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Global technology market. Structure, features, current development trends

The global technology market is a system of economic relations in the field of exchange of scientific and technical knowledge, which can be presented in both materialized and non-materialized form.

The subjects of the global technology market are government agencies, research institutes and educational institutions, industrial companies and small innovative firms, as well as individuals - scientists and specialists.

The main agents in the international technology market are TNCs, because Only the largest companies can afford large expenditures on R&D, especially since the introduction of modern, usually technically complex innovations requires large capital investments. TNCs, as the main agent for technology exchange, own more than 4/5 of the patents for new technology. At the same time, at least 1/3 of global technological exchange accounts for intra-company technology transfer by TNCs, which they use to penetrate new markets or to establish their own subsidiaries.

The objects of the global technology market are the results of intellectual activity in materialized (various units, equipment, tools, technological lines, etc.) and intangible (information, various kinds of technical documentation, knowledge, production experience) forms.

The global technology market has a specific regulatory framework for its functioning - the International Code of Conduct in the field of technology transfer, as well as such international regulatory bodies as the World Trade Organization Agreement on the Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), the Technology Transfer Committee of the UN Trade Conference and Development (UNCTAD), World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), Coordinating Committee on Export Controls (COCOM), Security and Technology Specialists Meeting (STEM).

The following segments of the global technology market are distinguished:

· market of patents and licenses;

· market for high-tech technological products;

· high-tech capital market;

· market for scientific and technical specialists.

The technological gap between different groups of countries entails a multi-stage structure of the global technology market:

· high technologies (unique, progressive) circulate between industrialized countries;

· low (morally obsolete) and medium (traditional) technologies of industrialized countries are new to developing and former socialist countries.

In the international economy, the following factors of production can act as carriers of technology:

· goods - in the case of international trade in high-tech goods;

· capital - in the case of international trade in high-tech capital-intensive goods;

· labor - in the case of international migration of highly qualified scientific and technical personnel;

· land - in the case of trade in natural resources, for the development of which the latest scientific and technological achievements were used.

All four spheres of human activity are widely involved in international technological exchange: science, technology, production and management,

Being a limited component of global economic integration, scientific and technical cooperation has its own specifics, forms and methods, determined by the very nature of science and technology.

Modern international scientific and technical relations represent a complex of very diverse relations that arise both at the level of organizations, enterprises, associations of enterprises, and at the level of states and interstate organizations. They acquire various forms of exchange and cooperation, which develop, improve, and complement each other. The exchange of scientific and technical achievements can be either free or commercial.

The market for high-tech products is firmly held by three countries, which are the leading agents of global technology trade. These are the USA, Germany and Japan. The annual volume of exports of these products to these countries is 700, 530 and 400 billion dollars, respectively.

Features of the modern global technology market:

· This is one of the most rapidly developing world markets; in terms of the pace of development, technological exchange prevails over traditional global economic flows of goods and capital.

· The global technology market is better developed than the national one. The main role in this process is played by TNCs, which have created a special mechanism for sharing R&D results between parent and subsidiary companies.

· The technological gap between countries at different stages of economic development determines a minimum two-level structure of the technology market:

o high technologies circulating mainly between industrialized countries;

o medium and low technologies may be new to the market of developing and transforming countries and the subject of technological exchange between them.

· High concentration of technological resources in a small number of states.

· The degree of monopolization of the global technology market is higher than that of the global goods market. In the 90s TNCs controlled half of the countries' foreign trade; in the field of technology, the level of monopoly is 80%.

· The behavior strategy of TNCs in the global technology market in relation to independent firms and countries is determined by the “life cycle” of the technology:

o at the first stage of the “life cycle”, preference is given to the sale of finished products in which new ideas and principles are implemented;

o at the second stage, technological exchange is supplemented by direct foreign investment;

o at the third stage, the sale of pure licenses is carried out.

· Technology exchange is not based on random and episodic transactions, but has a pre-prepared nature (in connection with the strategic goals of the parent companies).

· Since the 80s. In the global technology market, instead of competition, inter-firm cooperation becomes the dominant line of behavior of TNCs. It includes: venture agreements, joint research and development, technology exchange, direct investment, unilateral technology transfer.

· The global technology market has a specific regulatory framework (for example, the International Code of Conduct on Technology Transfer of 1979), as well as international regulatory bodies: UNCTAD Committee on Technology Transfer, Meeting of Security and Technology Professionals, World Intellectual Property Organization, etc. .

Current trends in the development of the global technology market.

The dynamic development of the scientific and technical potential of the economy can be ensured only under the condition of an active regulatory and stimulating role of the state. This is evidenced by the experience of all advanced market states. We are talking about financial support for scientific and technological development, organizational support, and the creation of the necessary legislative framework.

As for financial support, it is precisely this direction of state policy in Ukraine that is associated with the greatest objective problems, primarily with the lack of funds in the economy. It is not surprising that over the last years of the last century, an average of 0.4% of GDP was spent on science in the state, which is an order of magnitude less than the figure for the leading countries in the world economy. At the same time, the legislation of Ukraine, which regulates the scientific sphere, provides for the allocation of funds for science in the amount of 1.7% of GDP, which also does not meet the real development needs. (For comparison: in 2000, in the United States, the volume of funds allocated to the field of science and applied developments increased to 2.7% of GDP compared to 2.4% in the early 90s of the twentieth century).

Financial and organizational support for science (world experience shows this) is sometimes the only method, for example, in the form of creating specialized budgetary and extra-budgetary organizations that finance, lend and insure innovative research and technological projects. The same can be said about the complex of tax and other financial incentives for innovation, both at the national and regional levels.

It should be noted that the system of scientific and technical support for export production in the East, as a rule, does not have pronounced independence, but is organically included in national projects and programs for stimulating scientific and technological development and the practical use of innovations. Their peculiarity is the nature of “science-production-consumption”.

An important area of ​​optimizing the legislative framework and administration is resolving the problems of patenting inventions. Since now a patent for an invention that claims to be scientific and technical novelty on a global scale is issued with a delay of 4-5 years, as a result of which not only the priority of domestic developments is lost, but also the time for introducing the invention.

Understanding the geostrategic prospects for the development of the Ukrainian economy is associated with taking into account the technological features of progress. In the natural-material aspect, progressive technologies transfer social production from the sphere of practical use of various types of ceramics, fibers, polymers (for example, engineering plastics in construction, ceramic engines and parts instead of metal, fiber-optic communications instead of traditional metal-based cables), cultivation more productive animals and plants, etc. Of particular importance is the transformation of information products into a still important object of consumption, which generally changes the nature of socio-economic relations.

Accordingly, in industry terms, a progressive, material- and energy-saving type of management is associated with the development of such production areas as laser technology, modern types of communications, biotechnology (genetic and clinical engineering), the production of new materials and the creation of industrial technologies, in particular powder metallurgy, welding, etc., the use of new and recovered energy sources, as well as computer science and microelectronics. Production activities in technology parks are based on a fundamentally new model of resource consumption relations.

