Information can exist in a variety of forms: in the form of light, sound or radio waves; in the form of electric current or voltage; in the form of magnetic fields; in the form of signs on paper, etc. Information can be: created; transmit; accept; remember; search; copy; process; destroy; to measure; divide into parts, etc.

How a person perceives information A person has five senses (eyes, ears, nose, tongue, skin) that allow him to receive information. Human senses of information perception are called: vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch. With their eyes, people distinguish colors and perceive visual information, which includes textual, numerical, and graphic information. The ears perceive sound information: speech, music, sound signals, noise.

Using the tongue, you can get information about what an object tastes like: bitter, sour, sweet, salty. Using your fingertips (or just your skin), by touch, you can get information about the temperature of an object, whether it is hot or cold, about the quality of its surface: smooth or rough. Through the nose, people receive information about the smells of the surrounding world.

We store them in memory If you cut down a tree, then by the rings you can determine how old it is, whether each year of its life was rainy or dry. An oak tree grows from an acorn, an ear grows from a grain of wheat. Learning rules in mathematics or poetry; a tree stores information about its life; information about plants is stored in seeds; information storage

Papyrus. In the Nile Valley, along the banks of its many branches, in slowly flowing water, extensive thickets of papyrus grow, a herbaceous plant from which writing material was already made in ancient times. Papyrus stems were used for food and were used to make fabrics, mats, and rafts. At the beginning of the third millennium BC, writing material began to be made from papyrus. To make it, papyrus stems were cut into narrow longitudinal strips, which were laid out in the form of a sheet and pressed. The dried sheets were glued into a scroll. Papyrus was almost white in color, but over time it darkened and lost strength.

The first libraries Libraries as repositories of written monuments date back to ancient times. The oldest surviving ones are cuneiform libraries on clay tablets. Cuneiform is a method of writing by extruding wedge-shaped lines into clay. Cuneiform libraries preserve business documents, historical inscriptions, epics, dictionaries, mathematical and other scientific works.

At the end of the 1st century AD. e. In ancient Rome, codices appeared (from the Latin “codex” “stump of wood”, later “book”), the prototype of the modern book, several wax-rubbed wooden tablets fastened together with a thin strap, used by the Romans for writing (mainly for educational purposes). Over time, the tablets were replaced by sheets of parchment, made from very thin calf skin, and only over the centuries, expensive parchment began to be replaced by the one invented in China back in the 2nd century AD. e. paper.. In India and Ceylon, stacks of palm leaves were used as “books”. Long before the codices and for a long time in parallel with them, the functions of the book were performed by scrolls made of papyrus, then parchment.

Photography The founders of photography were inventors L. J. M. Daguerre (1839) and J. N. Niepce (France), W. G. F. Talbot (Great Britain).

Storage of information The material nature of information carriers can be different: DNA molecules that store genetic information; paper on which texts and images are stored; magnetic tape on which audio information is stored; photographic and film films on which graphic information is stored; memory chips, magnetic and laser disks on which programs and data are stored in a computer, and so on.

The history of means of information exchange can begin with the most ancient evidence that has reached us - with rock paintings of the Paleolithic era. An artist of this era, who knew how to make tools and decorate the walls of caves, according to scientists, should already have had speech. With the emergence of Homo sapiens and the advent of graphic art, oral communication developed: from imitation of sounds existing in nature to the verbal expression of thoughts. It is believed that in the Neolithic era (6 - 3 thousand BC), when man turned from a hunter into a farmer and cattle breeder, various languages ​​appeared. The change in the nature of economic activity had important consequences for human history. In 5 - 4 thousand BC. Sumerians settled on the territory of modern Iraq, in the two rivers of the Tigris and Euphrates. They are credited with the invention of writing. The very first examples of writing are tablets from the city of Uruk - small rectangular clay bars, on the convex surface of which “pictograms” are scratched, i.e. highly simplified images of animals, tools, etc., as well as abstract icons for quantitative designations.

