Abraham Lincoln

Biography
Abraham Lincoln
Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln, February 12, 1809 - April 15
1865) - American
statesman, 16th
US President (1861-1865),
first president from
republican party
liberator of American slaves,
American national hero
people. Vegetarian.

Born into a poor peasant family. From an early age I was engaged
physical labor. Due to difficult material
family situation attended school for no more than a year, but managed
learned to read and write and fell in love with books. Becoming
adult, began an independent life,
engaged in self-education, passed exams and received
permission to practice law. During the uprising
Indians in Illinois joined the militia, was elected
captain, but did not participate in hostilities. There was also
member of the Illinois Legislature, House
Representatives of the US Congress, which opposed
Mexican-American War. In 1858 he became a candidate
for US senator, but lost the election.

As an opponent of expansion
slavery for new ones
territory, acted as one
from the initiators of creation
Republican Party, was
chosen as her candidate
presidents and won
elections of 1860. His
the election served as a signal
to the secession of the southern states
and the emergence of the Confederacy. IN
his inaugural address
called for reunification
country, but could not
prevent conflict.

Lincoln personally directed the military effort that led to victory
over the Confederacy during the Civil War 1861-1865. His
presidential activity led to the strengthening of executive power and
abolition of slavery in the United States. Lincoln included
governments of his opponents and was able to attract them to work on a common
purpose. The President held Great Britain throughout the war
and other European countries from intervention. During his presidency
the transcontinental railroad was built, the Homestead Act was passed,
solved the agrarian question. Lincoln was an outstanding orator, his
the speeches inspired the northerners and remain a vivid legacy to this day. By
At the end of the war, he proposed a plan for moderate Reconstruction, associated with
national harmony and renunciation of revenge. Was a supporter
integration of blacks into American society. April 14, 1865
Lincoln was mortally wounded in the theater, becoming the first killed
President of the USA. According to the generally accepted point of view and social
polls, it still remains one of the best and most beloved
presidents of America, although during his presidency he was subjected to harsh
criticism.

Lincoln's paternal ancestors can be traced to Samuel Lincoln.
weaver who emigrated from Hingham in Norfolk, England, to Hingham in 1637
Massachusetts. Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809 into an uneducated family
farmers - Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks, who lived in a small log house
cabin on a farm in Gardin County, Kentucky (near the town of Hodgenville). He
was named after his grandfather, who was killed by Indians. When Abraham was seven years old (1816
year), the family moved to Indiana, and a little later to Illinois. At nine years old (1818)
Abraham lost his mother, after which his father married the widow Sarah Bush Johnston.
The Cabin Where Lincoln Was Born

The stepmother, who had three children from her first marriage, believed that
children must get an education. Lincoln became the first
family who learned to write and count, although, according to him
confessions, he attended school for no more than a year due to the need
help the family. Since childhood, he was addicted to books, carried
love for them throughout my life. Dennis, his childhood friend,
subsequently wrote:
"After Abe was 12 years old, there was no occasion when
I wish I could see him without a book in his hands... At night in the hut he
overturned the chair, blocked the light with it, sat down on its edge and
read. It was just strange that a guy could do so much
read".

As a child, Lincoln read the Bible, Robinson Crusoe, and History
George Washington", Aesop's Fables. When he was a politician, he surprised many
knowledge of the Holy Scriptures, quotes from which he inserted into his speeches. Bright
an example is Lincoln's "House Divided" speech, the theme of which was
the impossibility of the young country’s continued existence in a state of “semi-slavery”
and semi-freedom"; Subsequently, this speech became a textbook. Also, Lincoln
helped neighbors write letters, thus honing their grammar and
stylistics. Sometimes he walked 30 miles to court to hear
speeches by lawyers.
From an early age, Abraham helped his family in field work, and, as he grew older,
earned money in a variety of ways - at the post office, as a lumberjack, as a land surveyor and
boatman. He was especially good at chopping wood, for which he received the nickname
"chip picker". Lincoln avoided hunting and fishing because of his moral
beliefs. Physically, Abraham was much more developed than his peers.
Slavery occupied a significant place in Lincoln's worldview. His uncle and uncle's father
owned slaves. Lincoln's father rejected slavery on both moral and
material considerations: being a worker, he could not compete with slave labor.

The Youth of Abraham Lincoln
In 1830, Abraham Lincoln's family moved again.
Lincoln, having become an adult, makes a decision
start an independent life. He found a temporary
work, during which he happened to swim down the
Mississippi River and visit New Orleans, where
Lincoln visited the slave market and for life
retained hostility to slavery. Soon he settled in
village of New Salem, Illinois. Everybody there
he devoted his free hours to self-education and studies
with a local school teacher. At night the future president
I read books by the light of a torch.

In 1832, Lincoln ran for
members of the legislature
Illinois, but was defeated. After
this he began to systematically study
Sciences. Lincoln originally wanted
become a blacksmith, but after meeting
magistrate, he set to work for the law. IN
at the same time he is with his companion
tried to make money at a trading post,
but things were going badly. Sandberg, author
a popular biography of the president, writes:
“...Lincoln did what he read and dreamed. He didn't have any
things to do, and he could sit for days with his thoughts, no one would interrupt him. Under
This external immobility passed through the mental and moral
maturing, slowly and steadily.”

In 1832, an uprising of Indians broke out in Illinois, who did not want to leave
native places and move west, across the Mississippi River. Lincoln joined
militia, was elected captain, but did not participate in hostilities. In 1833
Lincoln was appointed postmaster of New Salem. Thanks to this he
received more free time, which I devoted to studies. New
the position allowed him to read political newspapers before leaving
content.
At the end of 1833, Lincoln received the position of surveyor. Having agreed to this
work, he spent six weeks intensively studying “Theory and Practice
topographical affairs" Gibson and "Course of geometry, trigonometry and
topography" of Flint. During his years living in New Salem, Lincoln often
had to borrow money. With his habit of repaying his debts in full, he
earned one of his most famous nicknames - "Honest Abe".

Beginning of a career as a politician and lawyer
Abraham Lincoln
In 1835 (at age 25), Lincoln was elected to the Illinois State Legislature, where
joined the Whigs. When Lincoln entered the political arena, Andrew was President of the United States
Jackson. Lincoln welcomed his reliance on the people in political action, but did not approve
policy of the federal center refusing to regulate the economic life of the states After the session
After the meeting, he took up the study of law even more decisively than before. Having learned
On his own, Lincoln passed the bar exam in 1836. In the same year in
The Lincoln Legislature succeeded in getting the state capital moved from Vandaleia to
Springfield, where he moved in 1837. There, together with William Butler, he merged into a company
"Stuart and Lincoln." The young legislator and lawyer quickly gained authority thanks to his
oratorical abilities and impeccable reputation. Often refused to accept fees from
insolvent citizens whom he defended in court; traveled to different parts of the state to help
people in litigation. After the assassination of an abolitionist newspaper publisher in 1837, Lincoln
gave his first seminal speech at the Young Men's Lyceum in Springfield, in which
emphasized the values ​​of democracy, the constitution and the legacy of the “founding fathers”.

In 1840, Lincoln met
a girl from Kentucky named
Mary Todd, 1818-
1882) and on November 4, 1842 they
got married. Mary gave birth to four
sons, of whom only
Sr. - Robert Lincoln
lived long enough. Edward
Lincoln was born March 10, 1846
years and died on February 1, 1850
Springfield. William Lincoln
born December 21, 1850 and died 20
February 1862 in Washington, during
father's presidency. Thomas
Lincoln was born on April 4, 1853.
died July 16, 1871 in Chicago.
Mary Todd, Abraham's wife
Lincoln.

tical career to presidency
In 1846, Lincoln was elected to the House of Representatives
Congress in (1847-1849) from the Whig Party. In Washington without being
a particularly influential figure, he, however, actively opposed
President Polk's actions in the Mexican-American War, considering it
unjustified aggression on the part of the United States. Nevertheless,
Lincoln voted for congressional funding for the army,
material support for disabled soldiers, wives, lost husbands,
in addition, he supported the demand for voting rights
women. Lincoln sympathized with the abolitionists and was opposed to
slavery, but did not recognize extreme measures, advocated gradual
emancipation of slaves, since he put the integrity of the Union above freedom
blacks.

Rejection of popular Mexican-American
war damaged Lincoln's reputation in his native
state and he decided not to seek re-election in
House of Representatives. In 1849 Lincoln
informed that he had been appointed secretary then
Oregon Territory. Acceptance of offer
would mean the end of a career quickly
developing Illinois, so he refused
from destination. Lincoln retired from politics
activities and in subsequent years was engaged
legal practice, became one of the leading
state attorneys, was legal counsel for the railroad
Illinois Central roads. During its 23 years
Lincoln's legal career participated in 5100
affairs (except for unregistered ones),
together with his partners spoke before the Supreme
state court more than 400 times.
Box in the theater
Ford, in which
was
Lincoln when
Booth shot him.

