. The control point is the established location for sampling the substance. To the term “Control sample” () A control sample can serve to standardize quality indicators. When monitoring product quality, it is allowed to use duplicates of control samples. The control sample of the product should be distinguished from the basic sample of the product used during its certification (establishing the quality category). A color control sample is a duly approved product sample intended to standardize color and control the accuracy of its reproduction in products during the production process. To the terms “Automatic control system” (), “Automated control system” () An automatic control system consists of control tools that perform all the functions of controllers. In an automated control system, control tools perform only part of the functions of controllers. To the term “Production control” () Production control, as a rule, covers all auxiliary, preparatory and technological operations. To the term “Operational control” () The objects of operational control can be the products in use and the operating process. To the term "Volatile control" () The effectiveness of flying control is determined by its surprise, the rules for ensuring which must be specially developed. Volatile control, as a rule, is carried out directly at the site of manufacture, repair, storage, etc. To the term “Organoleptic control” () Organoleptic control is based on the perception by the senses (vision, hearing, smell, taste and touch) of information that is not presented in numerical terms. The decision regarding the object of control is made in this case only based on the results of the analysis of sensory perceptions (for example, assessment of color shades, assessment of smell, etc.). When organoleptic control, non-measuring means of control can be used, but they increase the resolution or sensitivity of the sensory organs. APPENDIX 2 Information Systematization of types of tests according to main characteristics Test type attribute Type of test Purpose of tests Research Tests Comparative Definitive Test level State Interdepartmental Departmental Product Development Stages Finishing Preliminary Acceptance Testing of finished products Qualification Bearer Acceptance documents Periodic Inspection Attestation Certification Test conditions and location Laboratory Poster Polygon full-scale Model testing Operational Test duration Normal Accelerated Abbreviated Type of impact Mechanical Climatic Thermal Radiation Electrical Electromagnetic Magnetic Chemical Biological Impact result Non-destructive Destructive Durability tests Strength tests Stability tests Determined characteristics of the object Functional Reliability tests Safety tests Transportability tests Boundary tests Technological tests Notes: 1. Tests may have two or more of the listed characteristics. If necessary, the name of the tests includes a list of these characteristics of the types of tests, for example, interdepartmental periodic bench tests for reliability, etc. 2. The test category, characterized by organizational features and decision-making based on the results of assessing the object as a whole, includes types of tests determined by the level of their implementation, stages of development, as well as all tests of finished products. Systematization of types of control according to main characteristics Indicator of the type of control Type of control Stage of creation and existence of products Industrial Operational Production process stage Operating Acceptance Inspection Completeness of control coverage Solid Selective Continuous Periodic Impact on the object of control Destructive Non-destructive Application of controls Measuring Registration Organoleptic Visual Technical inspection

STATE STANDARD OF THE USSR UNION
SYSTEM OF STATE TESTING OF PRODUCTS
TESTING AND CONTROL
PRODUCT QUALITY
BASIC TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
GOST 16504-81
USSR STATE COMMITTEE ON STANDARDS
Moscow
DEVELOPED by the USSR State Committee for Standards
PERFORMERS
L. M. Zaks, G. K. Martynov (topic leaders), G. V. Anisimova, V. P.
Belyavtsev, Yu. S. Veniaminov, G. A. Gukasyan, M. G. Dolinskaya, V. D. Dudko, L. I.
Zavalko, A. A. Zenkov, M. G. Iofin, V. V. Kreshchuk, E. N. Leonova, O. G.
Lositsky, A. E. Manokhin, M. M. Manzon, V. V. Melentyev, V. P. Nikiforov, V. A.
Novikova, E. V. Nikitina, A. G. Osetrov, V. A. Pavlov, O. F. Poslavsky, V. I.
Pereponov, V. I. Pronenko, V. N. Smirnov, N. K. Sukhov. V. G. Stepanov, E. I.
Taver, A. L. Terkel, R. V. Utkina, N. M. Fedotov, I. A. Khalap, S. S. Chernyshev,
V. N. Chupyrin, V. I. Churilov, N. G. Sherstyukov, E. P. Schmidt, E. S. Erenburg.
INTRODUCED by the USSR State Committee for Standards
Head of the Department of Certification and State Testing of Products
M. A. Ushakov
APPROVED AND ENTERED INTO EFFECT by the Decree of the USSR State Committee on
standards of December 8, 1981 No. 5297
STATE STANDARD OF THE USSR UNION
State product testing system
TESTING AND PRODUCT QUALITY CONTROL
Basic terms and definitions
The state system of testing products. Product test and
quality inspection. General terms and definitions
GOST
16504-81
In return
GOST 16504-74
Resolution of the USSR State Committee on Standards dated December 8, 1981
No. 5297, the introduction date has been set
from 01/01/1982
This standard establishes those used in science, technology and production
terms and definitions of basic concepts in the field of testing and quality control
products.
The terms established by this standard are required for use in
documentation of all types, scientific, technical, educational and reference literature.
There is one standardized term for each concept. Application
synonymous terms of a standardized term are prohibited.
Synonyms that are unacceptable for use are given in the standard as
reference and marked “NDP”.
In cases where the necessary and sufficient characteristics of concepts are contained in
the literal meaning of the term, the definition is not given, and, accordingly, in
the “Definition” column is marked with a dash.
For individual standardized terms in the standard are given as
reference short forms that are allowed to be used if possible
different interpretations are excluded.
Standardized terms are printed in bold, the short form is
light, unacceptable - italic.
The standard provides foreign equivalents for a number of
standardized terms in English (E) and French (F) languages.
The standard provides alphabetical indexes of the terms it contains in
Russian language and their foreign equivalents.