Over time, the signs became more and more stylized, because It was technically difficult to apply complex designs to wet clay. Eventually the signs took the form of wedge-shaped lines - “cuneiform”. During excavations of the Assyrian capital of Nineveh, tablets from the royal repository were found containing dictionaries and grammars of the Sumerian, Babylonian and Assyrian languages. The Assyrians also included written texts in works of monumental art intended to perpetuate the exploits of their kings. The material that replaced clay tablets and established itself throughout the ancient world after the conquest of Egypt by Alexander the Great (332 BC) was papyrus. The Roman scientist and writer Pliny the Elder described the technology for making papyrus in his Natural History.

Papyrus was an expensive material, and scribes often reused the sheets to clean out old text. The ability to read and write was considered in Egypt a sign of superiority over others. Literary education occupied a place of honor in Egypt. The artistic genre of modern mass culture, book illustration, was born there. The “Book of the Dead” was illustrated, which consisted of scrolls of papyrus and fabric in which richly colored images complemented the hieroglyphic text. These scrolls were left in the tombs of nobles. Such a familiar means of exchanging information as mail was also invented in Egypt. Letters were written on pieces of papyrus with a brush and paint (ink). The words were arranged vertically on both sides of the sheet. The letters were delivered by a messenger.

In Ancient China, as in Egypt, they wrote with a brush and ink on fabric (silk), bone, tortoise shell, and bamboo. Silk, however, was expensive, so there was a constant search for a more economical material. The invention of paper is attributed to Cai Lun, who lived in the 2nd century AD. At first, paper was made from silk rags, but then they learned to use other fibrous materials: bamboo, hemp and mulberry bark. The demand for paper was enormous and mass production was launched in state workshops. In China, very early in the 7th century AD, much earlier than in Europe, they began to use impressions from wooden boards. Over time, the ancient Chinese book acquired more convenient forms: “screen book”, “butterfly book”, which is still used today in the publication of children's books.

The flourishing of printing in China in the 10th century made books accessible to the public, which served to spread literacy. Hieroglyphic writing developed in China, but the evolution of writing did not lead to the creation of an alphabetic (letter) system. This simplest and most convenient system appeared in the Mediterranean. An alphabet is a set of graphic signs corresponding to the elementary sounds into which a language can be divided. In Phenicia, for example, the alphabet consisted of 20–30 characters, indicating only consonants. It is not known when teaching writing came into line with other academic subjects, but in Athens already in the 6th century BC. the average citizen knew how to write, book production and bookselling developed. Libraries played a major role in the transmission of ancient texts to subsequent generations.

The largest library was the Alexandria library. It contained 700 thousand volumes. The library of Pergamon had about 200 volumes. Pergamon, one of the largest centers of the Hellenic world, is famous for the fact that, according to legend, the Pergamon king Eumenes II invented parchment. Animal skins had been used as writing material before, but in the 2nd century BC. Pergamon becomes one of the largest producers of this material. By the 14th century, paper had spread throughout Europe, however, it did not completely replace parchment; from now on it was used to make expensive manuscripts. The formation of urban culture in Western Europe changed the meaning of the book. The artisan scribe begins to produce manuscripts not only to order, but also to release them on the free market.

With the invention of printing by Johannes Guttenberg in the early 15th century, the ability to obtain any number of identical copies of any work led to a booming book market. Guttenberg's main idea was to set text from movable and replaceable characters and produce an impression using a printing press. Gutenberg also owned the recipe for printing ink. The first books in Moscow were published under Ivan the Terrible. In 1563, pioneer printer Ivan Fedorov headed the state printing house, which went down in history under the name of the Moscow Printing House. The invention of printing brought down upon the Renaissance man a huge number of various publications, sometimes reaching a circulation of three thousand and published in languages ​​understandable to many, and not just Greek or Latin. Johannes Guttenberg