In 1856, he, like many former Whigs, joined the Republican Party, created in 1854.
party that opposed slavery, and in 1858 was nominated as a candidate for
seat in the US Senate. His opponent in the election was Democrat Stephen Douglas. Debate
between Lincoln and Douglas, during which the issue of slavery was discussed, received
wide publicity (some called this debate a dispute between the "little
a giant" (S. Douglas) and a "big sucker" (A. Lincoln)). Lincoln wasn't
an abolitionist, but opposed slavery on moral grounds. He thought
slavery was a necessary evil in the agrarian economy of the South. Trying to challenge
the arguments of Douglas, who accused his opponent of radicalism, Lincoln assured,
that does not advocate granting political and civil rights to blacks. Question about
slavery, in his opinion, falls within the competence of individual states and the federal
the government has no constitutional right to intervene in this problem

At the same time, Lincoln firmly opposed
the spread of slavery to new territories, which
undermined the foundations of slavery, because its extensive
character required advancement to undeveloped lands
West. Stephen Douglas won the election, but
Lincoln's anti-slavery speech "Home
divided”, in which he substantiated the impossibility
further existence of the country in a state of
“half-slavery and half-freedom”, spread widely in
USA, creating its author’s reputation as an anti-slavery fighter.
In October 1859, John's Rebellion broke out in the south.
Brown, who seized the government arsenal and
planning to start a slave revolt in the south. Squad
was blocked by troops and exterminated. Lincoln condemned
. Brown as an attempt to forcefully resolve the issue
actions
about slavery.

Presidential elections and inauguration
Moderate performance in
the issue of slavery determined
Lincoln's election
compromise candidate
Republican presidents
parties in the 1860 elections.
Southern states threatened
Republican victory to leave
composition of the Union.
Lincoln statue at the memorial

Both parties, Democratic and Republican, fought for
the values ​​that the candidates represented. Lincoln's personality
Americans associated it with hard work, honesty,
social mobility. Coming from the people, he was a man
who "made himself." November 6, 1860 participation in elections
for the first time exceeded 80% of the population. Lincoln, thanks in large part
split in the Democratic Party, which nominated two candidates,
managed to get ahead of his rivals in the elections and become president
USA and the first from his new party. Lincoln won the election
mainly due to the support of the North. In nine southern states the name
Lincoln was not on the ballot at all and he
managed to win only 2 out of 996 districts.

Division of the Union and inauguration
Lincoln
Lincoln was opposed to the spread of slavery, and his victory
election further divided the American people. Even before his inauguration
7 southern states, on the initiative of South Carolina, announced their
secession from the United States. Upper South (Delaware, Maryland, Virginia,
North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, Missouri and Arkansas)
initially rejected the separatists' appeal, but soon
joined the rebellion. Incumbent James Buchanan and
President-elect Lincoln refused to recognize secession. IN
February 1861 constitutional convention in Montgomery (Alabama)
proclaimed the creation of the Confederate States of America, and
Jefferson Davis was elected President and took the oath of office this
same month. Richmond became the capital of the state.

Lincoln avoided possible
assassins in Baltimore and February 23, 1861
arrived in a special train
Washington. During it
inauguration on March 4, the capital was
filled with troops guarding
order. In his speech Lincoln
said:
Exterior of the Lincoln Memorial.
“I believe that from the point of view of universal law and the Constitution, the union
of these states is eternal. Eternity, even if it is not expressed directly,
implied in the Basic Law of all government forms
board. It is safe to say that no system
government as such never had in its Basic Law
provisions for the termination of one's own existence...

And again, if the United States is not the system of government in
proper sense of the word, but an association of states based simply on
agreement, can it, as a contract, be peacefully terminated by a lesser
number of sides than there were when it was created? One side is a participant
contract may violate it, that is, break it, but isn’t it necessary
the consent of everyone to legally cancel its action? Based on these general
principles, we come to the conclusion that from a legal point of view
The Union is eternal, and this is confirmed by the history of the Union itself. ...From here
it follows that none of the states has the right, purely on their own initiative
withdraw from the Union, that decisions and resolutions adopted for this purpose
Acts of violence committed within any
state (or states) directed against the Government of the United States
States, acquire, depending on the circumstances, rebel or
revolutionary character

In his speech, Lincoln also stated that he had "no intention
directly or indirectly interfere with the functioning of the institution of slavery in
states where it exists": "I believe that I have no legal right
do that, and I'm not inclined to do that." Lincoln called for peace
resolving the conflict and restoring the unity of the United States.
However, the exit had already been completed and the Confederation was intensively preparing for
military actions. The vast majority of representatives of the southern
States in the US Congress abandoned him and went over to the South.
After taking office, Lincoln took advantage of the protectionist system
distribution of posts. Already in the spring of 1861, 80% of Democratic-run positions were occupied by
Republicans. When forming the government, Lincoln included his own
opponents: the post of US Secretary of State was given to William Seward, minister
Justice - Edward Bates Secretary of the Treasury - Salmon Chase.

Beginning of the war (1861-1862)
The fighting began on April 12, 1861 with a southerner attack on
Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, which after a 34-hour
shelling was forced to surrender. In response, Lincoln announced
southern states in a state of rebellion, ordered a blockade
Confederacy from the sea, called up volunteers for the army, and later
introduced conscription. Even before Lincoln's inauguration, he went south
a lot of weapons and ammunition were brought in and organized
seizures of federal arsenals and warehouses. Here were located
the most combat-ready units, which were replenished by hundreds
officers who left the federal army. Beginning of the Civil
The war turned out unsuccessfully for the North.

Southerners, prepared for combat, were in a hurry to defeat
Union troops before the North mobilizes superior military and
economic potential. Heavily criticized for the military
defeats and economic difficulties, Lincoln, despite
lack of military experience, took decisive steps to
formation of a combat-ready army, not stopping even before
restrictions on civil liberties or the expenditure of funds not
approved in the Congressional budget. In the first major battle in
Virginia at the Manassas railroad station on July 21, 1861
The federal army was defeated. On November 1, Lincoln appointed
commander-in-chief J.B. McLellan, who avoided active action.
On October 21, its units were defeated near Washington. November 8
1861 the British steamer Trent was captured, with
there were ambassadors from the southerners. This provoked the “Trent Affair” and almost
led to war against Great Britain.

In February-March 1862, General Ulysses Grant managed to oust the southerners
from Tennessee and Kentucky. By the summer, Missouri was liberated, and troops
Grant entered the northern regions of Mississippi and Alabama. As a result
The landing operation on April 25, 1862 captured New Orleans. McLellan
was removed by Lincoln from his post as commander in chief and placed in charge
one of the armies whose task was to capture Richmond. McLellan
preferred defensive actions instead of offensive actions. August 29-30
the northerners were defeated at the second battle of Bull Run, after which
Lincoln announced a draft of 500,000 men. On September 7, at Antietam Creek, the 40,000-strong Southern army was attacked by McClellan's 70,000-strong army.
defeated the Confederates. The Potomac River flood cut off Lee's path
retreat, but McClellan, despite Lincoln's orders, refused
Lincoln
General George
offensive
and missed the opportunity
complete the defeat of the southerners.
McLellan March 10, 1862

After the Battle of Antietam
UK and France
refused to go to war and
recognize the Confederacy. Russia in
supported the war years
friendly relations with the USA.
Russian squadron in 1863-1864
years visited San Francisco and New York.
The year 1862 was also noted as the first
history of battle of armored ships,
occurred on March 9 off the coast
Virginia. 1862 Campaign
ended in the defeat of the northerners at
Fredericksburg December 13.

Political process
The plight of the federal army caused dissatisfaction
population. Lincoln was under pressure from the Republican
party, which included both supporters of the immediate abolition
slavery, and those advocating the gradual emancipation of slaves.
Lincoln adhered to a policy of compromise, thanks to which
managed to prevent a split in the party. He was convinced that even in
During wartime, a political process must be carried out in the country.
This made it possible to maintain
freedom of speech, avoid serious restrictions on civil liberties and
crisis of the two-party system

Elections were held for Lincoln's presidency, citizens participated in government
by the state. After the Southern attack on Fort Sumter, some members of the Democratic
parties formed a “loyal opposition” supporting government policies.
On August 22, 1862, in an interview with the New York Tribune, when asked why he was delaying
freeing the slaves, Lincoln responded
My highest goal in this fight is to preserve the union, not to preserve or
abolition of slavery. If I could save the union without freeing a single
slave, I would do it, and if I could save him by freeing all the slaves, I would do it, and
if I could save him by freeing some slaves and not freeing others, I would do it. What am I
what I do in the matter of slavery and for the colored race, I do it because I believe it
will help preserve the union... With this I explained here my intention, which I am considering
as an official duty. And I do not intend to change my often expressed personal desire,
that all people everywhere should be free.
.

Homestead
On May 20, 1862, Abraham Lincoln initiated the
Homestead, according to which every citizen of the United States,
who had reached the age of 21 and had not fought on the side of the Confederacy could receive
of public trust lands, a parcel of land not exceeding 160 acres (65
hectares) after paying a registration fee of $10. Law
took effect January 1, 1863. Settler starting work
land and who began to erect buildings on it received the right to free
ownership of this land after 5 years. The site could be
acquired title and early payment of $1.25 per acre. By
The Homestead Act in the USA distributed about 2 million homesteads, a total
covering approximately 285 million acres (115 million hectares). This law
radically solved the agrarian problem by directing the development
agriculture along the farmer's route, led to settlement to this day
desert territories and provided Lincoln with the support of the broad masses
population.