SYSTEM OF STATE TESTING OF PRODUCTS

TESTING AND CONTROL
PRODUCT QUALITY

BASIC TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

GOST 16504-81

USSR STATE COMMITTEE ON STANDARDS

Moscow

DEVELOPED by the USSR State Committee for Standards

PERFORMERS

L. M. Zaks, G. K. Martynov(topic leaders), G. V. Anisimova, V. P. Belyavtsev, Yu. S. Veniaminov, G. A. Gukasyan, M. G. Dolinskaya, V. D. Dudko, L. I. Zavalko, A. A Zenkov, M. G. Iofin, V. V. Kreshchuk, E. N. Leonova, O. G. Lositsky, A. E. Manokhin, M. M. Manzon, V. V. Melentyev, V. P. Nikiforov , V. A. Novikova, E. V. Nikitina, A. G. Osetrov, V. A. Pavlov, O. F. Poslavsky, V. I. Pereponov, V. I. Pronenko, V. N. Smirnov, N K. Sukhov. V. G. Stepanov, E. I. Taver, A. L. Terkel, R. V. Utkina, N. M. Fedotov, I. A. Khalap, S. S. Chernyshev, V. N. Chupyrin, V. I. Churilov, N. G. Sherstyukov, E. P. Schmidt, E. S. Erenburg.

INTRODUCED by the USSR State Committee for Standards

Head of the Department of Certification and State Testing of Products

M. A. Ushakov

APPROVED AND ENTERED INTO EFFECT by Resolution of the USSR State Committee on Standards dated December 8, 1981 No. 5297

STATE STANDARD OF THE USSR UNION

By Decree of the USSR State Committee on Standards dated December 8, 1981 No. 5297, the introduction date was established

from 01/01/1982.

This standard establishes terms used in science, technology and production and definitions of basic concepts in the field of testing and product quality control.

The terms established by this standard are mandatory for use in all types of documentation, scientific, technical, educational and reference literature.

There is one standardized term for each concept. The use of synonymous terms of a standardized term is prohibited.

Synonyms that are unacceptable for use are given in the standard as a reference and are marked “NDP”.

In cases where the necessary and sufficient characteristics of concepts are contained in the literal meaning of the term, the definition is not given, and, accordingly, a dash is placed in the “Definition” column.

For individual standardized terms, the standard provides short forms for reference, which are permitted to be used if the possibility of their different interpretation is excluded.

Standardized terms are printed in bold, short form in light, and unacceptable terms in italics.

The standard provides foreign equivalents for a number of standardized terms in English (E) and French (F) for reference.

The standard provides alphabetical indexes of the terms it contains in Russian and their foreign equivalents.

Reference Appendix 1 provides explanations for some terms marked with an asterisk; Reference Appendix 2 provides a systematization of the types of tests and control according to their main characteristics.