Society's need for information (from fundamental scientific works to facts of everyday life) is growing. In the first half of the 16th century, “news books” appeared, containing information of a political and economic nature. The oldest of the “books of news”, consisting of 12 pages, was printed in London in 1513. This was a prototype of the future periodical press. In France, such publications were called “Gazette”, and in England – “News Papers”. After 1789, 14 daily newspapers were already published in France. And in 1798, the French inventor Francois Louis Robert made the first experiments on the mechanized production of paper, so necessary for the production of books and newspapers. Great progress was made in chemistry, thanks to which raw silk began to be replaced by mechanically crushed wood pulp.

In the era of the daily newspaper, mail remained the only means of delivering news. And not the fastest. In 1840, carrier pigeons were still used in France to deliver telegrams. The telegraph was invented before the telephone. It processed electrical signals and sent messages passing through wires. The telegraph was invented in 1837 by two Englishmen K. Bettstone and B. Cook. A more modern telegraph appeared in America. It was created by Samuel Morse (1791–1872) in 1838. Morse's discovery made it possible to receive messages in letter form. In 1876, another American, Alexander Grabham Bell (1847–1922), invented the telephone. In 1884, Bell's telephone campaign extended the first long telephone line from New York to Festoon. Alexander Bell Samuel Morse

A real revolution in the history of information dissemination was the invention of radio. Radio - in Latin means emitting rays. On April 25, 1895, A. S. Popov (1859–1906), using an antenna, demonstrated his “lightning detector” - the world’s first radio receiver. If he had patented his invention, then Alexander Stepanovich would have been officially recognized as the father of radio! But on March 29, 1899, G. Marconi received a signal sent across the English Channel using equipment designed by E. Branly, and 2 years later he received the first transatlantic transmission of radio signals, not forgetting to take out a patent. The first radios sent and received signals using Morse code. The sound transmitter was invented in 1906, and the first radio broadcasts appeared in 1920. Guglielmo Marconi A. S. Popov

In the 1830s in France, inventor Louis-Jacques Dagoury used a copper plate coated with a layer of silver iodide to produce the first photographic images. These images are known as daguerreotypes. Unfortunately, they could only be printed once. Later, the Englishman William Talbot invented a process in which a negative is first created, and from it a photograph is obtained. In the 19th century, many scientists tried to create moving images. In 1882, the Frenchman Etienne Jules Marie invented a camera that reproduced 12 frames per second. Ten years later, American Thomas Edison patented his movie camera. It showed a sequence of frames, creating the impression of a moving picture. French brothers Louis and Augustus Lumière used a similar device in the first cinema in 1895.

In 1926, the first television model was demonstrated by Scottish inventor John Logie Baurd. Some time later, the Russian scientist Vladimir Zvorykin invented the iconoscope. It was an electrical device that, by passing an image through a glass lens, focused an object. Modern televisions also work according to the Zvorykin principle. The BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) is considered the creator of the first television program in 1936. Color television was invented in the USA in 1953. The invention of computers and their role in storing, transmitting and processing information will be discussed in the next chapter of the presentation “History of the development of computer technology.”

1 of 30

Presentation on the topic: Storage and transmission of information

Slide no. 1

Slide description:

Slide no. 2

Slide description:

Storing information From the basic course you know: A person stores information in his own memory, as well as in the form of records on various external (relative to a person) media: stone, papyrus, paper, magnetic and optical media, etc. Thanks to such records, information is transmitted not only in space (from person to person), but also in time - from generation to generation.

Slide no. 3

Slide description:

Slide no. 4

Slide description:

Slide no. 5

Slide description:

Use of paper media The most widely used media is still paper. Invented in the 2nd century AD. e. In China, paper has served people for 19 centuries. To compare volumes of information on different media, we will use a unit - a byte, considering that one character of text “weighs” 1 byte.