International cooperation in the scientific and technical sphere plays an active role in the formation of a modern open economic system. Such cooperation contributes to:

· Increasing the efficiency of national production and reproduction processes;

· Ensuring greater knowledge intensity of national production due to both technological specialization and the attraction of foreign technologies in the form of goods, know-how, etc.;

· Improving the environmental situation;

· Improving well-being.

The important potential for expanding the volume and structural optimization of the mechanism of international economic activity can be realized under the condition of better technological, industrial, export policies, and the comprehensive development of industries that provide Ukraine with competitive advantages. Such industries are primarily rocket and space production, aircraft manufacturing, shipbuilding, non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical industry, and nuclear physics.

For countries that have notable scientific and technological achievements, there is an opportunity to choose the path of advanced development. For Ukraine, which, as we know, may well belong to their number, this means a chance to speed up the process of overcoming the crisis, to abandon an unpromising model that dooms us to many years of backwardness and the use of yesterday's technologies.

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The above aspects of the feasibility of exporting/importing technologies determined the emergence and intensive development of the global technology market. Its subjects are: states, firms, universities, foundations and individuals (scientists and specialists). The objects of the global technology market are the results of intellectual property in embodied form (various units, equipment, tools, technological lines, etc.) and intangible form (various types of technical documentation, knowledge, experience, etc.).

The global technology market is heterogeneous in its structure. So, here we can distinguish 4 segments:

1. Patent and license market.

2. Market of science and technology products.

3. High-tech capital market.

4. Market for scientific and technical specialists.

The United States has played the most significant role in all segments of the global technology market in the last decade; Japan; Great Britain; Germany and France, which account for more than 60% of international technological exchange. In general, industrialized countries account for about 90% of the global technology market, which also corresponds to the level of spending on the bottom sector. The share of developing countries accounts for only about 10%.

As for the industry structure of the global technology market, the majority of global trade in licenses falls on: electrical and electronics industry - 19%, general engineering - 18%, chemical industry - 17.4%, transport engineering - 10.2% of total commercial transactions . The impact of international technology exchange on the development of the manufacturing industry is 3 times higher than on the development of the economy as a whole.

The current global technology market has its own characteristics:

1. The global technology market contributes to the intellectualization of the world economy as a whole.

2. The main subjects are TNCs, in which the results of R&D are shared between parent and subsidiary companies, as a result of which the global technology market is better developed than the national one.

3. The largest TNCs (for example, IBM, Kodak Eastman, Boeing, Ford Motors, etc.) concentrate research in their own hands, which contributes to the monopolization of the international technology market. Thus, the level of monopolistic control in the field of technology reaches 80-90%.

4. The behavior strategy of TNCs in the global technology market in relation to independent firms and countries is determined by the technology life cycle: Stage 1 - preference is given to the sale of finished products in which new ideas are implemented, Stage 2 - technological exchange is accompanied or carried out in the form of FDI, Stage 3 - pure licensing, i.e. assignment of ownership rights to technology, its use. Thus, the latest technologies are mainly used in the home country, and as they become obsolete, they are transferred to branches and then sold abroad in the form of licenses (this gives about 15% of the profits of TNCs).

5. Since the 80s, about 2/3 of global technological exchange has been accounted for by intra-company technology transfer by TNCs. The share of intra-corporate revenues accounts for over 60% of licensing revenues in industrialized countries: in the USA - 80%, in England - 50%.

6. The technological gap that exists between different groups of countries entails a multi-stage structure of the global technology market:

a) high technologies (unique and progressive) circulate between industrialized countries. Moreover, the leading position here belongs to the United States, whose R&D expenditures are the same as those of Germany, France, England, Italy and Japan combined;

b) low (morally obsolete) and medium (traditional) technologies of industrialized countries are new for developing and former socialist countries. Moreover, the technology transferred here is often poorly adapted to the capabilities of these countries, since it was developed in relation to the level of development and structure of industrialized countries, taking into account developed infrastructure and highly qualified personnel.

Technologies created in developed countries are labor- and resource-intensive, but capital-saving; technologies of developing countries are labor-saving, but resource- and capital-intensive. Thus, international trade in technologies is in practice limited by the development of adaptive capabilities in their application in a particular country.

7. The global technology market has a specific regulatory framework for its functioning: the International Code of Conduct in the field of technology transfer; as well as international regulatory bodies: World Trade Organization Agreement on the Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), Committee on Technology Transfer of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), Security and Technology Experts Meeting (STEM) ).

The main forms of transfer of scientific and technical knowledge.

International technology transfer in practice takes place in various forms and through numerous channels.

The most common main channels of technology transfer are:

a) intra-company - to foreign branches of TNCs;

b) intercompany - under licensing, cooperation, management and other long-term agreements with foreign companies;

c) foreign trade - together with export supplies of machinery, equipment and other industrial products.

In addition, there are two main forms of technology transfer:

1. On a non-commercial basis, if no monetary obligations arise between the parties. These are:

Scientific and technical publications - scientific, technical and educational literature, computer data banks, reference books and reviews, technical standards and instructions, company catalogs and prospectuses, patent descriptions. This is the oldest form of dissemination of information about the results of R&D that are not related to trade secrets and patentable inventions;

Personal contacts of scientists and specialists during the exchange of information at international conferences, exhibitions, symposiums, seminars; as well as as a result of business trips abroad, training, internships;

One of the most effective forms of technology transfer is the migration of scientists and specialists, the so-called “brain drain”.

In general, the main stream of technology transfer on a non-commercial basis is fundamental R&D, business games, scientific discoveries and patented inventions.

2. On a commercial basis, when the buyer pays for the scientific and technical knowledge transferred by the seller. These include the following forms.

The most common form of transfer of scientific and technical knowledge currently is international trade in licenses. This is explained by the fact that purchasing a license allows you to reduce the costs of carrying out your own R&D by 4-5 times, and the economic effect from using foreign licenses is more than 10 times higher than the costs of purchasing these licenses. A license is the permission of the licensor (the owner of the technology or industrial property rights) to use by the licensee (the person acquiring the technology) an invention, scientific and technical achievement, technical knowledge, production experience, production secrets, etc. for a certain period for a fee specified in the license agreement. There are licenses for patented scientific and technical developments, as well as non-patent licenses, when a scientific and technical discovery is sold, the authorship and novelty of which are not registered in the relevant official institutions (for example, know-how).

Depending on the volume of rights transferred to the license buyer, there are three types:

A simple license, under which the licensor allows the use of the invention, reserving the right to use it independently and to issue similar licenses to other persons.

An exclusive license, under which the licensee is given exclusive rights to use the invention within the limits specified in the agreement, and the licensor cannot issue similar licenses to other persons, but independent use of the subject of the license is possible.

A full license, when the licensor assigns to the licensee all rights to use a scientific and technical achievement during the term of the agreement (used very rarely).

According to the method of commercial sale, they are distinguished:

Pure licenses - purchase and sale of pure license rights

Related - accompanied by a contract for the supply of equipment.

New technologies are a special product; their manufacturer (inventor) has a monopoly right to use the invention (discovery), which is protected by a patent. At the same time, the invention is practically irreproducible. Taken together, this gives the owner of the innovation the opportunity to receive additional profit.