Freeing the Slaves
Failures in the war and its prolongation gradually changed attitudes
Lincoln on the issue of slavery. He came to the conclusion that
The United States will either become completely free or
completely slave-owning. It became clear that the main goal
war - the restoration of the Union, became unattainable without
abolition of slavery. Lincoln always advocated gradual
emancipation of blacks on a compensatory basis, now believed that
slavery must be abolished. Preparations for the abolition of the institute
carried out throughout 1862. December 30, 1862
The President signed the Emancipation Proclamation
declaring blacks living in territories located in
Theater
Ford,
where have you been
state of rebellion against
USA,
"from now on
forever" free.
mortally wounded
Lincoln

The document gave impetus to the adoption of the XIII Amendment (1865) to the American
constitution that completely abolished slavery in the United States
States. The proclamation was rightly criticized by
radical republicans, since the emancipation of slaves was
carried out where the power of the federal government did not extend
government, but it changed the nature of the Civil War,
turning it into a war to abolish slavery. Moreover, she forced
foreign countries, including Great Britain, do not
support the Confederacy. British Prime Minister
Palmerston was unable to organize an intervention due to resistance
public. The emancipation of slaves made it possible to recruit
black Americans into the army. By the end of the war in the federal troops
there were 180 thousand blacks.

Battle of Gettysburg
On March 3, 1863, for the first time in the history of the United States, conscription was introduced.
duty. At the same time, the rich were allowed to hire dummies and pay off
services, which provoked unrest, during which many blacks died, who became
victim of lynchings.
In May 1863, a Union army of 130,000 was defeated by a Union army of 60,000.
General Lee. The northerners retreated, and the Confederates, having bypassed Washington from the north, entered
Pennsylvania. In this situation, the outcome of the three-day battle at
Gettysburg, during which more than 50 thousand people died. Lee's army suffered
defeated and retreated to Virginia. 4th of July on the Western Front after a multi-day siege
and two unsuccessful assaults, General Grant captured the Vicksburg fortress.
In December 1863, Lincoln promised amnesty to all rebels.
(except for the leaders of the Confederation) subject to taking the oath to
loyalty to the United States and the adoption of the abolition of slavery. Year
ended in victory at Chattanooga.

On July 8, Port Hudson in Louisiana was captured. Thus there was
control of the Mississippi River valley was established, and
The Confederation is divided into two parts. November 19, 1863
the opening ceremony took place
Gettysburg National Cemetery, where they were buried
dead participants in the battle. During the opening of the memorial
Lincoln gave one of his most famous speeches, once again
which confirmed his extraordinary oratorical talents. At the end
The short speech was:
“We must solemnly decree that these deaths are not
will be in vain, and our nation will be under the protection of God
will receive a new source of freedom, and this government will be of the people,
what was created by the people and for the people will not die on earth.”

Re-election, end of the war
Ideas about ending the war became increasingly popular among the people. Before
Lincoln's task was to instill in Americans faith in victory. The president
abolished the transfer of arrested persons to court, which allowed imprisonment
deserters and the most ardent supporters of slavery and peace. In the 1863 elections in
Congress Democrats managed to reduce the gap in the number of mandates, but
Republicans still managed to maintain a majority in both the Senate and the House
Representatives.
In March 1864, Lincoln appointed Ulysses Grant as commander in chief.
together with W. Sherman and F. Sheridan, they implemented the one developed by Lincoln
The plan is to weaken the southerners and defeat them by launching coordinated attacks.
The main blow was dealt by Sherman's army, which launched an invasion of Georgia in May.
Grant's army acted against General Lee.

Despite his own doubts and objections from party leaders, Lincoln
decided to nominate his candidacy for a second term, although over the past four
Over the years he made many enemies, he was often criticized by newspapers and hated
many people the Democratic Party declared the end of
wars and negotiations. Her candidate was General J.B. McLellan,
dismissed by Lincoln as commander in chief in 1862. IN
Republican Party minister tried to become one of the contenders
finance Salmon Chase, but Lincoln was the only one nominated
candidate. Capture of Atlanta on September 2, 1864 by Sherman - the granary
confederacy, allowed Lincoln to win the presidential election of his
rival, peace supporter - McLellan and get 212 out of 233 votes
electors. At Lincoln's insistence, Congress passed on January 31, 1865
XIII Amendment to the US Constitution, which prohibited slavery in the territory
countries. At the beginning of 1865, the victory of the northerners was already a foregone conclusion.

In his second inaugural address, Lincoln called for
renounce vengeance, set the task of reconstructing the South,
building a harmonious Union:
“Hearing no malice towards anyone, full of mercy, firm in
truly, Americans must bandage the country’s wounds... do everything
possible to win and maintain a fair and lasting
peace in your home and with all the nations of the world.”
Grant, who had an army of 115 thousand people in the spring of 1865, forced Lee,
having only 54 thousand people at its disposal, leave Pietersberg,
and on April 2 - the capital of the confederacy, Richmond. On April 9, 1865, Lee signed
Surrender, the resistance of individual units was suppressed towards the end
May. After the arrest of Jefferson Davis and members of his government
The Confederation ceased to exist.

Lincoln Assassination
The Civil War ended with the surrender of the Confederate States of America
April 9, 1865. The country had to carry out Southern Reconstruction and begin
the process of integration of blacks into American society. Five days after
end of the war, on Good Friday, April 14, 1865, at a performance
"My American Cousin" (at Ford's Theater) pro-Southern actor John Booth
entered the presidential box and shot Lincoln in the head. Next morning
days, without regaining consciousness, Abraham Lincoln died. Millions of Americans
white and black, came to pay their last respects to their president during
the two and a half week journey of the funeral train from Washington to
Springfield, where Lincoln was buried in Oak Ridge Cemetery. Tragic
Lincoln's death contributed to the creation of an aura of martyrdom around his name,
who gave his life for the reunification of the country and the liberation of slaves.

Results of the presidency and historical significance
Abraham Lincoln
The Civil War became the bloodiest military conflict in history
The United States and the most difficult test for American democracy.
Abraham Lincoln has become a central historical figure in the American consciousness.
people, the man who prevented the collapse of the United States and brought
significant contribution to the formation of the American nation and the abolition of slavery as the main
obstacles to the subsequent normal development of the countryLincoln laid the foundation
modernization of the South, emancipation of slaves. He owns the formulation of the main goal
Democracy: “Government of the people, of the people, and for the people.” In his
presidency, a transcontinental railroad was also built to the Pacific
ocean, the infrastructure system was expanded, a new banking system was created, the
agricultural problem. However, after the end of the war, the country faced many problems, including
including the unity of the nation and equalization of the rights of blacks and whites. In part, these problems are
still face American society.

After Lincoln's Assassination, the United States Economy
has long become the most dynamically developing economy
world, which allowed the country to enter the world at the beginning of the 20th century
leaders. In many ways, his personal qualities made it possible to mobilize
the forces of the state and reunite the country. Lincoln
adhered to strict moral principles of morality,
had a sense of humor but was also prone to strong melancholy
to this day Abraham Lincoln is considered one of the most
intellectual presidents of the United States. In token of
thanks from the American people in Washington
erected to the sixteenth President Abraham Lincoln
memorial as one of the four presidents who determined
historical development of the United States of America

Lincoln Memorial
Lincoln's memory is immortalized in the memorial,
located on the Esplanade in downtown Washington DC
1914-1922 and symbolizing the president's faith in
that all people should be free. Building
symbolizes the USA, it is supported by 36 columns (according to
number of states during presidency
Lincoln). Inside this white marble structure
sculptor Daniel French placed a six-meter
a statue of the liberator president sitting in thought. On the inner walls of the memorial under
texts are reproduced in allegorical paintings
Gettysburg and Second Inaugural Addresses
Lincoln.

Additionally, in honor of Lincoln in the United States
many monuments were erected, the city was named,
streets, university, various centers, brand
prestigious cars, aircraft carrier. Profile
President is carved on Mount Rushmore. Birthday
Abraham Lincoln is a national holiday
U.S.A.

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Presentation on the topic: Abraham Lincoln

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Biography He grew up in the family of a poor farmer. From an early age he was engaged in physical labor. Due to the difficult financial situation of his family, he attended school for no more than a year, but managed to learn to read and write and fell in love with books. Having become an adult, he began an independent life, educated himself, passed exams and received permission to practice law. During the Indian Uprising in Illinois, he joined the militia and was elected captain, but did not take part in the fighting. He was also a member of the Illinois Legislative Assembly, the House of Representatives of the US Congress, in which he opposed the Mexican-American War. In 1858 he became a candidate for US senator, but lost the election.

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Biography As an opponent of the expansion of slavery into new territories, he was one of the initiators of the creation of the Republican Party, was chosen as its presidential candidate and won the elections of 1860. His election signaled the secession of the southern states and the emergence of the Confederacy. In his inaugural speech he called for the reunification of the country, but was unable to prevent conflict.