Slide no. 6

Slide description:

It is not difficult to calculate the information volume of a book containing 300 pages with a text size of approximately 2000 characters per page. The text of such a book has a volume of approximately 600,000 bytes, or 586 KB. The average school library, which has a collection of 5,000 volumes, has an information volume of approximately 2,861 MB = 2.8 GB.

Slide no. 7

Slide description:

Slide no. 8

Slide description:

Early computers used paper to digitally represent input data. These were punch cards: cardboard cards with holes that stored a binary code of the information entered. On some types of computers, perforated paper tape was used for the same purposes.

Slide no. 9

Slide description:

Use of magnetic storage media In the 19th century, magnetic recording was invented. Initially it was used only to save sound. The very first magnetic recording medium was steel wire with a diameter of up to 1 mm. At the beginning of the 20th century, rolled steel strip was also used for these purposes. At the same time (in 1906) the first patent for a magnetic disk was issued. The quality characteristics of all these media were very low. Suffice it to say that to produce a 14-hour magnetic recording of oral presentations at the International Congress in Copenhagen in 1908, 2500 km, or about 100 kg of wire, were required.

Slide no. 10

Slide description:

Slide no. 11

Slide description:

Since the early 1960s, computer magnetic disks have come into use: aluminum or plastic disks coated with a thin magnetic powder layer several microns thick. Information on the disk is located along circular concentric tracks. Magnetic disks are hard and flexible, removable and built into the computer drive. The latter are traditionally called hard drives.

Slide no. 12

Slide description:

A computer hard drive is a package of magnetic disks mounted on a common axis. The information capacity of modern hard drives is measured in gigabytes (tens and hundreds of GB). The most common type of floppy disk, 3.5 inches in diameter, holds about 1.4 MB of data. Floppy disks are now becoming obsolete. Plastic cards have become widespread in the banking system. They also use the magnetic principle of recording information with which ATMs and cash registers associated with the banking information system operate.

Slide no. 13

Slide description:

Use of optical disks and flash memory The use of optical, or laser, method of recording information begins in the 1980s. Its appearance is associated with the invention of a quantum generator - a laser, a source of a very thin (thickness on the order of a micron) high-energy beam. The beam is capable of burning very high-density binary data code onto the surface of a fusible material. Reading occurs as a result of reflection from such a “perforated” surface of a laser beam with lower energy (“cold” beam). Due to their high recording density, optical discs have a much larger information volume than single-disk magnetic media. The information capacity of an optical disc ranges from 190 MB to 700 MB. Optical discs are called compact discs (CDs).

Slide no. 14

Slide description:

In the second half of the 1990s, digital versatile video discs (DVDs) appeared with large capacities measured in gigabytes (up to 17 GB). The increase in their capacity compared to CDs is due to the use of a smaller diameter laser beam, as well as double-layer and double-sided recording. Remember the example of the school library. Her entire book collection can be placed on one DVD.

Slide no. 15

Slide description:

So-called flash keychains (colloquially called “flash drives”), the production of which began in 2001, have become widespread as external storage media for a computer. A large amount of information, compactness, high read/write speed, ease of use are the main advantages of these devices. The flash key connects to the USB port of the computer and allows you to download data at a speed of about 10 MB per second.

Slide no. 16

Slide description:

System of basic concepts Information storage Information media Non-digital Digital (computer) Historical: stone, wood, papyrus, parchment, silk, etc. Modern: paper Magnetic Optical Flash media Tapes Disks Cards CD DVD Flash Flash cards key fobs Media quality factors Capacity - data storage density, data volume Storage reliability - maximum data retention time, dependence on storage conditions Optical media CDs and DVDs have the greatest capacity and reliability today Promising types of media: media based on nanotechnology

Slide no. 17

Slide no. 18

Slide description:

K. Shannon's model of information transmission All of the listed methods of information communication are based on the transmission of a physical (electrical or electromagnetic) signal over a distance and are subject to some general laws. The study of these laws is carried out by the theory of communication, which arose in the 1920s. The mathematical apparatus of communication theory - the mathematical theory of communication - was developed by the American scientist Claude Shannon. Claude Shannon.