Trading licenses on the world market is considered a very profitable business. According to UN experts, buyers on average pay for a license from 1 to 10% of the cost of subsequently sold products (manufactured on the basis of this license). If a license for a unique and promising invention is sold, payments can reach 30-50%. Thus, the cost of a license agreement depends not so much on the costs of conducting research work, but on the amount of income that can be received when using the object of the license agreement. The latter is directly related to the significance of a scientific and technical invention, its novelty and effectiveness, the degree of its legal protection, its mastery in production, etc.

There are three forms of payment of license fees:

Royalties are deductions from the licensee's income during the entire period of the agreement. Used if the licensor has confidence in the licensee, with long-term cooperation.

A lump sum payment is a one-time payment that is not related in time to the actual use of the license, but is established in advance on the basis of expert assessments.

Combined payments, including an initial lump sum payment of 10-15% of the total license price, followed by periodic royalty payments.

Franchising, i.e. the granting by a large "parent" firm to a small firm of the right to use its trademark, trademark, or service mark.

Sale of embodied technologies - machines, machines, technological lines, etc. Almost every contract for the export or import of machinery and equipment includes a transfer of technology. National technical and production experience is embodied in concentrated form in the so-called active components of machines and equipment. In some cases, the cost of the transferred technology exceeds the cost of the machines. For example, for every dollar spent by a modern company on the purchase of computer hardware, about 3 dollars are spent on its software.

Another form is leasing - long-term rental of machinery, equipment, etc. Also in international practice, there is renting - short-term rental up to 1 year and hiring - medium-term rental with a period of 1 to 3-5 years. There are operational leasing terms from 3 to 5 years. This period is usually less than the life cycle of the product and incomplete depreciation occurs during the rental period, after which the equipment can be returned to the owner and put back into use for a new period. Another type of leasing is financial, the terms of which are 15-20 years; during this period, the leased equipment is usually fully repaid, and upon its expiration, the user can either return the leased object to the owner, or enter into a new agreement on more favorable terms, or purchase the leased equipment as his own. at residual value.

The next form is engineering. This is a set of works of an applied nature, including pre-design feasibility studies and justification of planned capital investments, the necessary laboratory and experimental refinement of the technology and prototype, their industrial development from a preliminary design to a detailed design of the product, as well as subsequent services or consultations. Depending on the scope of application of engineering services, design and consulting, technological, construction and management engineering are distinguished.

A commercial form of knowledge transfer is scientific, technical and production cooperation in the form of joint R&D through the creation of joint teams, the work of specialists abroad, on the basis of technological cooperation agreements.

It should be emphasized that non-commercial forms of technology transfer are carried out freely and do not require legal formalization or regulation. Commercial forms of technology transfer are formalized in the form of an agreement (usually a license agreement, or an agreement on joint production, on scientific and technical cooperation, or a purchase and sale agreement).

Along with legal forms of transfer of scientific and technical knowledge, criminal forms of technology transfer are gaining strength:

Industrial espionage is the transfer, theft or collection for the purpose of transferring to a foreign state or company information in the scientific, technical and industrial spheres that constitute a state or commercial secret.

Technical piracy is the mass production and sale of imitative technologies by shadow structures. The volume of such trade reaches 60 billion dollars per year.

Industrial espionage and piracy are beneficial in that the customer, without spending much effort, receives new developments on which huge amounts of money and years of work have been spent.

Summarizing all of the above, we can state that such a form of IEO as international scientific and technical cooperation is of undoubted interest and has promise from the point of view of its further development.

Topic 7 . International monetary, financial, credit and investment relations

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education Russian State Vocational Pedagogical University

Institute of Management and Economic Security

COURSE WORK

subject: Market of modern technologies: main features and peculiarities

Student: Troshkov D.V.

Group: ZET-411.

Head: Kruzhkova T.I.

Ekaterinburg 2013

Introduction

Chapter 1. Market of modern technologies

1.1Main features and strategies of the technology market

1.2Features of the technology market

3Technology market participants

4Development trends in the global technology market

Chapter 2. Technology transfer in the market

1 Global experience in technology transfer on the market

2 Russia in the international technology market system

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

In our rapidly developing world, technology is of great importance. The constant development of science and technology gives rise to the latest technologies, each of which can become a potential product on the market, including the global one. Migration of technologies, their transfer and use is one of the most important aspects of the functioning of the entire modern economy. That's why it's so important to consider it.

The scientific and technological revolution and the development of productive forces lead to a deepening of the international division of labor. Under these conditions, trade and economic relations between countries are characterized by a rapid expansion of scientific, technical and industrial cooperation.

If we separate from the field of trade and economic relations the exchange of raw materials and food products, which are in one way or another connected with geographical, climatic conditions and the presence of minerals, then the remaining part of foreign economic relations in today's world will be a consequence of the international division of labor, based on the uneven development of various types of technology , the level of which determines the competitiveness of goods on the market, their quality and cost, and, consequently, the profit received upon sale.

If we exclude consumer goods, then the remainder of international economic exchange will be an exchange of technology, either in its “pure form” - in the form of knowledge, experience and scientific and technical information, or “embodied” in materials, machines and equipment. This part of foreign economic relations represents a vast area of ​​exchange, the ultimate goal of which, on the one hand, is to increase the technical and technological level of production, and on the other, to make a profit.

In the age of high technologies and revolutionary inventions, this branch of international economic relations is becoming increasingly relevant, including for the Russian economy, a country that has a very significant potential for intangible assets, although it does not yet have an effectively established system for trading technologies and know-how with foreign partners, since in the foreseeable past this area of ​​activity was completely under the undivided jurisdiction of the state.

The relevance of the chosen topic lies in the fact that technologies have a significant impact on the global economy, as they are used in many industries. In addition, the topic of technology exchange at the present stage is increasingly being addressed in the media. Articles in such journals as “Current Time”, “World Economy and International Relations”, “World and National Economy” are devoted to this issue.

Hence the purpose and objectives of the course work.

Goal: to characterize the technology market at the present stage, having studied both the global experience of technology transfer on the market and Russia’s experience in the international technology market system.

Based on the goal, the following tasks can be formulated:

) study literature reflecting information about the technology market;

) highlight the main features and strategies of the technology market;

) identify the features and participants of the technology market;

) identify trends in the development of the global technology market;

) evaluate the transfer of technology in the market of both the world community and Russia in the international system.

The object of research is the technology market.

The research base is the global community.

The subject of the study is the technology market at the present stage, its main features and characteristics.

Chapter 1. Market of modern technologies

.1 Main features and strategies of the technology market

import world market technology

The main distinguishing feature of our time is associated with the unprecedented development of science and technology. Scientific and technological progress not only revolutionized the structure of the world technology market, but also expanded the scope of its development and led to the emergence of a new form of international economic relations - international scientific, technical and industrial cooperation.

Today, not a single country in the world can secure leading positions in all or many branches of science and technology. The development of international scientific, technical and industrial cooperation in these conditions is the only and reasonable way out.