	Definition
1. TESTS
1. Tests *	Experimental determination of quantitative and (or) qualitative characteristics of the properties of the test object as a result of the impact on it, during its operation, when modeling the object and (or) impacts. Note. Definition includes assessment and/or control
2. Conditionstests * E. Test conditions F. Conditions d'essais	A set of influencing factors and (or) operating modes of an object during testing
3. Normal test conditions * E. Normal test conditions F. Conditions d'essais normales	Test conditions established by the normative and technical documentation (NTD) for this type of product
4. Viewtests E. Mode of test F. Type d'essai	Classification grouping of tests according to a certain criterion
E. Category of test F. Category d'essai	Type of tests characterized by the organizational feature of their conduct and decision-making based on the results of assessing the object as a whole
6. An objecttests * E. Item under test F. Objet an essayer	Products tested
7. Test sample E. Test specimen F. Echantillon pour essai	Product or part thereof, or sample directly subjected to experiment during testing
8. Prototype E. Pilot sample	A sample of a product manufactured according to newly developed working documentation for verification by testing of compliance with its specified technical requirements in order to make a decision on the possibility of putting it into production and (or) intended use
9. Test model F. Modele pour essai	A product, process, phenomenon, mathematical model that is in certain correspondence with the test object and (or) influences on it and is capable of replacing them during the testing process
10. Test layout E. Test mock-up F. Maquette pour essais	A product representing a simplified reproduction of the test object or part thereof and intended for testing
11. Methodtests F. Methode d'essais	Rules for the application of certain principles and test tools
12. Volumetests E. Extent of test F.Taille des essays	Characteristics of tests, determined by the number of objects and types of tests, as well as the total duration of tests
13. Test program * E. Test program F. Programme d'essais	An organizational and methodological document, mandatory for implementation, establishing the object and goals of the tests, the types, sequence and volume of experiments carried out, the order, conditions, place and timing of tests, provision and reporting on them, as well as responsibility for provision and conduct of tests
14. Methodologytests * E. Test procedure F. Procedure d'essais	An organizational and methodological document, mandatory for implementation, including a test method, means and test conditions, sampling, algorithms for performing operations to determine one or more interrelated characteristics of the properties of an object, forms for presenting data and assessing the accuracy, reliability of results, safety requirements and environmental protection environment
15. Certificationtechniquestests E. Approval of test procedure F. Certification de la procedure d'essais	Determination of the values ​​of accuracy, reliability and (or) reproducibility of test results provided by the methodology and their compliance with specified requirements
16. Test tool * F. Moyen d'essais	Technical device, substance and (or) material for testing
17. Test equipment E. Test equipment F. Equipment d'essais	Testing tool, which is a technical device for reproducing test conditions
18. Certificationprobationaryequipment E. Certification of test equipment F. Certification de l'equipement d'essais	Determining the standardized accuracy characteristics of testing equipment, their compliance with the requirements of regulatory and technical documentation and establishing the suitability of this equipment for operation
19. Test system * F. Systeme d'essais	A set of test tools, performers and certain test objects interacting according to the rules established by the relevant regulatory documentation
20. Accuracy of test results E. Accuracy of test results F. Precision des resultsats d'essais	A test property characterized by the closeness of test results to the actual values ​​of the object’s characteristics under certain test conditions
21. Reproducibility of test methods and results * E. Reproducibility of test methods and results F. Reproducibilite des methods et results d'essais	A characteristic determined by the similarity of test results of identical samples of the same object using the same method in different laboratories, by different operators using different equipment
22. Test data F. Donnees d'essais	The values ​​of the characteristics of the properties of the object and (or) test conditions, operating time, as well as other parameters recorded during testing, which are the initial parameters for subsequent processing
23. Test result F. Resultat d'essais	Assessment of the characteristics of the object’s properties, establishing the object’s compliance with the specified requirements based on test data, the results of analyzing the quality of the object’s functioning during the testing process
24. Test report F. Proces-verbal d'essais
25. Testpolygon E. Testing (proving) ground F. Terrain d'essais	The territory and testing facilities on it, equipped with testing facilities and ensuring testing of the object in conditions close to the operating conditions of the object
26. Test organization E. Test organization F.Organisme d'essais	An organization that is duly entrusted with testing certain types of products or conducting certain types of tests
27. Leading organization for state testing of products	An organization that is approved in accordance with the accepted procedure for conducting tests at the state level of the established most important types of products for industrial, technical and cultural purposes.
28. State testing center E. State testing center F. Center national d'essais	A specialized division of the parent organization for state testing, designed to conduct state tests of established critical types of products for industrial, technical and cultural purposes
29. Republican (regional) testing center E. Republican (regional) testing center F. Center republicain (regional) d'essais	An organization approved in the accepted manner for conducting certain categories of tests of assigned types of products produced and (or) developed by enterprises and organizations of the republic (region) regardless of their departmental subordination
30. Departmentaltestcenter E. Departmental testing center F. Center sectoriel d'essais	An organization entrusted by a ministry or department with carrying out certain categories of tests of assigned types of products produced and (or) developed by enterprises and organizations of this ministry or department
31. Test unit E. Testing division F. Unite d'essais	A division of an organization entrusted by the management of the latter with conducting tests for its needs
32. Basic testing unit of the parent organization Basic unit	A unit appointed in the accepted manner to conduct tests of certain types of products or types of tests from among those assigned to the parent organization for state testing
33. Stronghold of the parent organization for state testing of products strong point	An organization that is a consumer of products subject to testing, appointed in accordance with the accepted procedure to test these products under operating conditions
34. Certification of testing organizations and departments E. Certification of testing organizations and divisions F. Agrement des organismes et des units d'essais	Certification of the competence of testing organizations and departments and their equipment, ensuring that all tests of specified types of products and (or) types of tests provided for in the regulatory and technical documentation are carried out at the proper technical level
Types of tests
35. Research tests * E. Investigation test F. Essais de recherche	Tests carried out to study certain characteristics of the properties of an object
36. Control tests F. Essais de controle	Tests carried out to control the quality of an object
37. Comparative tests E. Comparative test F. Essais comparatifs	Tests of similar or identical objects, carried out under identical conditions to compare the characteristics of their properties
38. Definitive tests E. Determinative test F. Essais de determination	Tests carried out to determine the values ​​of the characteristics of an object with given values ​​of accuracy and (or) reliability indicators
39. State tests * F. Essais officiels	Tests of established critical types of products conducted by the parent organization for state tests, or acceptance tests conducted by a state commission or testing organization that is granted the right to conduct them
40. Interdepartmentaltests * E. Interdepartmental test F. Essais intersectoriels	Testing of products conducted by a commission of representatives of several interested ministries and (or) departments, or acceptance tests of established types of products for acceptance of components of an object developed jointly by several departments
41. Departmental tests E. Departmental test F. Essais sectoriels	Tests conducted by a commission of representatives of the interested ministry or department
42. Development tests NDP. Structural tests E. Developmental test F. Essais de finition	Research tests carried out during product development in order to assess the impact of changes made to it in order to achieve specified values ​​of its quality indicators
43. Preliminary tests E. Preliminary test F. Essais preliminaires	Control tests of prototypes and (or) pilot batches of products in order to determine the possibility of their presentation for acceptance testing
44. Acceptancetests * E. Acceptance test F. Essais d'acceptance	Control tests of prototypes, pilot batches of products or single-production products, carried out respectively in order to decide the feasibility of putting these products into production and (or) using them for their intended purpose
45. Qualification tests E. Qualification test F.Essais de qualification	Control tests of the installation series or the first industrial batch, carried out to assess the readiness of the enterprise to produce products of this type in a given volume
46. ​​Presentation tests E.Predelivery test F. Essais de presentation	Control tests of products carried out by the technical control service of the manufacturer before presenting it for acceptance by a representative of the customer, consumer or other acceptance bodies