Slide no. 19

Slide description:

Claude Shannon proposed a model of the process of transmitting information through technical communication channels. The operation of such a scheme can be explained using the familiar process of talking on the phone. The source of information is the person speaking. The encoding device is a telephone handset microphone, with the help of which sound waves (speech) are converted into electrical signals. The communication channel is the telephone network (wires, switches of telephone nodes through which the signal passes). The decoding device is the handset (earphone) of the listening person - the receiver of information.

Slide description:

Channel capacity and information transmission speed The capacity of a communication channel depends on its technical implementation. For example, computer networks use the following means of communication: telephone lines; electrical cabling; fiber optic cable communication; radio communication

Slide no. 22

Slide description:

The speed of information transfer is related not only to the bandwidth of the communication channel. Imagine that a text in Russian containing 1000 characters is transmitted using binary encoding. In the first case, telegraph 5-bit encoding is used. In the second case - computer 8-bit encoding. Then the length of the message code in the first case will be 5000 bits, in the second case - 8000 bits. When transmitted over the same channel, the second message will be transmitted 1.6 times longer (8000/5000). This would seem to lead to the following conclusion: the length of the message code should be kept as short as possible.

Slide description:

The presence of noise leads to loss of transmitted information. In such cases, noise protection is necessary. For this purpose, first of all, technical methods are used to protect communication channels from the effects of noise. Such methods can be very different, sometimes simple, sometimes very complex. For example: using shielded cable instead of bare wire; the use of various kinds of filters that separate the useful signal from noise, etc.

Slide no. 25

Slide description:

Shannon developed a special coding theory that provides methods for dealing with noise. One of the important ideas of this theory is that the code transmitted over the communication line must be redundant. Due to this, the loss of some part of the information during transmission can be compensated. For example, if you are hard of hearing when talking on the phone, then by repeating each word twice, you have a better chance that the other person will understand you correctly. Code redundancy is the repeated repetition of transmitted data.

Slide description:

To combat the loss of information during transmission, the following technique is often used. The entire message is divided into portions - blocks. For each block, a checksum (the sum of binary digits) is calculated and transmitted along with the block. At the receiving site, the checksum of the received block is recalculated and, if it does not coincide with the original sum, the transmission of this block is repeated. This happens until the source and destination checksums match.

Slide no. 28

Slide description:

System of basic concepts Information transfer in technical communication systems Model of K. Shannon Coding procedure Transmission process over a communication channel Decoding procedure Throughput Impact of noise channel capacity on a communication channel Protection of information from losses due to noise Coding with optimal redundant code Partial loss of redundant information during transmission Full recovery original message

Here is an example of the information processing process.

Fishes jump out of the water

What information is processed?

And what comes out during processing?

Task : Kolya buried his diary with twos to a depth of 5 meters, and Tolya buried his diary to a depth of 12 meters. How many meters deeper did Tolya bury his diary with twos?

Background information (given):

on the? m. more?

New information (answer):

Then the diagram will look like this (fill in the data):

Background information (given):

5m - the depth to which Kolya buried the diary 12m - the depth to which Tolya buried the diary

on the? m. more?

Information processing (decision):

12-5=7 (m) - that’s how much deeper Tolya buried his diary.

New information (answer):

Tolya buried his diary 7 meters deeper.

Among the pictures below, find those in which there is information processing .

• Who or what is processing the information in these examples?
• Indicate which information is original and which is new.
• How does a doctor, children, or a computer process information?
• What type of information is processed by each?