International technological exchange is a set of economic relations between foreign counterparties regarding the use of the results of scientific and technical activities that have scientific and practical value.

International technology exchange has been known since the beginning of the twentieth century, but the formation of the global technology market occurred in the 50-60s. It was by this time that the volume of international commercial transactions with technology exceeded the scale of national exchange.

International industrial and scientific-technical cooperation has two levels of prerequisites:

· at the country level;

· local at the level of firms, enterprises and organizations.

An analysis of countries that have achieved success in implementing innovations, producing and exporting high-tech products allows us to identify certain types of innovative development strategies.

The “transfer” strategy is to use foreign scientific and technical potential and transfer innovations to one’s own economy. It was carried out, for example, in the post-war period by Japan, which purchased licenses for highly efficient technologies from the USA, England and France to master the production of the latest products that were in demand abroad. On this basis, Japan created its own potential, which subsequently provided the entire innovation cycle - from fundamental research and development to the implementation of their results within the country and on the world market. As a result, the export of Japanese technology exceeded its import, and the country, along with some others, has advanced fundamental science.

The “borrowing” strategy is that, having cheap labor and using their own scientific and technical potential, countries master the production of products previously produced in more developed countries, consistently increasing their own engineering and technical support for production. Further, it becomes possible to conduct your own R&D (Research and Development Work), combining state and market forms of ownership. This strategy has been adopted in China and a number of countries in Southeast Asia. An example is the creation of a competitive automotive industry, highly efficient computer technology, and consumer electronics in South Korea.

The “build-up” strategy is followed by the USA, Germany, England, and France. By using their own scientific and technical potential, attracting foreign scientists and specialists, and integrating fundamental and applied science, these countries are constantly creating new products and high technologies implemented in production and the social sphere.

Prerequisites for international scientific and technical exchange at the level of enterprises and organizations:

1.Increasing the threshold of resources required to solve specific scientific and technical problems.

2.The narrowness of the material and technical base of an individual enterprise or institute.

.Lack of preparedness of existing production systems to use new technical solutions.

.Inconsistency of the obtained scientific and technical results with the enterprise development strategy.

.New strategic opportunities arising from participation in international technology transfer.

International scientific and technical exchange and cooperation are especially significant for technology-oriented enterprises and organizations that rely on the high competitiveness of their products and services provided. They adhere to the strategy of “producing not what is relatively cheaper or better quality, but what no one else can (yet) produce.”

The economic feasibility of technology export is that it is:

1)a means of increasing income: in the absence of conditions for the implementation of a new technology in the form of production and marketing of a particular product, it can be sold as an independent product;

2)a form of struggle for the commodity market. Initially, due to the lack of capital, it is difficult to organize the production and sale of the product abroad in sufficient quantities, but buyers on the foreign market will already be familiar with the product that was previously produced under license;

)a way to circumvent the problems of exporting goods in material form, because there are no problems with transportation and marketing of products, or customs barriers;

)a means of expanding commodity exports if a license agreement is concluded providing for the supply of equipment, materials, components;

)a method of establishing control over a foreign company through such terms of a license agreement as the volume of goods produced by the buyer of the license, his participation in profits, control over the technical conditions of production, etc.;

)a way to provide access to another innovation through cross-licensing firms;

)the possibility of more effective improvement of the licensed object with the participation of a purchasing partner.

The economic feasibility of importing technology is that it exists:

1)access to high-tech innovations;

)a means of reducing the cost of commodity imports and at the same time a means of attracting national capital and labor;

)condition for expanding the export of products manufactured using foreign technologies: in many countries, the share of products produced under licenses in foreign exchange exports exceeds the share of national products.

All this determined the emergence and intensive development of the global technology market, which has a unique structure and characteristics.

The heterogeneity of scientific and technological progress, the presence of various forms of science and technology, on the one hand, and various channels of technology transfer, on the other, determined the heterogeneity of the global technology market and led to the formation of such segments as:

· patent and license market;

· market for high-tech technological products;

· high-tech capital market;

· market for scientific and technical specialists.

Let's look at the geographic structure of the global technology market.

Industrialized countries occupy a leading position in international trade in licenses (up to 80% of their exports). Revenues from the sale of licenses abroad amount to $30 billion per year, the cost of products manufactured under foreign licenses is $500 billion per year; the share of high-tech products in US exports is 20%, Germany and France - 15.

The USA is the leader in licensed trade (electrical, chemical, mechanical engineering). The second place in the export of licenses is occupied by Western European countries (pharmaceuticals, metallurgy and metalworking, textile and chemical industries).

Thus, the modern global technology market is one of the most rapidly developing global markets. In terms of the pace of development, technological exchange prevails over traditional global economic flows of goods and capital.

1.2 Features of the technology market

The modern global technology market has a number of features.

The global technology market contributes to the intellectualization of the global economy as a whole.

The main subjects are TNCs (Transnational Companies), in which the results of R&D are shared between parent and subsidiary companies, as a result of which the global technology market is better developed than the national one. About 2/3 of global technological exchange occurs in the intra-company exchange of TNCs. More than 60% of licensing revenues in industrialized countries come from intra-corporate revenues (80% in the USA).

The largest TNCs concentrate research in their own hands, which contributes to the monopolization of the global technology market (the level of monopolistic control is 89-90%);

The behavior strategy of TNCs in the global technology market in relation to independent firms and countries is determined by the technology life cycle:

stage - sale of finished products produced using new technology;

stage - technological exchange is accompanied or carried out in the form of foreign direct investment;

stage - pure licensing.

Thus, the latest technologies are mainly used in the home country, and as they become obsolete, they are transferred to branches and then sold abroad in the form of licenses.

The technological gap between different groups of countries entails a multi-stage structure of the global technology market:

· high technologies (unique, progressive) circulate between industrialized countries;

· low (morally obsolete) and medium (traditional) technologies of industrialized countries are new to developing and former socialist countries.

Technologies created in developed countries are labor- and resource-intensive, but capital-saving; technologies of developing countries are labor-saving, but resource- and capital-intensive. Thus, international trade in technologies is in practice limited by the development of adaptive capabilities in their application in a particular country.

The global technology market has a specific regulatory framework for its functioning (International Code of Conduct on Technology Transfer), as well as international regulatory bodies (World Trade Organization Agreement on Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), the Technology Transfer Committee of the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), Coordinating Committee on Export Controls (COCOM), Security of Technology Specialists Meeting (STEM)).

In the international economy, the following factors of production can act as carriers of technology:

1)goods - in the case of international trade in high-tech goods;

2)capital - in the case of international trade in high-tech capital-intensive goods;

)labor - in the case of international migration of highly qualified scientific and technical personnel;

)land - in the case of trade in natural resources, for the development of which the latest scientific and technological achievements were used.

Thus, the main feature of the modern technology market is that it is one of the most intensively developing world markets; in terms of the pace of development, technological exchange prevails over traditional world economic flows of goods and capital. The global technology market is better developed than the national one. The main role in this process is played by TNCs, which have created a special mechanism for sharing R&D between parent and subsidiary companies.