47. Acceptance tests * E. Approval test F. Essais de reception	Control tests of products during acceptance inspection
48. Periodic tests E. Periodical test F. Essais periodiques	Control tests of manufactured products, carried out in volumes and within the time limits established by regulatory and technical documentation, in order to control the stability of product quality and the possibility of continuing its production
49. Inspection tests E. Inspection test F. Essais d'inspection	Control tests of established types of manufactured products, carried out on a random basis in order to control the stability of product quality by specially authorized organizations
50. Type tests NDP. Verification tests	Control tests of manufactured products, carried out to assess the effectiveness and feasibility of changes made to the design, recipe or technological process
51. Certification tests E. Evaluation test F. Essais d'attestation	Tests carried out to assess the level of product quality when certifying it according to quality categories
52. Certification tests * E. Certification test F.Essais de certification	Control tests of products carried out to establish compliance of characteristics and properties with national and (or) international regulatory and technical documents
53. Laboratory tests E. Laboratory test F. Essais de laboratoire	Testing of an object carried out in laboratory conditions
54. Bench tests * F. Essais au banc	Testing of an object carried out on testing equipment
55. Field tests F. Essais au terrain	Object tests carried out at the test site
56. full-scaletests * E. Verification test in situ F. Essais in situ	Testing of an object in conditions corresponding to the conditions of its use for its intended purpose with direct assessment or control of the determined characteristics of the object’s properties
57. Model testing * E. Test with modeling F. Essais avec utilization des modeles
58. Performance tests * F. Essais pratiques	Tests of the object carried out during operation
59. Normal tests F. Essais normaux	Tests, methods and conditions of which provide the required amount of information about the characteristics of the properties of the object in the same time interval as under the intended operating conditions.
60. Accelerated tests E. Accelerated test F. Essais acceleres	Tests, methods and conditions of which provide the necessary information about the characteristics of the properties of an object in a shorter time than during normal tests
61. Short tests F. Essais tronques	Tests carried out according to an abbreviated program
62. Mechanicaltests * E. Mechanical test F. Essais mecaniques	Tests for the influence of mechanical factors
63. Climatic tests * E. Environmental test F. Essais climatiques	Climatic testing
64. Thermal tests * F. Essais thermoques	Thermal testing
65. Radiation tests E. Radiation test F. Essais de radiation	Tests for exposure to radiation factors
66. Electromagnetic testing * E.Electromagnetic test F. Essais electromagnetiques	Tests for exposure to electromagnetic fields
67. Electrical tests * E.Electric test F. Essais electriques	Electrical voltage, current or zero tests
68. Magnetic tests * E. Magnetic test F. Essais magnetiques	Magnetic Field Tests
69. Chemical tests * E. Chemical test F. Essais de resistance chimique	Tests for exposure to special environments
70. Biological tests * F. Essais biologiques	Biological testing
71. Non-destructivetests E.Nondestructive test F. Essais non-destructifs	Tests using non-destructive testing methods
72. Destructivetests E. Destructive test F. Essais destructifs	Tests using destructive testing methods
73. Strength tests E.Strength test F. Essais d'endurance	Tests carried out to determine the values ​​of influencing factors that cause the values ​​of the characteristics of the properties of an object to go beyond the established limits or cause its destruction
74. Stability tests E. Stability test F. Essais de stabilite	Tests carried out to monitor the ability of a product to perform its functions and maintain parameter values ​​within established standards when exposed to certain factors
75. Functional tests E.Functional test F. Essais fonctionnels	Tests carried out to determine the values ​​of indicators for the purpose of an object
76. Reliability tests E. Reliability test F. Essais de fiabilite	Tests carried out to determine reliability indicators under specified conditions
77. Safety tests F. Essais de securite
78. Transportability tests E. Transportability test F. Essais d'aptitude au transport
79. Boundary tests E. Marginal test F. Essais limites	Tests carried out to determine the relationship between the maximum permissible values ​​of object parameters and operating mode
80. Technological tests E. In-process test F. Essais de technicite	Tests carried out during the manufacture of products to assess their manufacturability
2. CONTROL
General concepts
81. Technical control * Control F.Control technique	Checking the object's compliance with established technical requirements
82. Controlqualityproducts E. Product quality inspection F. Controle de la qualité des produits	Control of quantitative and (or) qualitative characteristics of product properties
83. Assessmentqualityproducts E. Assessment of product quality F. Estimation de la qualite des products	Determination of product characteristics values ​​indicating accuracy and (or) reliability
84. Object of technical control * E. Item under inspection F. Objet a controler	Products subject to control, processes of its creation, use, transportation, storage, maintenance and repair, as well as relevant technical documentation
85. Viewcontrol E. Mode of inspection F. Type de controle	Classification grouping of control according to a certain criterion
86. Volumecontrol E. Amount of inspection F. Taille du controle	The number of objects and the set of controlled characteristics installed for inspection
87. Methodcontrol E. Inspection method F. Methode de controle	Rules for the application of certain principles and controls
88. Methoddestructivecontrol E. Method of destructive inspection F. Methode destructive	A control method that may impair the suitability of an object for use.
89. Methodnon-destructivecontrol E. Method of nondestructive inspection F. Methode non-destructive	A control method in which the suitability of an object for use should not be impaired
90. Meanscontrol E. Inspection means F. Moyens de controle	Technical device, substance and (or) material for control
91. Controlledsign E. Characteristic under control F. Caractere a controler	Characteristics of the object subject to control
92. Controldot * E. Point of inspection F. Point of control	Location of the primary source of information about the controlled parameter of the controlled object
93. Controlsample * E. Reference specimen F. Specimen temoin	A unit of product or part thereof, or a sample, approved in accordance with the established procedure, the characteristics of which are taken as the basis for the manufacture and control of the same product
94. Systemcontrol E. Inspection system F. Systeme du controle	A set of control means, performers and certain control objects interacting according to the rules established by the relevant regulatory documentation
95. Systemdepartmentalcontrol E. Departmental management system F. Systeme du controle sectoriel	Control system carried out by bodies of a ministry or department
96. Automated control system * E. Automated control system F. Systeme de controle automatise	A control system that provides control with partial direct human participation
97. Automatic control system * E. Automatic control system F. Systeme de controle automatique	A control system that ensures control without direct human participation
Types of control
98. Production control * E. Manufacturing supervision F. Controle de fabrication	Control carried out at the production stage
99. Operational control * E. Field inspection F. Controle en utilization	Control carried out at the stage of product operation
100. Inputcontrol E. incoming inspection F. Controle a l'entree	Control of supplier products received by the consumer or customer and intended for use in the manufacture, repair or operation of products
101. Operatingcontrol E. Operational inspection F. Controle des operations	Inspection of a product or process during or after completion of a process operation
102. Acceptancecontrol E. Acceptance inspection F. Controle de reception	Product control, based on the results of which a decision is made on its suitability for supply and (or) use
103. Inspectioncontrol E. Inspection check-up	Control carried out by specially authorized persons in order to verify the effectiveness of previously performed control
104. Complete control E. 100% inspection F. Controle a 100%	Control of each product unit in the batch
105. Sampling control E. Sampling inspection F. Controle par echantillonnage	According to GOST 15895-77 * * GOST R 50779.10-2000, GOST R 50779.11-2000 are in force on the territory of the Russian Federation
106. Volatilecontrol * E. Casual inspection F. Controle volant	Control carried out at random times
107. Continuouscontrol E. Continuous inspection F. Controle continuity	Control, in which the flow of information about controlled parameters occurs continuously
108. Periodiccontrol E. Periodical inspection F. Controle periodique	Control, in which information about monitored parameters is received at set intervals
109. Destructivecontrol E. Destructive inspection F. Controle destructif
110. Non-destructivecontrol E. Nondestructive inspection F. Controle non-destructif
111. Measuringcontrol E. Control by measurement F. Controle par measures	Control carried out using measuring instruments
112. Registration control E. Registration control F. Controle par enregistrement	Control carried out by recording the values ​​of controlled parameters of products or processes
113. Organoleptic control * E. Organoleptic inspection F. Controle organoleptique	Control in which primary information is perceived by the senses
114. Visualcontrol E. Visual inspection F. Controle visual	Organoleptic control carried out by the organs of vision
115. Technicalinspection E. Technical check-up F.Visit technique	Control carried out mainly using the senses and, if necessary, control means, the nomenclature of which is established by the relevant documentation