Slide 1 “Basic methods of information processing tools”
Slide 2Information. What is this? What is it for? Information is the entire collection of information about the world around us, about all possible processes occurring in it that can be perceived by living organisms, electronic machines and other information systems.
Slide 3 Types of information: Graphic or pictorial; Sound; Text; Numeric; Video information.
Slide 4 Graphic or pictorial - the first type for which a method of storing information about the surrounding world was implemented in the form of rock paintings, and later in the form of paintings, photographs, diagrams, drawings on paper, canvas, marble and other materials depicting pictures of the real world.
Slide 5 Sound - the world around us is full of sounds and the problem of storing and replicating them was solved with the invention of sound recording devices in 1877. Its type is musical information - for this type a coding method was invented using special characters, which makes it possible to store it in a similar way to graphic information
Slide 6Text - a way of encoding human speech with special symbols - letters, and different nations have different languages ​​and use different sets of letters to display speech; This method became especially important after the invention of paper and printing.
Slide 7 Numerical - a quantitative measure of objects and their properties in the surrounding world; acquired especially great importance with the development of trade, economics and monetary exchange; similar to text information, to display it, the method of encoding with special symbols - numbers is used, and the encoding (numeral) systems can be different.
Slide 8 Video information is a way of preserving “living” pictures of the surrounding world, which appeared with the invention of cinema.
Slide 9 Information processing Information processing is an ordered process of its transformation in accordance with an algorithm for solving a problem.
Slide 10Methods of information processing There are many methods of information processing, but in most cases they come down to processing text, numerical and graphic data.
Slide 11 Text information processing Most often, text editors or processors are used as a tool for processing text electronic information. They represent a software product that provides the user with special tools designed for creating, processing and storing text information. Text editors and processors are used to compose, edit and process various types of information. The difference between text editors and processors is that editors, as a rule, are designed to work only with a certain type of information (texts, formulas, etc.), while processors allow you to use other types of information.
Slide 12Editors designed for preparing texts can be divided into conventional (preparing letters and other simple documents) and complex (drawing documents with different fonts, including graphs, drawings, etc.). Editors used for automated work with text can be divided into several types: simple, integrated, hypertext editors, text recognizers, scientific text editors, publishing systems.
Slide 13 The main editing operations include: adding; deletion; moving; copying a text fragment; search; contextual replacement. If the text you create is a multi-page document, you can apply page or section formatting. In this case, such structural elements as bookmarks, footnotes, cross-references and headers will appear in the text.
Slide 14Processing tabular data Users in the process of work often have to deal with tabular data in the process of creating and maintaining accounting books, bank accounts, estimates, statements, when drawing up plans and allocating organizational resources, and when performing scientific research. The desire to automate this type of work has led to the emergence of specialized software for processing information presented in tabular form. Such software is called table processors or spreadsheets. Such programs allow you not only to create tables, but also to automate the processing of tabular data.
Slide 15An important property of tables is the ability to use formulas and functions in them. The formula may contain references to table cells located, among other things, on another worksheet or in a table located in another file. Excel offers more than 200 pre-programmed formulas called functions. To make it easier to navigate, the functions are divided into categories. Using the "Function Wizard" you can create them at any stage of work.
Slide 16Processing graphic information In graphic mode, the monitor screen represents a set of luminous dots - pixels (“pixel”, from the English “picture element”). The total number of dots on the screen is called the resolution of the monitor, which also depends on its type and operating mode. The unit of measurement in this case is dots per inch (dpi). The resolution of modern displays is usually 1280 pixels horizontally and 1024 pixels vertically, i.e. 1310720 points.
Slide 17The number of reflected colors depends on the capabilities of the video adapter and display. It can be changed programmatically. Each color represents one of the states of a point on the screen. Color images have modes: 16, 256, 65536 (high color) and 16,777,216 colors (true color). Any computer image consists of a set of graphic primitives that reflect some graphic element. Primitives can also be alphanumeric or any other characters.
Slide 18 To successfully perform information processing, the performer (person or device) must know the processing algorithm, i.e. the sequence of actions that must be performed to achieve the desired result.
Slide 19Types of information processing There are two types of information processing. The first type of processing: processing associated with obtaining new information, new knowledge content (solving mathematical problems, analyzing the situation, etc.). The second type of processing: processing associated with changing the form, but not changing the content (for example, translating text from one language to another).
Slide 20An important type of information processing is coding - the transformation of information into a symbolic form convenient for its storage, transmission, and processing. Coding is actively used in technical means of working with information (telegraph, radio, computers). Another type of information processing is data structuring (entering a certain order into the information storage, classification, cataloging of data).
Slide 21Another type of information processing is searching in some information storage for the necessary data that satisfies certain search conditions (query). The search algorithm depends on the way the information is organized.
Slide 22 Technological process of information processing The technological process of information processing depends on the nature of the tasks being solved, the technical means used, control systems, the number of users and other factors.
Slide 23 The technological process of information processing may include the following operations (actions): Data collection; Data processing; Data generation; Data storage; Data transfer.
Slide 24 Collection of data, information, knowledge - is a process of registration, fixation, recording of detailed information (data, knowledge) about events, objects (real and abstract), connections, characteristics and corresponding actions. At the same time, sometimes “collection of data and information” and “collection of knowledge” are separated into separate operations. Collection of data and information is the process of identifying and obtaining data from various sources, grouping the received data and presenting them in the form necessary for entering into a computer. Collection of knowledge - obtaining information about a subject area from specialists - experts and presenting it in the form necessary for recording in the knowledge base.
Slide 25Processing of data, information, knowledge. Processing is a broad concept and includes several interrelated operations. Processing can include such operations as: carrying out calculations, sampling, searching, combining, merging, sorting, filtering, etc. It should be remembered that processing is the systematic performance of operations on data, the process of converting calculations, analyzing and synthesizing any forms of data, information and knowledge, through systematically performing operations on them. When defining such an operation as processing, the following are distinguished: data processing, information processing, knowledge processing. Data processing is the process of manipulating data (numbers, symbols and letters) and converting it into information. Information processing - processing information of a certain type (text, audio, graphic), converting it into information of another type.
Slide 26Generation of data, information, knowledge - the process of organizing, reorganizing and converting data (information, knowledge) into the form required by the user, including through its processing. For example, the process of obtaining formatted reports (documents).
Slide 27Storage of data, information, knowledge - processes of accumulation, placement, production and copying of data (information, knowledge) for their further use (processing and transfer).
Slide 28 Transfer of data, information, knowledge - the process of disseminating data (information, knowledge) among users through means and communication systems and by moving (transferring) ...