1.3 Technology Market Participants

In the world technology markets, as in other commodity markets, a market mechanism has developed and operates, the main elements of which are demand, supply and price. Enterprises, firms, corporations occupy certain niches in this market and perform certain functions.

The structures of large corporations are not adapted to the search for innovations, and often to their introduction into production. In this regard, the main role belongs to scientists, inventors and small innovative companies.

Small firms, being representatives of the most mobile form of business organization, play the role of a generator of new ideas that cannot arise in research teams due to prevailing ideas and authorities there, testers of new products, technologies, the development of which is associated with a high degree of uncertainty and risk.

However, to develop industrial technology or introduce a new product into modern industrial production, industrial laboratories, design bureaus, and technological departments are required. An individual inventor, for a variety of reasons, has no hope of obtaining a license for his invention abroad (this is an established world practice). In this regard, the division of labor is deepening between individual inventors proposing new unconventional ideas, small and medium-sized innovative companies bringing these ideas to the stage of practical application, and large corporations ensuring the use of new technology in mass production.

Small innovative companies mainly determine the supply in modern technology markets. The most common way for an independent inventor or small business to sell their product is to sell the invention to an industrial company interested in mastering the innovation in production.

The market structure at the initial stage of the technology reproduction cycle is characterized, on the one hand, by a huge number of small innovative firms and individual inventors generating new technical ideas and seeking to sell their scientific and technical results. On the other side there are a large number of large industrial companies that are ready to acquire the most promising of them for use in their own production by buying up patents and licenses, subcontracting small firms, hiring a specialist who knows the technology, or purchasing an enterprise where it is successfully used.

Intermediary firms play a significant role in communicating between various participants in the process of technology reproduction. Brokers and intermediary firms in technology trading emerged in the 1960s and 1970s. Their appearance is associated with problems of overproduction of scientific knowledge, when, in the context of the constant expansion of scientific research, the gap between the number of scientific and technical achievements being created and the possibilities of using them in production has significantly increased. As a result, a significant portion of potentially useful technologies is not applied not only because of economic inefficiency, but also largely because potential consumers are unaware of its existence. Intermediary firms create a database of existing and developing technologies, help solve the problem of finding partners interested in selling and purchasing a particular technology, and create conditions for their clients to communicate between seller and buyer via computer communication in real time.

Intermediary firms are a necessary feature of developed technology markets. Their significance lies in the fact that they: serve scientific and technical exchange; contribute to increasing the speed of spread of innovations in the economy; contribute to increasing the return on investment in R&D.

International regional centers for technology transfer (transfer) and intermediary firms for marketing technology exchange have become the most important executive structures, providing, on the basis of modern information systems, a quick search for partners for the supplier or buyer of technology. In Europe, such a center is the European Association of Technology Transfer and Innovation Promotion Professionals (TII), created in 1984 with EU support. The Association currently unites about 500 organizations from 21 European countries. The main goal of the TII is to contribute to the development of professional innovation services in Europe.

One of the largest intermediary firms in the world for marketing technological exchange is the international bank of licensed technologies (MBLT) Dr. Dvorkowitz and Associates Inc. (USA). Recently, MBLT has opened regional centers in South Korea, Germany, the Czech Republic and Russia, where these functions are performed by the InformtechnologyService company (Moscow). "Informtechnologyservice" received the exclusive right to represent MBLT in the CIS and Baltic states.

In addition to intermediary firms, an element of the infrastructure that facilitates the dissemination of new technologies is the expansion of the practice of holding various exhibitions and fairs at which inventors and small innovative businesses can demonstrate their achievements in various fields of knowledge.

1.4 Trends in the development of the global technology market

The last third of the twentieth century. was marked by a whole series of fundamental, technological and applied discoveries in the field of electronics, radiophysics, optoelectronics and laser technology, modern materials science, chemistry, microbiology, and the creation of modern aviation and astronautics. The rapid development of information technology and amazing results in the field of micro- and nanoelectronics have led to the emergence of products based on the latest technologies. In recent years, the economic development of states has been largely driven by innovation.

At the beginning of the 21st century. Scientific and technological progress is acquiring a number of new features. A different quality is born in the sphere of interaction between science, technology and production. One of the manifestations of this is a sharp reduction in the period of implementation of scientific discoveries: the average period for the development of innovations from 1885 to 1919 was 37 years, from 1920 to 1944 - 24 years, from 1945 to 1964 - 14 years, and in 90 - e years XX century for the most promising discoveries (electronics, nuclear energy, lasers) - 3-4 years. There was actual competition between scientific knowledge and technical improvement of production. It has become economically more profitable to develop production on the basis of new scientific ideas, rather than on the basis of the most modern, but “today’s” technology. As a result, the interaction between science and production has changed: previously, technology and production developed mainly through the accumulation of empirical experience; now they began to develop on the basis of science - in the form of high-tech technologies. In them, the method of producing the final product includes numerous auxiliary productions using the latest technologies.

In the last decade, three groups of technologies have had the greatest impact on the development of the global economy: high technologies (nano-, bio- and eco-technologies), ICT and new business technologies. At the same time, the development of ICT is closely related to the development of nanotechnology, and business technologies, in turn, depend on the level of ICT development. In developed countries, much attention is paid to research and development in advanced areas that characterize the further development of an innovative economy.

Nanotechnology is expected to have a significant impact on the global economy because it can be used in almost any industry. The first forecasts for the development of the nanotechnology market were prepared in the early 2000s. with a forecast until 2015. The most famous of them was published in 2001. The US National Science Foundation, which estimated the global market for nanotechnology products at $1 trillion. by 2015

High-tech technologies are not isolated, separate streams. In a number of cases they are connected and complement each other. But their comprehensive use requires fundamental developments that open up new areas of application of the latest processes, principles, and ideas. The penetration of the same scientific and technical idea into other industries, the adaptation of new methods and products for other areas, and the formation of new market sectors are also extremely important. Active scientific research should be conducted in many directions so as not to miss any way of promising application of the innovation.

The risk of inaccurate choice of development direction is extremely high. Over the past 15-20 years, companies from developed countries have accumulated significant experience in organizing innovative activities. Various forms of international relations have emerged in the implementation of scientific developments in production (technological cooperation, intercountry technological transfer, territorial scientific and industrial complexes).

Currently, in the high-tech business, as well as in the economic sphere in general, there are three largest centers - the USA, Japan, Western Europe, between which the main competition is unfolding. The USA today dominates mainly in the supply of computer hardware (75%) and software (65%).

There is an increasing role of Japan. Currently, the share of Japanese office equipment manufacturers in the North American market is: in the field of copying equipment - over 40%, in the field of calculators and fax equipment - about 100%.