(Changed edition. Change No. 1 ).

ALPHABETIC INDEX

Test equipment certification 18

Certification of testing organizations and departments 34

Certification of test methods 15

Test type 4

Type of control 85

Reproducibility of test methods and results 21

Test data 22

Tests 1

Certification tests 51

Biological tests 70

Departmental tests 41

State tests 39

Boundary tests 79

Development tests 42

Research tests 35

Inspection tests 49

Qualification tests 45

Climatic tests 63

Structural tests 42

Control tests 36

Laboratory tests 53

Magnetic tests 68

Interdepartmental tests 40

Mechanical tests 62

Tests using models 57

Safety tests 77

Reliability tests 76

Determinative tests 38

Strength tests 73

Transportability tests 78

Stability tests 74

Full-scale tests 56

Non-destructive tests 71

Tests normal 59

Periodic tests 48

Field tests 55

Preliminary tests 43

Bearer tests 46

Acceptance tests 47

Acceptance tests 44

Verification tests 50

Radiation tests 65

Destructive tests 72

Certification tests 52

Shortened tests 61

Comparative tests 37

Bench tests 54

Thermal tests 64

Technological tests 80

Type tests 50

Accelerated tests 60

Functional tests 75

Chemical tests 69

Operational tests 58

Electrical tests 107

Electromagnetic tests 66

Visual control 114

Selective control 105

Control input 100

Measuring control 111

Inspection control 103

Product quality control 82

Volatile control 106

Continuous monitoring 107

Non-destructive testing 110

Operational control 101

Organoleptic control 113

Periodic control 108

Acceptance control 102

Production control 98

Destructive control 109

Registration control 112

Continuous control 104

Technical control 81

Operational control 99

Test layout 10

Test method 11

Test model 9

Control method 87

Destructive control method 88

Non-destructive testing method 89

Test procedure 14

Test equipment 17

Control sample 93

Scope of control 86

Test volume 12

Test object 6

Technical control object 84

Experimental sample 8

Stronghold of the parent organization for state testing 33

Testing organization 26

Head organization for state testing of products 27

Technical inspection 115

Product quality assessment 83

Test unit 31

Basic testing unit 32

Test site 25

Controlled sign 91

Test program 13

Test report 24

Test result 23

Test system 19

Control system 94

Automated control system 96

Automatic control system 97

Departmental control system 95

Test facilities 16

Control 90

Test conditions 2

Test conditions normal 3

Checkpoint 92

Test results accuracy 20

Departmental testing center 30

State testing center 28

Republican (regional) testing center 29

(Changed edition. Change No. 1 ).

ALPHABETIC INDEX OF TERMS IN ENGLISH 1

Accelerated test 60

Acceptance inspection 102

Acceptance test 44

Accuracy of test results 20

Amount of inspection 86

Approval of test procedure * 15

Approval test 47

Assessment of product quality 83

Automated control system 96

Automatic control system 97

Base testing division of head organization 32

Biological test 70

Casual inspection** 106

Category of test 5

Certification of test equipment * 18

Certification of testing organizations and divisions * 34

Certification test 52

Characteristic under control 91

Comparative test 37

Continuous inspection 107

Control by measurement 111

Departmental management system 95

Departmental test 11

Departmental testing center 30

Destructive inspection 110

Destructive inspection method 88

Destructive test 72

Developmental test 42

Durability test 76

Electric test 67

Electromagnetic test 66

Environmental test 63

Evaluation test * 51

Extent of test 12

Field inspection 99

Functional test 75

Head organization for state product test 27

Incoming inspection 100

In-process test * 80

100% inspection 104

Inspection check-up 103

Inspection means 90

Inspection method 87

Inspection system 94

Inspection test 49

Interdepartmental test 40

Investigation test 35

Item under inspection 84

Item under test 6

Laboratory test 53

Magnetic test 68

Manufacturing supervision 98

Marginal test 79

Mechanical test 62

Mode of inspection 85

Nondestructive inspection 110

Nondestructive inspection method 89

Nondestructive test 71

Normal test conditions 3

Operational inspection 101

Organoleptic inspection 113

Periodical inspection 108

Periodical test 48

Point of inspection 92

Predelivery test * 46

Preliminary test 43

Product quality assessment 83

Product quality inspection 82

Qualification test 45

Radiation test 65

Reference specimen 93

Registration control** 112

Reliability test 76

Reproducibility of test methods and results 21

Republican (regional) testing center ** 29

Sampling inspection 105

Stability test 74

Stale testing center 28

Strength test 73

Technical check-up 115

Test conditions 2

Test equipment 17

Test procedure 14

Test with modeling 57

Testing division 31

Testing (proving) ground 25

Testing organization 26

Testing station accredited by head organization 33

Transportability test 75

Verification test in situ * 55

Visual inspection 114

(Changed edition. Change No. 1 ).

ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF FRENCH TERMS 1

Agrement des organismes et des units d'essais 34

Caractere a conlroler 91

Category d'essais 5

Center national d'essais 28

Center republicain (regional) d'essais 29

Center sectoriel d'essais 30

Certification de la procedure d'essais 15

Certification de 1'equipement d'essais 14

Conditions d'essais 2

Conditions d'essais normales 3

Controle a 100% 101

Controle a 1'entree 100

Control continu 107

Controle de fabrication 98

Controle de la qualite des products 82

Controle de reception 102

Controle des operations * 101

Controle destructif 109

Controle en utilization 99

Controle non-destructif 110

Controle organoleptique 113

Controle par echantillonnage 105

Controle par registration 112

Controle par measures 111

Controle periodique 108

Controle sectoriel 93

Control technique 81

Controle visual 114

Controle volant 106

Donnees d'essais 22

Echantillon pour essai 7

Equipment d'essais 17

Essais acceleres 60

Essais au banc 54

Essais au terrain 55

Essais avec utilization des modeles * 57

Essais biologiques 70

Essais climatiques 63

Essays comparatifs 37

Essais d'acceptance 44

Essais d'aptitude au transport 78

Essais d'attestation * 51

Essais de certification 52

Essais de controle 36

Essais de determination 38

Essais d'endurance * 73

Essais de fiabilite 76

Essais de definition 42

Essais de laboratoire 53

Essais de presentation 46

Essais de radiation 65

Essais de recherches 35

Essais de resistance chimique 69

Essais de stabilite * 74

Essais destructits 72

Essais de qualification 45

Essais de reception 47

Essais de securite 77

Essais de technicite ** 80

Essais dinspection * 49

Essais electriqucs 67

Essais electromagnetiques 6

Essais fonctionnels 75

Essais in situ 56

Essais intersectoriels 40

Essais limites 79

Essais magnetiques 68

Essais mecaniques 62

Essais non-destructifs 71

Essais normaux 59

Essais ofticiels 39

Essays periodiques 48

Essais pratiques 58

Essays preliminaires 43

Essais secloriels 41

Essais thermoques 64

Essais tronques 61

Estimation de la qualite des products 83

Maquelle pour essais 10

Methode de controle 87

Methode d'essais 11

Methode destructive 88

Methode non-destructive 89

Modele pour essais 9

Moyen de controle 90

Moyen d'essais 16

Objet an essayer 6

Objet a controler 84

Organisme d'essais 26

Organisme pilote pour les essais officiels des produits 27

Point de controle 92

Precision results d'essais 20

Procedure d'essais 14

Proces-verbal d'essais 24

Program d'essais 13

Reproducibilite des methods et results d'essais 21

Results d'essais 23

Specimen temoin 93

Systeme de controle automatique 97

Systeme de controle automation 96

Systeme d'essais 19

Systeme du controle 94

Systeme du controle sectoriel 95

Taille des essays * 12

Taille du controle * 86

Terrain d'essais 25

Type de controle 85

Type d'essais 4

Unite d'essais 31

Unite d'essais de base d'un organisme pilote ** 32

Visit technique 115

1 Terms marked with a single asterisk (*) are approximate equivalents; terms marked with two asterisks (**) should be considered translations; terms without symbols are full equivalents.

(Changed edition. Change No. 1 ).

ANNEX 1

Information

EXPLANATIONS FOR SOME TERMS

To the term “Tests” (clause 1)

Experimental determination of the characteristics of the properties of an object during testing can be carried out by using measurements, analyses, diagnostics, organoleptic methods, by recording certain events during testing (failures, damage), etc.

The characteristics of the properties of an object during testing can be assessed if the task of the tests is to obtain quantitative or qualitative estimates, and can be controlled if the task of the tests is only to establish compliance of the characteristics of the object with the specified requirements. In this case, the tests are reduced to control. Therefore, a number of types of tests are control tests, during which the control problem is solved.

The most important feature of any tests is the adoption of certain decisions based on their results.

Another feature of testing is the setting of certain test conditions (real or simulated), which is understood as a set of impacts on the object and modes of operation of the object.

Determination of the characteristics of an object during testing can be carried out both while the object is functioning and in the absence of functioning, in the presence of influences, before or after their application.

To the term “Test conditions” (clause 2)

Test conditions include external influencing factors, both natural and artificially created, as well as internal influences caused by the functioning of the object (for example, heating caused by friction or the passage of electric current) and operating modes of the object, methods and place of its installation, installation, fastening, moving speed, etc.

(Changed edition. Change No. 1 ).

To the term “Normal test conditions” (clause 3)

Normal test conditions (values ​​of influencing factors, operating modes) must be specified in the normative and technical documentation for test methods for specific types of products. For example, normal climatic test conditions are established for various types of other technical products. Normal conditions for performing linear and angular measurements, etc.

A wide range of types of tests, combined into test categories, are characterized by organizational features of their conduct, namely the level (state, interdepartmental, departmental tests), stages of development (preliminary, acceptance), various types of tests of finished products (qualification, acceptance, periodic , standard, etc.).

Based on the results of all these tests, the object as a whole is assessed and an appropriate decision is made - on the possibility of presenting the product for acceptance testing, on putting the product into production, on the completion of the development of mass production, on the possibility of continuing it, on assigning the product one or another quality category, etc. d.

To the term “Test object” (clause 6)

The main feature of a test object is that, based on the results of its tests, one or another decision is made on this object - about its suitability or rejection, about the possibility of being presented for the next tests, about the possibility of serial production, and others.

Depending on the type of product and testing program, the test object may be a single product or a batch of products subjected to continuous or random control, a separate sample or a batch of products from which a sample specified in the regulatory documentation is taken.

The test object may be a mock-up or model of a product, and the decision based on the test results may relate directly to the mock-up or model. However, if, when testing a product, some of its elements have to be replaced for testing with models or certain characteristics of the product must be determined on models, then the object of testing remains the product itself, the assessment of the characteristics of which is obtained on the basis of testing the model.

Examples: 1. A computer is tested as part of input and output devices, a storage device, an arithmetic device, etc. The test object is the computer as a whole.

2. One of several channels of the communication system is presented for testing. In this case, the test object is this communication system channel.

3. A batch of TVs with a volume of N. From N products are sampled in n products for which the characteristics of their properties are determined. Based on the use of selective evaluation and control methods, test results apply to the entire batch of N TVs. In this case, the test object is the entire batch of N TVs.

To the term “Test Program” (paragraph 13)

The test program must contain test methods or references to them, if these methods are issued as independent documents.

To the term “Test Methodology” (paragraph 14)

The test methodology, which essentially determines the technological process of conducting it, can be formalized in a separate document or in a test program, or in a regulatory and technical document for products (standards, technical specifications). The test method must be certified.

To the term “Test device” (paragraph 16)

The concept of testing means covers any technical means used during testing. This includes, first of all, test equipment (clause 17), which refers to means of reproducing test conditions (clause 2). Test instruments include measuring instruments, both built into testing equipment and used during testing to measure certain characteristics of an object or control test conditions. Test facilities should also include auxiliary technical devices for fastening the test object, recording and processing the results.