Slide 2

Keywords

Types of information processing Transformation of the form of information presentation Transformation of information according to given rules Systematization Search Action plan Animation

Slide 3

Variety of information processing tasks

Information processing is the solution of some information problem. ! As a result of processing existing input information, we obtain new output information.

Slide 4

Slide 5

Systematization of information

Systematizing information means arranging it according to certain rules. When systematizing information, a method of sorting is used, that is, placing it in a certain order (ordering). Types of sorting: alphabetical; by numbers; in chronological order!

Slide 6

Let's think about it. Task: Organize graphic information by sorting by the main characteristic of the subject. Checking Flowers Musical instruments Sports equipment

Slide 7

Search for information

If the information is systematized, the search is carried out quickly. Search is the most important type of information processing. The search for the necessary information is carried out in some information repository.

Slide 8

Information search methods i

Slide 9

Changing the form of information presentation

Changing the form of information presentation is a transition from one form of information presentation to another, more convenient for perception, processing, storage or transmission. ! We change the form in which information is presented when we encode it.

Slide 10

Transforming information according to specified rules

The rule for converting input information into output can be presented in the form of a formula or a detailed action plan. Problem: In triangle ABC, AB = 18 cm, BC is 3 cm less than AB, AC is 3 times less than AB. What is the perimeter of triangle ABC? Solution A B C 18 cm P=?