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Biography Lincoln personally directed the military efforts that led to victory over the Confederacy during the Civil War of 1861-1865. His presidency led to the strengthening of executive power and the abolition of slavery in the United States. Lincoln included his opponents in the government and was able to bring them to work towards a common goal. The President kept Great Britain and other European countries from intervention throughout the war. During his presidency, the transcontinental railroad was built, the Homestead Act was adopted, which resolved the agrarian question. Lincoln was an outstanding orator, his speeches inspired northerners and remain a shining legacy to this day. At the end of the war, he proposed a plan for moderate Reconstruction, associated with national harmony and renunciation of revenge. He was a supporter of the integration of blacks into American society. On April 14, 1865, Lincoln was mortally wounded in a theater, becoming the first US president to be assassinated. According to conventional wisdom and social polls, he remains one of America's best and most beloved presidents, although he was subject to severe criticism during his presidency.

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The beginning of a career as a politician and lawyer In 1835 (at the age of 26), Lincoln was elected to the Illinois State Legislature, where he joined the Whigs. When Lincoln entered the political arena, Andrew Jackson was President of the United States. Lincoln welcomed his reliance on the people in political actions, but did not approve of the policy of the federal center refusing to regulate the economic life of the states. After the session of the Assembly, he took up the study of law even more decisively than before. Having studied on his own, Lincoln passed the bar exam in 1836. That same year, in the Legislative Assembly, Lincoln managed to achieve the transfer of the state capital from Vandaleia to Springfield, where he moved in 1837. There, together with William Butler, he united in the firm “Stuart and Lincoln”. The young legislator and lawyer quickly gained authority thanks to his oratorical abilities and impeccable reputation. He often refused to take fees from insolvent citizens whom he defended in court; traveled to different parts of the state to help people resolve litigation. After the assassination of an abolitionist newspaper publisher in 1837, Lincoln gave his first principled speech at the Young Men's Lyceum in Springfield, emphasizing the values ​​of democracy, the Constitution, and the legacy of the Founding Fathers.

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Wife and Sons In 1840, Lincoln met Mary Todd, a girl from Kentucky, and they were married on November 4, 1842. Mary gave birth to four sons, of whom only the eldest, Robert Lincoln, lived long enough. Edward Lincoln was born March 10, 1846 and died February 1, 1850 in Springfield. William Lincoln was born December 21, 1850 and died February 20, 1862 in Washington, during his father's presidency. Thomas Lincoln was born April 4, 1853, died July 16, 1871 in Chicago.

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Political career before the presidency In 1846, Lincoln was elected to the House of Representatives in Congress (1847-1849) from the Whig Party. In Washington, not being a particularly influential figure, he, however, actively opposed the actions of President Polk in the Mexican-American War, considering it unjustified aggression on the part of the United States. Nevertheless, Lincoln voted for Congress to allocate funds for the army, for the material support of disabled soldiers, wives, and lost husbands, and also supported the demand for women's voting rights. Lincoln sympathized with the abolitionists and was an opponent of slavery, but did not recognize extreme measures and advocated the gradual emancipation of slaves, since he put the integrity of the Union above the freedom of blacks.

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Popular opposition to the Mexican-American War damaged Lincoln's reputation in his home state, and he decided to forgo re-election to the House of Representatives. In 1849, Lincoln was notified that he had been appointed secretary of the then Oregon Territory. Accepting the offer would have meant the end of his career at booming Illinois, so he declined the assignment. Lincoln withdrew from political activity and in subsequent years practiced law, became one of the leading lawyers in the state, and was legal counsel for the Illinois Central railroad. During his 23-year legal career, Lincoln was involved in 5,100 cases (excluding unreported cases), and he and his partners appeared before the State Supreme Court more than 400 times.

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In 1856, like many former Whigs, he joined the anti-slavery Republican Party created in 1854, and in 1858 he was nominated as a candidate for a seat in the US Senate. His opponent in the election was Democrat Stephen Douglas. The debate between Lincoln and Douglas, during which the issue of slavery was discussed, became widely known (some called this debate a dispute between the “little giant” (S. Douglas) and the “big sucker” (A. Lincoln)). Lincoln was not an abolitionist, but opposed slavery on moral grounds. He viewed slavery as a necessary evil in the agrarian economy of the South. Trying to challenge the arguments of Douglas, who accused his opponent of radicalism, Lincoln assured that he did not advocate granting political and civil rights to blacks. The issue of slavery, in his opinion, falls within the competence of individual states and the federal government has no constitutional right to interfere in this problem. At the same time, Lincoln firmly opposed the spread of slavery to new territories, which undermined the foundations of slavery, because its extensive nature required expansion into the undeveloped lands of the West. Stephen Douglas won the election, but Lincoln’s anti-slavery speech “A House Divided,” in which he substantiated the impossibility of the country’s continued existence in a state of “half-slavery and half-freedom,” spread widely in the United States, creating its author’s reputation as an anti-slavery fighter. In October 1859, John Brown's rebellion broke out in the South, seizing the government arsenal and planning to start a slave rebellion in the South. The detachment was blocked by troops and exterminated. Lincoln condemned Brown's actions as an attempt to forcefully resolve the issue of slavery.

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The Division of the Union and Lincoln's Inauguration Lincoln was opposed to the expansion of slavery, and his election victory further divided the American people. Even before his inauguration, 7 southern states, at the initiative of South Carolina, announced their secession from the United States. The Upper South (Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, Missouri, and Arkansas) initially rejected the secessionist appeal, but soon joined the rebellion. Incumbent President James Buchanan and President-elect Lincoln refused to recognize secession. In February 1861, the Constitutional Convention in Montgomery (Alabama) proclaimed the creation of the Confederate States of America, and Jefferson Davis was elected president, who took the oath of office that same month. Richmond became the capital of the state. Lincoln evaded possible assassins in Baltimore and arrived in Washington on February 23, 1861, on a special train. During his inauguration on March 4, the capital was filled with troops to ensure order.

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In his speech, Lincoln also stated that he had “no intention of interfering, directly or indirectly, with the institution of slavery in those States where it exists”: “I believe that I have no legal right to do so, and I am not inclined to do so.” . Lincoln called for a peaceful resolution to the conflict and restoration of the unity of the United States. However, the exit had already been completed and the Confederation was intensively preparing for military action. The overwhelming majority of representatives of the southern states in the US Congress left it and went over to the side of the South. Official portrait of Lincoln in the White House. After taking office, Lincoln used a protectionist system of distributing posts. Already in the spring of 1861, 80% of the posts controlled by Democrats were occupied by Republicans. When forming the government, Lincoln included his opponents in it: the post of US Secretary of State was William Seward, Secretary of Justice - Edward Bates, Secretary of the Treasury - Salmon Chase

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Freeing the Slaves Failures in the US Civil War and its prolongation gradually changed Lincoln's attitude towards the issue of slavery. He came to the conclusion that the United States would either become completely free or completely slave-owning. It became clear that the main goal of the war - the restoration of the Union - was becoming unattainable without the abolition of slavery. Lincoln, who had always advocated the gradual emancipation of blacks on a compensatory basis, now believed that slavery must be abolished. Preparations for the abolition of the institute were carried out throughout 1862. On December 30, 1862, the President signed the Emancipation Proclamation, declaring blacks living in territories in rebellion against the United States “now and forever” free. The document gave impetus to the adoption of the XIII Amendment (1865) to the American Constitution, which completely abolished slavery in the United States. The Proclamation was rightfully criticized by Radical Republicans because it emancipated slaves in areas where the federal government did not extend authority, but it changed the nature of the Civil War, turning it into a war to abolish slavery. In addition, it forced foreign countries, including Great Britain, not to support the Confederacy. British Prime Minister Palmerston was unable to organize an intervention due to public resistance. The emancipation of the slaves made it possible to recruit black Americans into the army. By the end of the war, there were 180 thousand blacks in the federal troops.

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Lincoln's Assassination The Civil War ended with the surrender of the Confederate States of America on April 9, 1865. The country had to carry out Southern Reconstruction and begin the process of integrating blacks into American society. Five days after the end of the war, on Good Friday, April 14, 1865, at the performance of My American Cousin (at Ford's Theatre), pro-Southern actor John Wilkes Booth entered the presidential box and shot Lincoln in the head. The next morning, Abraham Lincoln died without regaining consciousness. Millions of Americans, white and black, came to pay their last respects to their president during the two-and-a-half week journey of the funeral train from Washington to Springfield. The train was carrying two coffins: a large coffin containing the body of Abraham Lincoln and a small one containing the body of his son William, who had died three years earlier during Lincoln's presidency. Abraham and William Lincoln were buried in Springfield in Oak Ridge Cemetery. Lincoln's tragic death contributed to the creation around his name of an aura of a martyr who gave his life for the reunification of the country and the liberation of black slaves.