Europe has recently been characterized by some lag in the field of new technologies. Thus, European information technology companies, with the rare exception of a few world-class manufacturers, are seen as having lost the ability to compete in the global information technology market. This conclusion inevitably follows from the public opinion poll conducted. The total share of European companies in the domestic market is only 30-40% of the total supply of information technology products. Among the 100 largest private companies and firms, only 19 are European. But the governments of European countries, despite the skepticism towards their activities on the part of the management of private companies, are promoting the revival of their industry in the field of information technology. R&D in the field of information technology has found support not only from individual governments, it has attracted the attention of the EU leadership, which has developed several programs to assist in the development of these technologies. An example is the ESPRIT (European Strategic Research Program in Information Technology) programme.

An analysis of the development of the world economy shows that the scale of the use of innovations for the effective development of human society has begun to play a large role. In these conditions, the most important thing is the further development of the “engine” of new technologies - information technology.

Information technology (IT) should be understood as the use of computer technology and communication systems to create, collect, process, store, and transmit information for all spheres of public life. Information technologies include the main components of the modern information business: computers, terminals, computer equipment, optical equipment, microfilms, laser discs, printing equipment and photocopying.

The evolution of technical support proceeds unevenly and spasmodically. The development of computer technology occurs in geometric progression. Every year and a half, computer performance doubles.

Analyzing the trends in the global IT market shows that market growth is occurring mainly in Asian countries. This is due to the fact that the IT markets in Europe and the United States are already oversaturated, and in Asia there are many developing countries that require more and more information technology resources to develop their economies. The leader in consumption is China - 43%, South Korea - 16%, India - 9%.

A study of the global computer equipment market shows that the main suppliers of computer equipment at the end of 2004 are Dell - 18.3%, HP - 15.7%, IBM - 6.5%, Fujitsu Siemens - 3.8%, Acer - 3.2%.

Thus, the following dominant trends in the development of IT hardware have recently emerged:

) bringing together three areas - consumer electronics, communications and computers;

) cheaper products of this convergence;

) miniaturization and improvement of usability of devices.

The foundation for the development of high technology is education. On the one hand, what kind of basic education a person has received is of great importance. On the other hand, postgraduate education has recently begun to play an increasingly important role. The point is that in order to maintain competitiveness, a person is forced to improve his knowledge in connection with the rapidly changing current needs of the labor market.

It should be noted that education in Russia was famous in the world precisely for its fundamental nature. Foreign education, with its greater practical orientation, is more flexible and adapted to the perception of new technologies.

The process of organizing retraining of employees of domestic organizations and enterprises is currently, according to many authors, insufficiently provided both methodologically and technologically.

One of the ways to solve this problem could be the widespread introduction of new information and educational technologies based on the use of modern multimedia technology. Such technologies include New Information and Educational Technology (NIET), which uses the concept of distance learning. This concept involves, using the latest computer technologies in combination with progressive methods and techniques, the creation of electronic learning systems that include general theoretical and applied disciplines. These disciplines allow you to organize the educational process, filling it as much as possible with elements that ensure high quality and effectiveness of learning. At the same time, the student can be away from the university, which significantly reduces training costs.

At the present stage of the scientific and technological revolution, the role of small businesses in scientific research and development has increased significantly. This is due to the fact that the scientific and technological revolution has given small and medium-sized high-tech innovation firms modern technology that matches their size (microprocessors, microcomputers, microcomputers), allowing them to conduct production and development at a high technical level and requiring relatively low costs.

Risky ventures are usually small in size and are engaged in developing scientific ideas and turning them into new technologies and products. The initiators of such enterprises are most often small groups of people - talented engineers, inventors, scientists, innovative managers who want to devote themselves to developing a promising idea and at the same time work without the restrictions that are inevitable in the laboratories of large companies, subject to rigid programs and centralized plans.

It is not by chance that risky business got its name. He is distinguished by instability and unreliability of his position. The “mortality rate” of risky organizations is very high. Of the 250 risky firms founded in the United States back in the 1960s, about a third “survived,” 32% were absorbed by large corporations, and 37% went bankrupt. And only a few have turned into large producers of high technologies, like Xerox, Intel, and Apple Computer. However, the returns to the surviving firms are so great, both in terms of profits and in terms of production improvements, that this practice makes sense.

An important factor in the development of the high-tech sector in the global economy is the formation and improvement of systems of technology parks and technopolises. For the full functioning of these entities, the active participation of the state in their creation and maintenance is required. It is necessary to create special funds that finance risky scientific and technical projects, and create consulting structures to help innovative firms find and do business with foreign partners. It is also advisable to create special databases for newly emerging projects that could help the buyer and seller find each other.

Chapter 2. Technology transfer in the market

.1 Global experience in technology transfer on the market

Operations for the export and import of technologies are carried out in cooperation between subjects of global technology markets, which are states, corporations, firms, non-profit organizations, universities, intermediary structures and individuals (scientists and specialists).

The objects of the global technology market are the results of intellectual activity in materialized (equipment, units, tools, technological lines, etc.) and intangible forms (various types of technical documentation, knowledge, experience, etc.).

International documents interpret the concept of technology very broadly; according to neoclassical theory, it includes: technology itself, understood as a set of design solutions, methods and processes; materialized technology, i.e. technology embodied in machines, equipment, etc.

Accordingly, the subject of transfer can be both types of objects - both jointly and separately. The level of modern world science and technology is largely determined by the development of hundreds of thousands of inventions created by scientists and designers from all over the world. The current tendency for inventions to become more expensive stems from a focus on wide application. Thus, the average profitability from the use of inventions in the form of savings and direct profit in the 70s increased by 1.5 times compared to the 60s, and at the beginning of the 80s by 5.8 times compared to the 70s.

By the early 2000s, this figure was doubling every six months.

Accordingly, the efficiency of technology transfer between different countries and firms is increasing. This process is carried out through a fairly wide network of channels.

International technology transfer is a set of economic relations between firms from different countries in the field of using foreign scientific and technical achievements. Technological exchange in a broad sense can be understood as a wide range of international economic relations.

The variety of forms of commercial technology transfer in global technology markets can be reduced to the following forms:

) transfer, sale or licensing of all forms of industrial property (except for trademarks and brand names);

) providing know-how and technological experience;

) trade in high-tech products;

) provision of technological knowledge necessary for the acquisition of installation and use of machinery and equipment, semi-finished products and materials obtained through purchase, rental, leasing or in some other way;

) industrial and technical cooperation in terms of the technical maintenance of machines, equipment, semi-finished products, materials;

) provision of consulting services and engineering;

) technology transfer within the framework of scientific and technical production cooperation; 8) technology transfer within the framework of investment cooperation (franchising).

International technology transfer can be carried out both through intercompany channels to independent foreign firms, and through internal channels of firms in the case of the introduction in any country office of a scientific and technological achievement developed by an organizational unit of a company in another country.

In modern conditions of the increasing expansion of the activities of multinational corporations (MNCs), a large share of licensing exchange in the world is carried out precisely through intra-company trade channels, which reduces the degree of risk when concluding contracts and guarantees the preservation of scientific and technical secrets.

Licenses occupy a special place in the methods of technology transfer.

The emergence and development of licensed trade is an objective economic pattern, the result of the international division of labor and the progressive development of the productive forces of society, their internationalization. It helps to reduce unproductive costs of social labor, because in the conditions of the scientific and technological revolution (STR), it is economically inexpedient for a single country, regardless of its size and level of scientific and technical potential, to evenly develop all areas of science and technology.