Slide 11

Let's think

Problem: In triangle ABC, AB = 18 cm, BC is 3 cm less than AB, AC is 3 times less than AB. What is the perimeter of triangle ABC? A B C 18 cm Solution to the problem: P = AB + BC + AC 1) BC = AB – 3 = 18 – 3 = 15 (cm) 2) AC = AB: 3 = 18: 3 = 6 (cm) 3) P = 18 + 15 + 6 = 39 (cm) Answer: the perimeter is 39 cm. Conclusion: as a result of transforming the initial data according to the rules known to us, we received new information about what the perimeter of the triangle is equal to. ? ?

Slide 12

Transforming information through reasoning

Solving problems, that is, transforming input information into output, can take place through logical reasoning. To do this: Analyze the initial information Select significant objects, establish connections Consider various solution options Make a choice With this approach to solving a problem, a person’s knowledge and life experience are used. 1 2 3 4

Slide 13

Transforming information through reasoning

Logical reasoning Output information Input information Transformation of information through reasoning is a method of processing information leading to the acquisition of new content, new information. ! Information conversion scheme

Slide 14

Let's think

Task: Six trees grow near the school: PINE, BIRCH, LINDEN, POPLAR, FIR and MAPLE. Which of these trees is the tallest and which is the lowest, if you know birch below the poplar, linden above the maple, pine below, linden below the birch, pine above the poplar? B k s t K

Slide 15

Reasoning problems

Example: A bottle of mineral water, a mug, a cup, a glass and a jug are placed in a row on the table, and in exactly the order in which they are listed. They contain various drinks: coffee, tea, milk, kvass and mineral water, but it is not known which drink is in which vessel. If a glass is placed between dishes with tea and milk, then next to the milk there will be kvass, and coffee will be exactly in the middle. Determine which container contains what. MINERAL WATER TEA MILK COFFEE KVASS Check The presentation “Problem about drinks” from the electronic supplement to the textbook provides visual information about solving this problem.

Slide 16

Developing an action plan and recording it

Many information tasks require developing a plan of action to ensure the desired result. Problem: How to collect exactly 7 liters of water if you have two buckets: one three-liter, the second five-liter? 5 l 3 l

Slide 17

Fill a five-liter bucket full (0 liters in the first and 5 liters in the second). Pour water from a five-liter bucket into a three-liter one (3 liters in the first and 2 liters in the second). Pour the water out of a three-liter bucket (0 liters in the first and 2 liters in the second bucket). Pour the remaining water from a five-liter bucket into a three-liter bucket (2 liters in the first bucket and 0 liters in the second). Fill a five-liter bucket full (2 liters in the first and 5 liters in the second). Recording the solution to a problem verbally 5 l 2 l + = 7 l

Slide 18

0 + 5 = 5 0 0 + 3 = 3 5 – 3 = 2 0 + 5 = 5 2 – 2 = 0 0 + 2 = 2 3 – 3 = 0 2 Recording the solution to the problem in a tabular way

Slide 19

Creating moving images

Nowadays, there are special programs for creating cartoons that make the work of animators much easier.

Slide 20

To create a 1-minute cartoon, you need to create about 1,500 images. Previously, it took an artist about a year of work to create a 10-minute cartoon. Nowadays, an Artist is able to complete a 10-minute film in 1-2 weeks. !

Slide 21

The most important

Information processing is the solution of an information problem, or the process of moving from initial data to a result. Information processing is of two types: 1) processing associated with obtaining new content, new information; 2) processing associated with changing the form of information presentation, but not changing its content. Processing of information associated with changing its form, but not changing its content, occurs when systematizing information, searching for information, and coding. When solving mathematical or logical problems, information is processed, leading to the acquisition of new information. In many information problems, it is necessary to unravel the rule for converting input data into output data and develop an action plan that provides the desired result. The action plan can be written down point by point, in the form of a table or diagram.

View all slides