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Lincoln Memorial Lincoln is commemorated in a memorial located on the Esplanade in downtown Washington between 1914 and 1922, symbolizing the President's belief that all men should be free. The building symbolizes the United States; it is supported by 36 columns (the number of states during Lincoln's presidency). Inside this white marble structure, sculptor Daniel French placed a six-meter statue of the president-liberator sitting in thought. On the interior walls of the memorial, under allegorical paintings, the texts of Lincoln's Gettysburg and Second Inaugural Addresses are reproduced. In addition, many monuments were erected in honor of Lincoln in the United States, a city, streets, a university, various centers, a brand of prestigious cars, and an aircraft carrier were named. The president's profile is carved into Mount Rushmore. Abraham Lincoln's birthday is a national holiday in some states of the United States. Lincoln is also featured on the $5 bill.

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Biography of Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln (English Abraham Lincoln, February 12, April 1865) American statesman, 16th President of the United States (), the first president of the Republican Party, liberator of American slaves, national hero of the American people. Vegetarian.

Born into a poor peasant family. From an early age he was engaged in physical labor. Due to the difficult financial situation of his family, he attended school for no more than a year, but managed to learn to read and write and fell in love with books. Having become an adult, he began an independent life, educated himself, passed exams and received permission to practice law. During the Indian Uprising in Illinois, he joined the militia and was elected captain, but did not take part in the fighting. He was also a member of the Illinois Legislative Assembly, the House of Representatives of the US Congress, in which he opposed the Mexican-American War. In 1858 he became a candidate for US senator, but lost the election.

As an opponent of the expansion of slavery into new territories, he was one of the initiators of the creation of the Republican Party, was chosen as its presidential candidate and won the elections of 1860. His election signaled the secession of the southern states and the emergence of the Confederacy. In his inaugural speech he called for the reunification of the country, but was unable to prevent conflict.

Lincoln personally directed the military efforts that led to victory over the Confederacy during the Civil War. His presidency led to the strengthening of executive power and the abolition of slavery in the United States. Lincoln included his opponents in the government and was able to bring them to work towards a common goal. The President kept Great Britain and other European countries from intervention throughout the war. During his presidency, the transcontinental railroad was built, the Homestead Act was adopted, which resolved the agrarian question. Lincoln was an outstanding orator, his speeches inspired northerners and remain a shining legacy to this day. At the end of the war, he proposed a plan for moderate Reconstruction, associated with national harmony and renunciation of revenge. He was a supporter of the integration of blacks into American society. On April 14, 1865, Lincoln was mortally wounded in a theater, becoming the first US president to be assassinated. According to conventional wisdom and social polls, he remains one of America's best and most beloved presidents, although he was subject to severe criticism during his presidency.

Lincoln's paternal ancestors can be traced to Samuel Lincoln, a weaver who emigrated from Hingham in Norfolk, England to Hingham in Massachusetts in 1637. Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, into a family of uneducated farmers, Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks, who lived in a small log cabin on a farm in Garden County, Kentucky (near the town of Hodgenville). He was named after his grandfather, who was killed by Indians. When Abraham was seven years old (1816), the family moved to Indiana, and a little later to Illinois. At the age of nine (1818), Abraham lost his mother, after which his father married the widow Sarah Bush Johnston. The Cabin Where Lincoln Was Born

The stepmother, who had three children from her first marriage, believed that the children should receive an education. Lincoln became the first in his family to learn to write and count, although, according to his own admission, he attended school for no more than a year because of the need to help the family. Since childhood, he was addicted to books and carried his love for them throughout his life. Dennis, his childhood friend, later wrote: books “After Abe was 12 years old, there was never a time when I saw him without a book in his hands... At night in the hut he would knock over a chair, block out the light with it, sit on his edge and read. It was just weird that a guy could read that much.”

As a child, Lincoln read the Bible, Robinson Crusoe, The History of George Washington, and Aesop's fables. When he was a politician, he surprised many with his knowledge of the Holy Scriptures, quotes from which he inserted into his speeches. A striking example is Lincoln’s “House Divided” speech, the leitmotif of which was the impossibility of the young country’s continued existence in a state of “half-slavery and half-freedom”; Subsequently, this speech became a textbook. In addition, Lincoln helped his neighbors write letters, thus honing his grammar and style. He sometimes walked 30 miles to court to hear lawyers speak. From an early age, Abraham helped his family with field work, and as he grew older, he worked in a variety of ways at the post office, as a lumberjack, as a land surveyor, and as a boatman. He was especially good at chopping wood, for which he received the nickname “chip cutter.” Lincoln avoided hunting and fishing because of his moral convictions. Physically, Abraham was much more developed than his peers. Slavery occupied a significant place in Lincoln's worldview. His uncle and uncle's father owned slaves. Lincoln's father rejected slavery for both moral and material reasons: as a worker, he could not compete with slave labor.

The Youth of Abraham Lincoln In 1830, Abraham Lincoln's family moved again. Lincoln, having become an adult, decides to start an independent life. He found temporary work that took him down the Mississippi River to New Orleans, where Lincoln visited a slave market and maintained his lifelong dislike of slavery. He soon settled in the village of New Salem, Illinois. There he devoted all his free hours to self-education and classes with a local school teacher. At night, the future president read books by the light of a torch.

In 1832, Lincoln ran for a seat in the Illinois Legislature but was defeated. After this, he began to systematically study science. Lincoln initially wanted to become a blacksmith, but after meeting a justice of the peace, he took up law. At the same time, he and his companion tried to make money at a trading post, but things were going poorly. Sandburg, author of a popular biography of the president, writes: “...Lincoln did what he read and dreamed. He had nothing to do, and he could sit for days with his thoughts, no one would interrupt him. Beneath this outward immobility, mental and moral maturation took place, slowly and steadily.”

In 1832, an uprising of Indians broke out in Illinois, who did not want to leave their native places and move west, across the Mississippi River. Lincoln joined the militia and was elected captain, but did not take part in the fighting. In 1833, Lincoln was appointed postmaster of New Salem. Thanks to this, he received more free time, which he devoted to studies. The new position allowed him to read political newspapers before leaving. At the end of 1833, Lincoln received the position of surveyor. Having agreed to this job, he spent six weeks intensively studying Gibson's Theory and Practice of Surveying and Flint's Course in Geometry, Trigonometry and Topography. During his years living in New Salem, Lincoln often had to borrow money. His habit of repaying his debts in full earned him one of his most famous nicknames, “Honest Abe.”

The beginning of the career of politician and lawyer Abraham Lincoln In 1835 (at the age of 25), Lincoln was elected to the Illinois State Legislature, where he joined the Whigs. When Lincoln entered the political arena, Andrew Jackson was President of the United States. Lincoln welcomed his reliance on the people in political actions, but did not approve of the policy of the federal center refusing to regulate the economic life of the states. After the session of the Assembly, he took up the study of law even more decisively than before. Having studied on his own, Lincoln passed the bar exam in 1836. That same year, in the Legislative Assembly, Lincoln managed to achieve the transfer of the state capital from Vandaleia to Springfield, where he moved in 1837. There, together with William Butler, he united in the firm “Stuart and Lincoln”. The young legislator and lawyer quickly gained authority thanks to his oratorical abilities and impeccable reputation. He often refused to take fees from insolvent citizens whom he defended in court; traveled to different parts of the state to help people resolve litigation. After the assassination of an abolitionist newspaper publisher in 1837, Lincoln gave his first principled speech at the Young Men's Lyceum in Springfield, emphasizing the values ​​of democracy, the Constitution, and the legacy of the Founding Fathers.

In 1840, Lincoln met a girl from Kentucky named Mary Todd, and they married on November 4, 1842. Mary gave birth to four sons, of whom only the eldest, Robert Lincoln, lived long enough. Edward Lincoln was born March 10, 1846 and died February 1, 1850 in Springfield. William Lincoln was born December 21, 1850 and died February 20, 1862 in Washington, during his father's presidency. Thomas Lincoln was born April 4, 1853, died July 16, 1871 in Chicago. Mary Todd, wife of Abraham Lincoln.

Political career before the presidency In 1846, Lincoln was elected to the House of Representatives from the Whig Party. In Washington, not being a particularly influential figure, he, however, actively opposed the actions of President Polk in the Mexican-American War, considering it unjustified aggression on the part of the United States. Nevertheless, Lincoln voted for Congress to allocate funds for the army, for the material support of disabled soldiers, wives, and lost husbands, and also supported the demand for women's voting rights. Lincoln sympathized with the abolitionists and was an opponent of slavery, but did not recognize extreme measures, advocated the gradual emancipation of slaves, since he put the integrity of the Union above the freedom of blacks. House of Representatives of the Congress of the Whig Party Washington Regiment Mexican-American War voting rights

Popular opposition to the Mexican-American War damaged Lincoln's reputation in his home state, and he decided to forgo re-election to the House of Representatives. In 1849, Lincoln was notified that he had been appointed secretary of the then Oregon Territory. Accepting the offer would have meant the end of his career at booming Illinois, so he declined the assignment. Lincoln withdrew from political activity and in subsequent years practiced law, became one of the leading lawyers in the state, and was legal counsel for the Illinois Central railroad. During his 23-year legal career, Lincoln was involved in 5,100 cases (excluding unreported ones), and he and his partners appeared before the State Supreme Court more than 400 times. In 1849, Oregon was the legal counsel for the railroad Lodge at Ford's Theater, where Lincoln was sitting when he was shot by Booth.