Testing equipment also includes basic and auxiliary substances and materials (reagents, etc.) used during testing.

To the term “Test system” (paragraph 19)

The main characteristic feature of any testing system is the presence of a certain organized set of performers (organizations or individuals) who have the necessary testing means and interact with certain test objects according to established rules. In this sense, they talk, for example, about a system for testing agricultural machines, based on machine testing stations of the State Committee for Agricultural Equipment; on the system of state testing of measuring instruments, based on metrological institutes and regulated by relevant state standards; on the system of state testing of the most important types of products, based on the parent organizations for state testing and regulated by the corresponding set of regulatory documents.

To the term "Reproducibility of test methods and results» (paragraph 21)

The reproducibility of test methods and results, in addition to the test methodology (including method, means, algorithm, etc.) may largely depend on the properties of the test object.

If the object is, for example, a batch of products subjected to random testing, then such tests at the supplier and consumer can be carried out on identical samples selected from this batch, in which case the heterogeneity of the products can significantly, sometimes decisively, affect the reproducibility of test results.

(Changed edition. Change No. 1 ).

To the term “Research trials” (paragraph 35)

Research trials are carried out to:

determining or assessing the quality indicators of the functioning of the tested object under certain conditions of its use;

selecting the best modes of application of the object or the best characteristics of the properties of the object;

comparison of many options for implementing an object during design and certification;

constructing a mathematical model of the functioning of an object (estimating the parameters of the mathematical model);

selection of significant factors influencing the quality indicators of the facility’s functioning;

choosing the type of mathematical model of the object (among a given set of options).

To the term “State tests” (paragraph 39)

By Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 695 of July 12, 1979, the concept of “state tests” was extended to the most important types of products for industrial, technical and cultural purposes. The parent organizations for state testing of these types of products, approved in accordance with the resolution, are entrusted with conducting a wide range of state tests, including, along with acceptance tests, also tests of serial products, imported products, certification and other types of tests. Accordingly, the content of the concept of “state tests” for these most important types of products has been changed.

At the same time, for other important types of products, to which the activities of the parent organizations do not apply, the previous content of the concept of “state tests” is retained as acceptance tests conducted by the state commission with the addition of the possibility of conducting them by organizations that have been granted such a right.

To the term “Interdepartmental tests” (paragraph 40)

For certain types of products, the concept of “interdepartmental testing”, by decision of the interested ministries, can refer only to certain categories of tests (for example, only acceptance tests), regardless of the fact that representatives of different ministries may also participate in the testing commissions of other categories.

To the term “Acceptance tests” (paragraph 44)

Acceptance tests of prototypes or batches of products are carried out to decide the feasibility of putting these products into production, and acceptance tests of individually produced products are carried out to decide the feasibility of transferring these products into operation ( GOST 15.001-88 *).

* Valid on the territory of the Russian Federation GOST R 15.201-2000.

(Changed edition. Change No. 1 ).

To the term “Acceptance tests” (paragraph 47)

Acceptance tests are usually carried out by the product manufacturer. If the manufacturer has a representative of the customer, acceptance tests are carried out by him in the presence of a representative of the manufacturer.

To the term “Certification tests” (paragraph 52)

The procedure and conditions for conducting certification tests are established in the certification documentation. Based on the results of these tests, the compliance of product quality with the requirements of national or international standards is verified.

To the term “Bench tests” (paragraph 54)

The concept of “test bench” is interpreted differently in different industries. So, for example, in vibration testing technology, a vibration stand is understood as a vibrating table on which the product being tested is installed, and the entire complex of control and measurement equipment together with the table is called a vibration installation.

An engine test stand, on the contrary, includes the entire range of tools necessary to carry out these tests. There are great discrepancies in the interpretation of this term and in foreign terminology.

Since the term “test equipment” (clause 17) as a testing means for reproducing test conditions fully covers all interpretations of the concept “test bench”, then, accordingly, the common term “bench tests” is defined as tests carried out on test equipment.

To the term “Full-scale tests” (paragraph 56)

Full-scale tests are carried out if three main conditions are met:

1. Directly manufactured products (i.e., the test object) are tested without using models of the product or its components.

2. Tests are carried out under conditions and under impacts on the product that correspond to the conditions and impacts of use for their intended purpose.

3. The determined characteristics of the properties of the test object are measured directly and analytical dependencies that reflect the physical structure of the test object and its components are not used. It is allowed to use the mathematical apparatus for statistical processing of experimental data.

Examples: 1. An all-round radar station is presented for testing. The purpose of the tests is to determine the detection range of this station for an aircraft of a given type with a given reflective surface. During the testing process, aircraft with a given reflective surface are flown along pre-selected routes, the radar detection range is determined directly (the radar coordinates are known in advance, the aircraft coordinates are known for any moment in time), the detection time is determined during the testing process. In this case, all three of the above conditions are met. Consequently, the radar was subjected to full-scale testing.

The tests will remain full-scale if, instead of an aircraft, some physical body with characteristic movements close to the characteristics of an aircraft of a given type with a given reflective surface is used.

2. Under the conditions of example 1, tests are carried out without the use of an aircraft. During testing, the sensitivity of the radar receiving path, transmitter power, frequency of emitted energy, etc. are directly measured. The measurement results are substituted into the radar formula and the detection range of the radar is determined. In this case, the third of the above conditions is not met (in fact, a mathematical model is used - the radar formula) and the radar tests are not full-scale.

To the term “Tests using models” (paragraph 57)

Tests using models include carrying out calculations on mathematical or physical-mathematical models of the test object and (or) impacts on it in combination with full-scale tests of the object and its components (experimental-theoretical test method), as well as the use of a physical model of the test object or its components. Full-scale test data is necessary as input data for modeling, and is also used to verify the correct functioning of the test object (correct joining of the object’s components, the ability of the object to perform the tasks for which it is intended, etc.).

To the term “Operational testing” (paragraph 58)

One of the main types of operational tests is trial operation. In addition, controlled operation can be carried out, which to some extent can also be classified as operational tests. Controlled operation is a natural operation, the progress and results of which are observed by personnel specially designed and trained for this purpose (additional or full-time) and guided by documentation also developed specifically for the collection, recording and primary processing of information, the source of which is controlled operation.