History knows many patents, worth many millions of dollars, that protect inventions that, over a fairly wide period of time, served as the basis for the development of entire industries in the world economy. Such, for example, are the patents of Nobel (dynamite), Solvay (preparation of soda from table salt), Gates (barbed wire), Selden (installation of an internal combustion engine in a car), Goodyear (vulcanization), Westinghouse (railway brake), Edison (phonograph, electric lamp), Bell (telephone), Armstrong (frequency modulation), Whittle (turbojet engine), Zvorykin (television). However, among the many forms of technological exchange, international trade in licenses acquired independent significance only in the second half of the twentieth century. A feature of the sectoral structure of international trade in licenses, which persists throughout the post-war period, is the predominance of trade in knowledge-intensive industries, which have a decisive influence on overall economic development and technological progress in general. These industries include:

Ø radio-electronic;

Ø aviation;

Ø space;

Ø electrical engineering;

Ø chemical;

Ø metallurgical;

Ø mechanical engineering;

Ø nuclear energy.

The first place in terms of turnover in the field of license trade belongs to the United States (28% of world volume), although the share of this country has decreased significantly since 1960 (38.6%). The decrease was due to a decrease in the share of the United States in the export of licenses. In recent years, the United States has expanded the volume of purchases of foreign technologies, and according to this indicator, it has become one of the leading countries importing licenses. American companies often acquire unimplemented technologies and refine them themselves. Under such circumstances, licensors are not their competitors, and, therefore, many economic and legal problems that often arise when concluding and implementing licensing agreements are eliminated.

The main markets for American technology are Western Europe and Canada, from which the United States receives 64% of its licensing revenues. The foreign market of scientific and technical knowledge for the United States is limited to these same regions, where the United States transfers up to 95% of payments for the import of licenses.

The leading role of the United States in the export of licenses is determined by the enormous scientific and technical potential and the largest expenditures on R&D, careful regulation of the standards for the use of inventions created with the involvement of public funds or within the framework of government orders that occupy a significant amount of research and development expenditures, as well as a policy of containment trading licenses with independent firms, while increasing technology sharing with US-based parent firms and their many affiliates and subsidiaries abroad.

Japan ranks second in terms of the turnover of commercial transactions in international trade in licenses (15% of the world volume). Almost 80% of the total number of licensing contracts in Japan is associated with the purchase of production secrets - know-how (and this knowledge is not always formalized legally, in patent form), managerial knowledge, knowledge of how to organize and set up production and marketing. Japanese firms use the acquired licenses not only to re-equip leading sectors of the economy and develop exports, but also as potential for developing their own R&D. Until the end of the 60s, Japan was a net importer of licenses, and then began to increase their exports.

The policy of Western European states in expanding participation in the international license market and the effective use of world scientific and technical achievements is constantly reflected by Germany and the United Kingdom, which belong to the world leaders in the licensed trade. The orientation of the scientific and technical policies of these countries towards conducting their own R&D and a significant increase in government appropriations and expenses of private firms for their implementation, the implementation of innovations in order to increase the level of competitiveness of high-tech products, and an increase in capital investment in other countries allowed them to achieve the effective use of scientific and technical resources abroad potential by exporting licenses.

Germany's patent and licensing turnover is approximately 8% of the world's volume. At the same time, the costs of importing licenses exceed the income from their export. The most important licensors and licensees of German industry are electrical engineering, chemistry, metallurgy, metalworking, and pharmaceuticals. Germany carries out patent and licensing activities exclusively in industrialized countries, which account for approximately 86% of revenues from the sale of licenses and approximately 95% of payments for their acquisition. Germany receives almost half of its total income from Western Europe and about a third from the United States. In relation to Japan, Germany has long demonstrated a high surplus, although it is concerned that the growth rate of its payments under Japanese licenses in recent years has significantly outpaced Japanese payments under German licenses.

The UK's patent and licensing turnover accounts for 8.6% of the world's total. English firms are characterized by an excess of revenue from licensing transactions compared to payments. In the UK, the leaders in terms of the amount of receipts and payments are traditionally the chemical industry, electrical engineering, food and tobacco industries.

A striking example of gaining leading positions in the foreign market, thanks to the active import of licenses, is one of the newly industrialized countries - South Korea. Since the 70s. this form of obtaining the latest technologies was not only the main channel for borrowing foreign scientific and technical experience, but also played a key role in the formation of a modern industrial structure in the country. In the 90s, the Republic of Korea imported about 700 new technological developments annually. Realizing that the development of science and technology is the key to strengthening the competitiveness of domestic industrial products, this country has in recent years relied on the priority development of knowledge-intensive industries.

In world practice, there are only a small number of licensing agreements that cover only inventions. The largest number of existing licensing agreements are agreements whose subject is simultaneously inventions, the right to their industrial and (or) commercial use and know-how. There are more than half of such licensing agreements, excluding licensing agreements concluded between national firms within the country, related licenses and others, information about which is not available.

Since licensed trade between countries of the world is regulated by international and interstate agreements, the legal norms of the countries party to the agreement and the terms of the agreements themselves, state regulation of licensed operations of national firms with foreign counterparties is carried out by obtaining the consent or permission of the competent government body for the sale or purchase of licenses, as well as through taxation and monitoring compliance with the terms of the agreement. The state competent authority controls the amount of the license fee and may prohibit the transaction, for example, if the remuneration to the foreign counterparty is relatively high and the country has a foreign exchange deficit.

The market for high-tech products is firmly held by three countries, which are the leading agents of global technology trade. These are the USA, Germany and Japan. The annual volume of exports of these products to these countries is 700, 530 and 400 billion dollars, respectively. However, these indicators do not take into account the so-called escort effect. Its essence lies in the fact that the sale of foreign technologies and high-tech goods may be accompanied by the supply of raw materials, additional low-tech equipment and semi-finished products under separate contracts that are not legally related to the original agreements. Thus, the seller increases its own volume of exports of finished products. Since additional contracts may be concluded for other supplier companies or subsidiaries, this opens up opportunities for manipulation of the tax base. This is widely used by TNCs. According to foreign economists, up to 80% of technological trade occurs in intra-company trade.

To protect the results of intellectual activity on the world market, the concept of “copyright” - the right of reproduction - is used when concluding agreements for the transfer not only of works of art, but also of production sketches, models, drawings and drawings. This makes it possible to remove a significant share of intra-company trade from the norms.

The domestic patent and licensing policy of states also largely determines the foreign policy of high-tech companies. Thus, Japan, having established the highest cost of patenting in the world (the full documentary cycle of confirmation and maintenance costs about 80 thousand US dollars), is able to fully control the domestic market of inventions and not allow foreign companies into its legal space through additional time restrictions during the period of consideration of patents. applications. As a result, Japan has 96% of its own domestic invention market.

World practice shows that enterprises in countries that lag behind in the creation and application of new technologies due to lack of funds and lack of experience in involving the results of intellectual activity in international circulation, when the state enters the WTO system, are not able to gain a foothold even in the peripheral positions of the world technological and economic development.