In 1856, like many former Whigs, he joined the anti-slavery Republican Party created in 1854, and in 1858 he was nominated as a candidate for a seat in the US Senate. His opponent in the election was Democrat Stephen Douglas. The debate between Lincoln and Douglas, during which the issue of slavery was discussed, became widely known (some called this debate a dispute between the “little giant” (S. Douglas) and the “big sucker” (A. Lincoln)). Lincoln was not an abolitionist, but opposed slavery on moral grounds. He viewed slavery as a necessary evil in the agrarian economy of the South. Trying to challenge the arguments of Douglas, who accused his opponent of radicalism, Lincoln assured that he did not advocate granting political and civil rights to blacks. The issue of slavery, in his opinion, falls within the competence of individual states and the federal government has no constitutional right to interfere in this problem 1856 1854 Republican Party slavery 1858 US Senate Democrat Stephen Douglas radicalism

At the same time, Lincoln firmly opposed the spread of slavery to new territories, which undermined the foundations of slavery, because its extensive nature required expansion into the undeveloped lands of the West. Stephen Douglas won the election, but Lincoln’s anti-slavery speech “A House Divided,” in which he substantiated the impossibility of the country’s continued existence in a state of “half-slavery and half-freedom,” spread widely in the United States, creating its author’s reputation as an anti-slavery fighter. Extensive character In October 1859 A rebellion broke out in the south by John Brown, who seized the government arsenal and planned to start a slave uprising in the south. The detachment was blocked by troops and exterminated. Lincoln condemned Brown's actions as an attempt to forcefully resolve the issue of slavery. 1859 John Brown's Arsenal

Presidential Election and Inauguration Moderate views on the issue of slavery determined the election of Lincoln as the compromise presidential candidate of the Republican Party in the 1860 election. The southern states threatened to secede from the Union if the Republicans won. compromise Republican Party election of 1860 Lincoln statue in memorial

Both parties, Democratic and Republican, fought over the values ​​that the candidates represented. Americans associated Lincoln's personality with hard work, honesty, and social mobility. Coming from the people, he was a “self-made” man. On November 6, 1860, participation in elections exceeded 80% of the population for the first time. Lincoln, largely thanks to the split in the Democratic Party, which nominated two candidates, managed to get ahead of his rivals in the elections and become President of the United States and the first from his new party. Lincoln won the election mainly due to the support of the North. In nine southern states, Lincoln's name did not appear on the ballot at all, and he managed to win only 2 out of 996 counties. social mobility November 6, 1860 Democratic Party

The Division of the Union and Lincoln's Inauguration Lincoln was opposed to the expansion of slavery, and his election victory further divided the American people. Even before his inauguration, 7 southern states, at the initiative of South Carolina, announced their secession from the United States. The Upper South (Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, Missouri, and Arkansas) initially rejected the secessionist appeal, but soon joined the rebellion. Incumbent President James Buchanan and President-elect Lincoln refused to recognize secession. In February 1861, the Constitutional Convention in Montgomery (Alabama) proclaimed the creation of the Confederate States of America, and Jefferson Davis was elected president, who took the oath of office that same month. Richmond became the capital of the state. Inauguration of South Carolina Delaware Maryland Virginia North Carolina Tennessee Kentucky Missouri Arkansas Separatists James Buchananscession February 1861 Montgomery Alabama Confederate States of America Jefferson Davis Richmond

Lincoln evaded would-be assassins in Baltimore and arrived in Washington on February 23, 1861, on a special train. During his inauguration on March 4, the capital was filled with troops maintaining order. In his speech, Lincoln said: Baltimore February 23, 1861 Washington March 4 “I believe that, from the point of view of universal law and the Constitution, the union of these States is eternal. Eternity, even if not expressly expressed, is implied in the Basic Law of all government forms of government. It is safe to say that no system of government as such has ever had in its Basic Law a provision for the termination of its own existence... Exterior of the Lincoln Memorial.

And again, if the United States is not a system of government in the proper sense of the word, but an association of States founded merely by compact, can it, as a compact, be peaceably dissolved by fewer parties than were at its creation? One party to a contract can violate it, that is, break it, but isn’t everyone’s consent required to legally cancel it? Based on these general principles, we come to the statement that from a legal point of view the Union is eternal, and this is confirmed by the history of the Union itself. ...It follows that no state has the right to secede from the Union purely on its own initiative, that decisions and regulations adopted for this purpose have no legal force, and that acts of violence committed within any state (or states) directed against the Government of the United States , depending on the circumstances, acquire an insurrectionary or revolutionary character

In his speech, Lincoln also stated that he had “no intention of interfering directly or indirectly with the functioning of the institution of slavery in those States where it exists”: “I believe that I have no legal right to do so, and I am not inclined to do so. » Lincoln called for a peaceful resolution to the conflict and restoration of the unity of the United States. However, the exit had already been completed and the Confederation was intensively preparing for military action. The vast majority of representatives of the southern states in the US Congress left it and went over to the side of the South. Confederation of the US Congress After taking office, Lincoln used a protectionist system of distributing posts. Already in the spring of 1861, 80% of the posts controlled by Democrats were occupied by Republicans. When forming the government, Lincoln included his opponents in it: the post of US Secretary of State was received by William Seward, Secretary of Justice Edward Bates, Secretary of the Treasury Salmon Chase. protectionist 1861 US Secretary of State William Seward of Justice Edward Bates, Finance Salmon Chase

Beginning of the War () The fighting began on April 12, 1861 with a Southern attack on Fort Sumter in Charleston Bay, which was forced to surrender after a 34-hour bombardment. In response, Lincoln declared the Southern states in a state of rebellion, ordered a naval blockade of the Confederacy, called for volunteers for the army, and later introduced conscription. Even before Lincoln’s inauguration, a lot of weapons and ammunition were brought to the south, and seizures of federal arsenals and warehouses were organized. The most combat-ready units were located here, which were replenished with hundreds of officers who left the federal army. The beginning of the Civil War was unsuccessful for the North. April 12, 1861 Sumter Charleston Confederate army conscription of the Civil War

Southerners, prepared for combat, were in a hurry to defeat the Union forces before the North mobilized its superior military and economic potential. Heavily criticized for military defeats and economic difficulties, Lincoln, despite his lack of military experience, took decisive steps to form a combat-ready army, not even stopping at restricting civil liberties or spending funds not yet approved in the Congressional budget. In the first major battle in Virginia, at the Manassas railroad station on July 21, 1861, the Federal army was defeated. On November 1, Lincoln appointed J.B. McClellan as commander in chief, who avoided active action. On October 21, its units were defeated near Washington. On November 8, 1861, the British steamer Trent was captured, carrying southern ambassadors. This provoked the "Affair of Trent" and nearly led to war against Great Britain. mobilizes the Virginia Congress July 21, 1861 November 1 by Commander-in-Chief J.B. McLellan October 21 Washington November 8, 1861 Trent Affair of Great Britain

In February-March 1862, General Ulysses Grant managed to oust the southerners from Tennessee and Kentucky. By the summer, Missouri was liberated, and Grant's troops entered the northern regions of Mississippi and Alabama. As a result of the landing operation on April 25, 1862, New Orleans was captured. McClellan was removed from his post as commander-in-chief by Lincoln and placed at the head of one of the armies whose task was to capture Richmond. McClellan chose defensive action instead of an offensive August. The Northerners were defeated at the Second Battle of Bull Run, after which Lincoln called up the men. On September 7, at Antietam Creek, the South's 40,000-man army was attacked by McClellan's 70,000-man army, which defeated the Confederates. The flooding of the Potomac River cut off Lee's route of retreat, but McClellan, despite Lincoln's orders, abandoned the offensive and missed the opportunity to complete the defeat of the southerners. February March 1862 Ulysses Grant Tennessee Kentucky Missouri Grant Mississippi Alabama April 25, 1862 New Orleans Richmond August 2930 September 7 PotomacLee Lincoln and General George McClellan March 10, 1862

After the Battle of Antietam, Great Britain and France refused to enter the war and recognize the Confederacy. During the war, Russia maintained friendly relations with the United States. The Russian squadron paid a visit to San Francisco and New York in the past. Great Britain France Russia USA squadron San Francisco New York 1862 1862 was also marked by the first battle of armored ships in history, which took place on March 9 off the coast of Virginia. The 1862 campaign ended with the defeat of the northerners at Friederiksberg on December 13. The ironclads on March 9, 1862 at Friederiksberg on December 13

Political process The difficult situation of the federal army caused discontent among the population. Lincoln was under pressure from the Republican Party, which included both supporters of the immediate abolition of slavery and those advocating the gradual emancipation of slaves. Lincoln adhered to a policy of compromise, thanks to which he was able to prevent a split in the party. He was convinced that even in wartime a political process must be carried out in the country. This made it possible to maintain freedom of speech throughout the Civil War, avoiding serious restrictions on civil liberties and the crisis of the two-party system of the Republican Party freedom of speech of the two-party system

During Lincoln's presidency, elections were held and citizens participated in government. After the Southern attack on Fort Sumter, some members of the Democratic Party formed a “loyal opposition” that supported government policies. On August 22, 1862, in an interview with the New York Tribune, when asked why he was delaying in freeing the slaves, Lincoln replied to the Sumter Democratic Party on August 22, 1862 My highest goal in this fight is the preservation of the union, not the preservation or abolition of slavery. If I could save the union without freeing a single slave, I would do so, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do so, and if I could save it by freeing some slaves and not others. freed, I would do it. What I do in the matter of slavery and for the colored race, I do because I believe it will help preserve the union... By this I have explained here my intention, which I consider as an official duty. And I do not intend to change my often expressed personal desire that all people everywhere should be free...