To terms
"Mechanical tests" (paragraph 62),
"Climate tests" (paragraph 63),
"Thermal tests" (paragraph 64),
"Radiation tests" (paragraph 65),
"Electrical tests" (paragraph 67)
"Electromagnetic tests" (paragraph 66)
"Magnetic tests" (paragraph 68),
"Chemical tests" (paragraph 69),
"Biological tests" (paragraph 70)

The listed types of tests are carried out to check the performance and (or) preservation of the appearance of products within the limits established by the normative and technical documentation, under the conditions and (or) after exposure to the specified factors.

(Changed edition. Change No. 1 ).

To the term “Technical control” (paragraph 81)

The essence of any control comes down to the implementation of two main stages:

1. Obtaining information about the actual state of a certain object, about the signs and indicators of its properties. This information can be called primary.

2. Comparison of primary information with pre-established requirements, norms, criteria, i.e. detection of compliance or non-compliance of actual data with the required (expected). Information about the discrepancy (discrepancy) between actual and required data can be called secondary.

The object, data on the state and (or) properties of which are subject to comparison with the established requirements during control, can be a product or process (see explanations and examples of the term “Object of control”).

In some cases, the time boundary between the first and second stages of control is indistinguishable. In such cases, the first stage may not be clearly expressed or may be virtually unobservable. A typical example is size control by gauge, which is reduced to the operation of comparing actual and maximum permissible size values.

Next, secondary information is used to develop appropriate control actions on the object being monitored. In this sense, any control is always active. It should be noted in this regard that any control, in addition, should always be preventive to one degree or another, since secondary information can be used to improve the development, production and operation of products, to improve their quality, etc.

However, decision-making based on the analysis of secondary information and the development of appropriate control actions are no longer part of control. This is the next stage of management, based on the results of control - an integral and essential part of any management. During technical control, primary information is compared with the technical requirements recorded in regulatory documentation, with the characteristics of the control sample, with data recorded using a gauge, etc.

At the product development stage, technical control consists, for example, of checking the compliance of the prototype and (or) developed technical documentation with the design rules and technical specifications.

At the manufacturing stage, technical control covers quality, completeness, packaging, labeling and quantity of products presented, the progress (condition) of production processes.

At the stage of product operation, technical control consists, for example, of checking compliance with the requirements of operational and repair documentation.

To the term “Object of technical control” (paragraph 84)

The objects of technical control are objects of labor (for example, products of primary and auxiliary production in the form of products, materials, technical documentation, etc.), means of labor (for example, equipment of industrial enterprises) and technological processes.

To the term “Check point” (paragraph 92)

The control point of the control object can be a part (element) of the controlled object or located at some distance from it (for example, monitoring the content of carbon monoxide in exhaust gases by its content in the atmosphere outside the pipe). At the control point, a sensor is usually placed, the beginning of the output from the electrical circuit to the measuring device, etc. The control point is the established location for sampling the substance.

To the term “Control sample” (paragraph 93)

A control sample can serve to standardize quality indicators. When monitoring product quality, it is allowed to use duplicates of control samples.

The control sample of the product should be distinguished from the basic sample of the product used during its certification (establishing the quality category).

A color control sample is a duly approved product sample intended to standardize color and control the accuracy of its reproduction in products during the production process.

To the terms “Automatic control system” (paragraph 97), "Automated control system" (paragraph 96)

An automatic control system consists of control tools that perform all the functions of controllers. In an automated control system, control tools perform only part of the functions of controllers.

To the term “Production control” (paragraph 98)

Production control, as a rule, covers all auxiliary, preparatory and technological operations.

To the term “Operational control” (paragraph 99)

The objects of operational control can be the products in use and the operating process.

To the term "Volatile control" (paragraph 106)

The effectiveness of flying control is determined by its surprise, the rules for ensuring which must be specially developed. Volatile control, as a rule, is carried out directly at the site of manufacture, repair, storage, etc.

To the term “Organoleptic control” (item 113)

Organoleptic control is based on the perception by the senses (vision, hearing, smell, taste and touch) of information that is not presented in numerical terms.

The decision regarding the object of control is made in this case only based on the results of the analysis of sensory perceptions (for example, assessment of color shades, assessment of smell, etc.).

When organoleptic control, non-measuring means of control can be used, but they increase the resolution or sensitivity of the sensory organs.

APPENDIX 2

Information

Systematization of types of tests according to main characteristics

Test type attribute	Type of test
Purpose of tests	Research
	Tests
	Comparative
	Definitive
Test level	State
	Interdepartmental
	Departmental
Product Development Stages	Finishing
	Preliminary
	Acceptance
Testing of finished products	Qualification
	Bearer
	Acceptance documents
	Periodic
	Inspection
	Attestation
	Certification
Test conditions and location	Laboratory
	Poster
	Polygon
	full-scale
	Model testing
	Operational
Test duration	Normal
	Accelerated
	Abbreviated
Type of impact	Mechanical
	Climatic
	Thermal
	Radiation
	Electrical
	Electromagnetic
	Magnetic
	Chemical
	Biological
Impact result	Non-destructive
	Destructive
	Durability tests
	Strength tests
	Stability tests
Determined characteristics of the object	Functional
	Reliability tests
	Safety tests
	Transportability tests
	Boundary tests
	Technological tests

Notes:

1. Tests may have two or more of the listed characteristics. If necessary, the name of the tests includes a list of these characteristics of the types of tests, for example, interdepartmental periodic bench tests for reliability, etc.

2. The test category, characterized by organizational features and decision-making based on the results of assessing the object as a whole, includes types of tests determined by the level of their implementation, stages of development, as well as all tests of finished products.

Systematization of types of control according to main characteristics

Indicator of the type of control	Type of control
Stage of creation and existence of products	Industrial
	Operational
Production process stage
	Operating
	Acceptance
	Inspection
Completeness of control coverage	Solid
	Selective
	Continuous
	Periodic
Impact on the object of control	Destructive
	Non-destructive
Application of controls	Measuring
	Registration
	Organoleptic
	Visual
	Technical inspection