Homestead At the initiative of Abraham Lincoln, the Homestead Act was passed on May 20, 1862, according to which every citizen of the United States who had reached the age of 21 and had not fought on the side of the Confederacy could receive from public trust land a plot of land not exceeding 160 acres (65 hectares) upon payment $10 registration fee. The law came into force on January 1, 1863. A settler who began to cultivate the land and began to erect buildings on it received free ownership of this land after 5 years. The plot could be purchased ahead of schedule by paying $1.25 per acre. Under the Homestead Act, about 2 million homesteads were distributed in the United States, totaling about 285 million acres (115 million hectares). This law radically solved the agrarian problem, directing the development of agriculture along the farm path, led to the settlement of hitherto desert territories and provided Lincoln with the support of the broad masses of the population. May 20, 1862 Homestead Acres Act January 1, 1863 agricultural property rights

Freeing the Slaves Failures in the war and its prolongation gradually changed Lincoln's attitude towards the issue of slavery. He came to the conclusion that the United States would either become completely free or completely slave-owning. It became clear that the main goal of the war, the restoration of the Union, was becoming unattainable without the abolition of slavery. Lincoln had always advocated the gradual emancipation of blacks on a compensatory basis; now he believed that slavery must be abolished. Preparations for the abolition of the institute were carried out throughout 1862. On December 30, 1862, the President signed the Emancipation Proclamation, declaring that Negroes living in territories in rebellion against the United States were “hereafter and forever” free. Negroes of 1862 December 30, 1862Emancipation Proclamation Ford's Theater, where he was mortally wounded Lincoln

The document gave impetus to the adoption of the XIII Amendment (1865) to the American Constitution, which completely abolished slavery in the United States. The Proclamation was rightfully criticized by Radical Republicans because it emancipated slaves in areas where the federal government did not extend authority, but it changed the nature of the Civil War, turning it into a war to abolish slavery. In addition, it forced foreign countries, including Great Britain, not to support the Confederacy. British Prime Minister Palmerston was unable to organize an intervention due to public resistance. The emancipation of the slaves made it possible to recruit black Americans into the army. By the end of the war, there were 180 thousand blacks in the federal troops.1865 American Constitution ProclamationGreat Britain PalmerstonAmericans

Battle of Gettysburg March 3 On March 3, 1863, conscription was introduced for the first time in the history of the United States. At the same time, the rich were allowed to hire dummies and buy off service, which provoked unrest, during which many blacks died as victims of lynching. 1863 history of the United States military duty of lynching In May, the thousand-strong Union army was defeated by the 60-thousand-strong army of General Lee. The northerners retreated, and the Confederates, bypassing Washington from the north, entered Pennsylvania. In this situation, the outcome of the three-day battle at Gettysburg, during which more than 50 thousand people died, became of great importance. Lee's army was defeated and retreated to Virginia. On July 4, on the Western Front, after a multi-day siege and two unsuccessful assaults, General Grant captured the fortress of Vicksburg. 1863Lee Pennsylvania Gettysburg July 4 In December 1863, Lincoln promised amnesty to all rebels (except Confederate leaders) subject to taking an oath of allegiance to the United States and accepting the abolition of slavery. The year ended with the victory at Chattanooga. December 1863 amnesty of Chattanooga

Port Hudson, Louisiana, was captured on July 8. Thus, control over the Mississippi River valley was established, and the Confederacy was divided into two parts. On November 19, 1863, a ceremony was held to open the Gettysburg National Cemetery, where the fallen participants in the battle were buried. During the opening of the memorial, Lincoln delivered one of his most famous speeches, once again confirming his extraordinary oratorical talents. At the end of the short speech he said: Louisiana Mississippi November 19, 1863 one of his most famous speeches “We must solemnly decree that these deaths will not be in vain, and our nation, under the protection of God, will receive a new source of freedom, and this is a government of the people, created by the people and for the people, he will not die on earth"

Re-election, ending the war Ideas about ending the war became increasingly popular among the people. Lincoln's task was to instill in Americans confidence in victory. The President abolished the transfer of those arrested to court, which allowed the imprisonment of deserters and the most ardent supporters of slavery and peace. In the 1863 elections to Congress, the Democrats managed to narrow the gap in the number of mandates, but the Republicans still managed to maintain a majority in both the Senate and the House of Representatives. deserters of 1863 Congress Democrats Mandates Republicans Senate House of Representatives In March 1864, Lincoln appointed Ulysses Grant as commander-in-chief, who, together with W. Sherman and F. Sheridan, carried out the plan developed by Lincoln to weaken the southerners and defeat them by launching coordinated attacks. The main blow was dealt by Sherman's army, which launched an invasion of Georgia in May. Grant's Army acted against General Lee. 1864 Ulysses Grant W. Sherman F. Sheridan

Despite his own doubts and the objections of party leaders, Lincoln decided to run for a second term, although over the past four years he had made many enemies, he was often criticized by newspapers and hated by many people. The Democratic Party declared ending the war and negotiating as its slogan. Her candidate was General J.B. McLellan, who was dismissed by Lincoln as commander in chief in 1862. In the Republican Party, Treasury Secretary Salmon Chase tried to become one of the contenders, but Lincoln was the only candidate nominated. Sherman's capture of Atlanta, the breadbasket of the Confederacy, on September 2, 1864, allowed Lincoln to defeat his rival, peace supporter McClellan, in the presidential election and gain 212 of 233 electoral votes. At Lincoln's insistence, Congress passed the Thirteenth Amendment to the US Constitution on January 31, 1865, prohibiting slavery in the country. At the beginning of 1865, the victory of the northerners was already a foregone conclusion J.B. McLellan 1862 Salmon Chase September 2, 1864 Atlanta presidential election January 31, 1865 US Constitution slavery 1865

In his second inaugural address, Lincoln called for a renunciation of vengeance, set the task of reconstructing the South, building a harmonious Union: reconstruction “Without malice towards anyone, full of mercy, firm in truth, Americans must bind up the country’s wounds ... do everything possible to conquer and to maintain a just and lasting peace in our home and with all the peoples of the world.” Grant Grant, who had an army of 115 thousand people in the spring of 1865, forced Lee, who had only 54 thousand people at his disposal, to leave Petersburg, and on April 2 the capital of the confederation, Richmond. On April 9, 1865, Lee signed the Surrender; the resistance of individual units was suppressed by the end of May. After the arrest of Jefferson Davis and members of his government, the Confederacy ceased to exist. Lee Petersburg April 2 Richmond April 9, 1865 Surrender

Lincoln's Assassination Civil War The Civil War ended with the surrender of the Confederate States of America on April 9, 1865. The country had to carry out Southern Reconstruction and begin the process of integrating blacks into American society. Five days after the end of the war, on Good Friday, April 14, 1865, at the performance of My American Cousin (at Ford's Theatre), pro-Southern actor John Booth entered the presidential box and shot Lincoln in the head. The next morning, Abraham Lincoln died without regaining consciousness. Millions of Americans, white and black, came to pay their last respects to their president during the two-and-a-half week journey of the funeral train from Washington to Springfield, where Lincoln was buried in Oak Ridge Cemetery. Lincoln's tragic death contributed to the creation around his name of an aura of a martyr who gave his life for the reunification of the country and the liberation of slaves. April 9, 1865 integration of Good Friday April 14, 1865 John Booth Washington Springfield

The results of the presidency and the historical significance of Abraham Lincoln The Civil War became the bloodiest military conflict in the history of the United States and the most difficult test for American democracy. Abraham Lincoln became a central historical figure in the consciousness of the American people, a man who prevented the collapse of the United States and made a significant contribution to the formation of the American nation and the abolition of slavery as the main obstacle to the subsequent normal development of the country. Lincoln laid the foundation for the modernization of the South and the emancipation of slaves. He is the author of the formulation of the main goal of democracy: “A government created by the people, from the people and for the people.” During his presidency, a transcontinental railroad to the Pacific Ocean was also built, the infrastructure system was expanded, a new banking system was created, and the agrarian problem was solved. However, at the end of the war, the country faced many problems, including uniting the nation and equalizing the rights of blacks and whites. In part, these problems still face American society.American nationemancipationPacific railroadinfrastructurebanking system

After Lincoln's assassination, the economy of the United States became the most dynamically developing economy in the world for a long time, which allowed the country to become a world leader at the beginning of the 20th century. In many ways, his personal qualities made it possible to mobilize the forces of the state and reunite the country. Lincoln adhered to strict moral principles, had a sense of humor, but was also prone to strong melancholy. And to this day, Abraham Lincoln is considered one of the most intellectual presidents of the United States. As a sign of the gratitude of the American people, a memorial was erected in Washington to the sixteenth President Abraham Lincoln as one of the four presidents who determined the historical development of the United States of Americaeconomy of the United States of the 20th cenmemorial

Lincoln Memorial Lincoln is commemorated in a memorial located on the Esplanade in downtown Washington in the years that symbolizes the President's belief that all men should be free. The building symbolizes the United States; it is supported by 36 columns (the number of states during Lincoln's presidency). Inside this white marble structure, sculptor Daniel French placed a six-meter statue of the liberating president sitting in thought. On the interior walls of the memorial, under allegorical paintings, the texts of the Gettysburg and Lincoln's Second Inaugural Addresses are reproduced. On the Washington Esplanade Memorial, Daniel French's columns feature an allegorical statue of Gettysburg

In addition, many monuments have been erected in honor of Lincoln in the United States, a city, streets, a university, various centers, a brand of prestigious cars, and an aircraft carrier are named. The president's profile is carved into Mount Rushmore. Abraham Lincoln's birthday is a national holiday in the United States.

Slide 1

Abraham Lincoln (02/12/1809-04/14/1865)

Slide 2

Biography of Abraham Lincoln
On November 6, 1860, Abraham Lincoln was elected as the 16th President of the United States. The liberator of American slaves, the national hero of the American people, Abraham Lincoln was born in Kentucky on February 12, 1809.

Slide 3

Lincoln grew up in the family of a poor farmer - he was engaged in physical labor from a very early age. Due to the difficult financial situation of his family, he attended school for no more than a year, but managed to learn to read and write and fell in love with books. When he grew up, he worked at many jobs: at the post office, as a lumberjack, as a hunter, etc. He did not have time for education and, as many sources say: at that time he only read the Bible and Robinson Crusoe.

Slide 4

The Cabin Where Lincoln Was Born

Slide 5

Having become an adult, he began an independent life, educated himself, passed exams and received permission to practice law. During the Indian uprising in Illinois, he joined the militia and was elected captain, but did not take part in the fighting.

Slide 6

In 1846, lawyer Abraham Lincoln was elected to Congress. In 1856, Lincoln joined the Republican Party, and in 1860 he managed to win the US presidential election. Abraham Lincoln became the 16th president of his country, but this event resulted in a confrontation between the North and South of the United States of America.

Slide 7

The civil war began. On September 22, Lincoln issued a presidential proclamation promising to give freeman status to all slaves in the rebellious southern states if they did not return to the union by early 1863. This initiative of Abraham Lincoln became the basis for the adoption of an amendment to the US Constitution, which effectively eliminated slavery throughout the country.

Slide 8

The President kept Great Britain and other European countries from intervention throughout the war. During his presidency, the transcontinental railroad was built, the Homestead Act was adopted, which resolved the agrarian question. Lincoln was an outstanding orator, his speeches inspired northerners and remain a shining legacy to this day.

Slide 9

In 1864, Lincoln was re-elected president. On April 14, 1865, an attempt was made on his life. The next day, the 16th President of the United States died. He is still considered the best president in the entire history of the state.

Slide 10

1. Lincoln lost 18 elections before becoming President of the United States. His life serves as the clearest illustration of the phenomenal success built with his own hands: 1831 - burned out in business, declared bankrupt; 1832 - defeated in elections to the legislative chamber of his state; 1834 - again went bankrupt in business and was again declared bankrupt: 1835 -1836 - personal failures and, as a result, a severe nervous breakdown, was treated for a long time; 1838 – defeated in the next elections; 1843, 1846, 1848 - defeated in elections to the US Congress; 1855 - defeated in elections to the Senate; 1856 - defeated as a candidate for the post of Vice President of the United States; 1858 - defeated in elections to the Senate; 1860 – elected President of the United States.

Slide 11

Lincoln was an incredibly tall man (193 cm), and his long hat added several inches to his height. He used the hat not only as a fashion item, but also as a storage place for money, letters and important notes. It was called "chimney" because it resembled a pipe.
Interesting facts from the biography of the legendary politician

Since his death, Lincoln has been reburied 17 times, either due to reconstruction of the tomb or for safety reasons. At the same time, his coffin was opened six times. Only in 1901, 36 years after his death, did Lincoln's body find final rest.
Interesting facts from the biography of the legendary politician

• ELECTED FROM: Illinois POLITICAL PARTY: Republican TERM: March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865
• BORN: February 12, 1809 BIRTHPLACE: Hardin County, Kentucky DIED: April 15, 1865, Washington, D.C. Buried in Springfield, Illinois OCCUPATION: Lawyer MARRIED: Mary Todd, 1842 CHILDREN: Robert, Edward, Willie, Tad

• The presentation was prepared by a 9th grade student – ​​Dasha Mineeva

Abraham Lincoln's Childhood and Education

• Lincoln was born in Hardin County, Kentucky on February 12, 1809.
• He moved to Indiana in 1816 and lived there the rest of his youth.
• Lincoln himself stated that he had about one year of formal education. However, he was taught by many different individuals.
• He loved to read and learn from any books he could get his hands on.

Abraham Lincoln

• Symbolic log cabin at the Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historic Site

Family Ties

• Father: Thomas Lincoln - farmer and carpenter Mother: Nancy Hanks - died when Lincoln was nine. His stepmother, Sarah Bush Johnston, was very close to him. Siblings: Sarah Grigsby was the only sibling to live to maturity. Wife: Mary Todd - grew up in relative wealth. Four of her siblings fought for the South. She was considered mentally unbalanced. Children: Robert Todd - lawyer and diplomat; William Wallace - the only president's child to die in the White House, and Thomas "Tad" - died at 18.

Abraham Lincoln's early life and career

• Lincoln began his political career in 1832 at age 23 with an unsuccessful campaign for the Illinois General Assembly as a member of the Whig Party.

An 1864 Mathew Brady photo depicts President Lincoln reading a book with his youngest son, Tad

• An 1864 Mathew Brady photo depicts President Lincoln reading a book with his youngest son, Tad

The greatest American president

• He is considered by many historians to have been the greatest American president.

Abraham Lincoln

• One of the last photographs of Lincoln, likely taken in February 1865

Abraham Lincoln

• The Apotheosis of Abraham Lincoln, greeted by George Washington in heaven (an 1860s work

1860 Presidential election

• 1860 presidential election results
• On November 6, 1860, Lincoln was elected as the 16th President of the United States.
• He was the first Republican president, winning entirely on the strength of his support in the North:

Emancipation Proclamation

• Lincoln met with his cabinet on July 22, 1862 for the first reading of a draft of the Emancipation Proclamation

Lincoln

• Lincoln
• in 1846 or 1847
• In 1846 Lincoln was elected to one term in the U.S. House of Representatives

Abraham Lincoln

• Official White House portrait of Abraham Lincoln
• by George Peter Alexander Healy

Abraham Lincoln

• 1864 Presidential election results

The only known photographs of Lincoln giving a speech were taken as he delivered his second inaugural address.

• The only known photographs of Lincoln giving a speech were taken as he delivered his second inaugural address.
• Here, he stands in the center, with papers in his hand.

A photograph of the March 4, 1861 inauguration of Abraham Lincoln in front of the United States Capitol

• A photograph of the March 4, 1861 inauguration of Abraham Lincoln in front of the United States Capitol

Abraham Lincoln

• A picture that depicts the assassination of Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln's tomb, Oak Ridge Cemetery

• Abraham Lincoln's tomb is located in Oak Ridge Cemetery in Springfield, Illinois.
• It includes a 117-foot-tall granite obelisk surmounted with several bronze statues of Lincoln, which was constructed by 1874.
• Lincoln's wife, Mary Todd Lincoln, and three of his four sons are also buried there (Robert Todd Lincoln is buried in Arlington National Cemetery)

Lincoln's coffin, Museum of Funeral Customs

• A funeral was held in Springfield on May 4, 1865.
• Subsequent to the funeral, Lincoln's remains, along with those of his son William, were interred in a public receiving vault at Oak Ridge Cemetery.

Lincoln's funeral train

• Lincoln's body was born from Washington, DC, on a funeral train, accompanied by dignitaries and Robert Todd Lincoln, his eldest son.
• The remains of his son, William Wallace Lincoln, were also placed on the train.
• The train left Washington, DC, on April 21, 1865, and traveled 1,654 miles, retracing the route Lincoln had traveled to Washington, DC, as the president elect.
• The train's journey ended on May 3, 1865, when it arrived in Springfield, Illinois.

Lincoln Memorial University is a private four-year co-educational liberal arts college located in Harrogat, Tennessee

• Lincoln Memorial University is a private four-year co-educational liberal arts college located in Harrogat, Tennessee

Images of Lincoln

• Lincoln's portrait on the American five
• dollar bill
• Lincoln stamp, issued November 19, 1965

Images of Lincoln

• Statue of Abraham Lincoln, Hingham, Massachusetts
• Daniel Chester French's sculpture inside the Lincoln Memorial
• Stone carving of Lincoln at the Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial

Images of Lincoln

• Lincoln's likeness on Mount Rushmore
• Proof coinage Lincoln penny with cameo effect, obverse
• Lincoln on the Illinois design of the 50 State Quarters, issued in 2003