International strategic alliances based on technology transfer or alliances built on technological cooperation are a powerful mechanism for post-industrial countries to penetrate and operate in the global market. For small and medium-sized firms in particular, alliances have become almost a prerequisite for meeting the financial challenges of being present in the international market. For large companies, alliances involving technical cooperation have become part of a survival strategy for diversification, acquisition and development of new commercial technologies.

On the commercial front, many US and European high-tech companies are forming alliances based on technology transfer and cooperation to jointly develop, manufacture and market within the European Union. Because a large number of technologies in defense companies were developed under the auspices of defense programs, the transfer and use of such technologies or know-how and the intellectual property contained therein must be subject to defense contractual requirements and confidentiality restrictions on their contents. It must be remembered that not all alliances or cooperatives require technology transfer. Technological cooperation and joint projects can be carried out in such a way that the two parties will jointly develop new products and work with each other exclusively on marketing strategy and further improvement of these products.

The undeveloped nature of the Russian "open market" makes it difficult, almost impossible, for small and medium-sized high-tech enterprises to operate in this market. The strategic alliance between American and Russian companies provides some opportunity for such activities. A thorough study of the interest and compatibility of company sizes, adequate financing and competent management are a necessary and inevitable condition for success. But at the same time, this is almost impossible to implement in Russia.

2.2 Russia in the international technology market system

The commercialization of the market, the close connection between the global technology market and the global financial market is especially attractive for Russia, whose unacceptably low share in the global market for high-tech goods is a tiny percentage.

The need for full-scale government support for Russian participants in the global technology market is reinforced by the low level of contributions to Russian science in the last decade and poor attention to the global research process.

Even with a cursory glance at the problems of Russian participation in international technological exchange, it becomes clear that for Russia’s worthy participation in the global technology market, the following are first of all necessary:

) multiple growth of financial investments in science, education and healthcare;

) financing of inventive and rationalization movements at enterprises;

) state support for the process of patenting Russian inventions abroad;

) clear legislation in the field of foreign economic activity (FEA);

) zero taxation of profits of Russian participants in the global technology market invested in the development of production and research; conducting a large-scale campaign to attract young personnel to this area.

Without state support, a full-scale presence of Russia in the global technology market, corresponding to the accumulated experience and wealth of scientific knowledge, is not possible.

The introduction of technology into world markets means the possibility of full access to it and participation in commercial transactions at the level of any of the industrial European countries. In this regard, it is necessary for state and legislative institutions to plan and carry out this work in advance.

A study of the patterns and driving forces of technology exchange in the world shows the need to introduce broader control over the development of the country's technological base so that it meets the level of industrial countries. Thus, imported technologies coming through all channels, and not just through public funds, should be subject to examination. It is important to take into account the experience of, for example, Mexico, where for many years the acquisition of foreign technology was not controlled or regulated by law. As a result, in order to create a kind of barrier against the influx of unwanted technology into the country, control the quantity and quality of incoming technical innovations, the government was forced to create a special administrative body - the national register of technology transfer transactions, entrusting it with the management of the regulation of the influx of technology. It registers technologies that have successfully passed a special examination of three stages - economic, technical and legal. Particular attention should be paid to the speedy development of a program for the systematic import of new technologies, its stimulation, especially for industries with obvious technological lags, the development and stimulation of the export of national technologies and licensed trade, and the involvement of Russian capital for this, not only budgetary, but also private investors. The main thing is to reduce their perceived risk through government guarantees.

Conclusion

Technology, being a developed factor of production, has high international mobility. The material basis for the emergence and functioning of the technology market is the international division of technology, which represents the historically established or acquired concentration of this product in individual countries.

The technology market operates under conditions of legal protection of scientific and technical knowledge and intellectual property. The most common instruments for legal protection of technologies are patents, licenses, copyright, trademark or mark.

Technology transfer can be conditionally reduced to three forms: - export and import of technologies in intangible form in the form of trade in licenses;

to export it in materialized form;

to its materialization in foreign direct investment.

The most important economic agents in the global technology market are firms from developed countries. They account for the absolutely predominant part of the turnover of the global technology market. In Russia, over the years of market reforms, there has been a collapse in spending on research and development, inventive activity has dropped to a critical threshold, and there has been a large “brain drain” abroad. The country has become the target of receiving technical assistance from the world community along with other developing countries and countries with economies in transition.

Improving the market mechanism for international technology transfer leads to an increase in the efficiency of distribution of this factor between countries and an increase in the benefits received by trading partners. However, the technology market is characterized by a high degree of government intervention, which, by creating explicit and hidden restrictions on the export of technologies, seeks to maintain scientific and technical leadership in a particular area. When erecting barriers to the movement of technologies, the state in a number of cases is guided by considerations of national security, political and ideological motives.

According to experts, technology exchange in the world will intensify in the near future. This conclusion comes, on the one hand, from the desire of industrial countries to expand the scale of R&D, increase labor productivity and the competitiveness of manufactured products, and on the other hand, from the urgent need to expand the use of new technologies in newly industrialized countries, in many countries with economies in transition and in developing countries . Mastery of advanced technologies is a key point in achieving competitive advantages of the national economy.

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2.Korotaev A.V., Bozhevolnov Yu.V. Some general trends in the economic development of the World System // Forecast and modeling of crises and global dynamics / Responsible. ed. A.A. Akaev, A.V. Korotaev, G.G. Malinetsky. − M.: Publishing house LKI/URSS, 2010. − P. 161-172.

.World Book of Facts. − 2006. CIA, USA. Retrieved December 23, 2006.

4. Korotaev A.V. and others. Laws of history : Mathematical modeling and forecasting of world and regional development. Ed. 3, noun reworked and additional − M.: URSS, 2010. − ISBN 978-5-382-01252-0.

Korotaev A.V., Khalturina D.A. Modern trends in world development. M.: Librocom, 2009.

System monitoring. Global and regional development. − M.: Librocom, 2009. − ISBN 978-5-397-00917-1.

Korotaev A.V. New technologies and future scenarios, or is the Singularity already near? // History and synergetics. Research methodology. 2nd ed. − M.: Publishing house LKI/URSS, 2009. − P.183-191.

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Similar works to - Market of modern technologies: main features and peculiarities

Markets for technology and information are non-spatial objects, and their territorial location should not be sought. These markets represent a set of international transactions for the purchase and sale of objects of intellectual labor, creative activity in the field of science, technology, and business. Not all information and technologies enter the market and are the objects of commercial transactions; a significant part of information and technology can be obtained through free channels of research exchange (open scientific and technical publications), on the Internet, in the media." There are a number of other methodological problems in the international statistical accounting of such operations.

Thus, analysts and experts often measure the volume of the technology market, including not only and not so much the cost of the objects of intellectual work themselves: inventions, ideas based on the value of a patent (if it is alienated), licenses, contracts for the transfer of know-how. The market also includes the cost of commercial products and services produced using these technologies or allowing the implementation of these technologies. Therefore, when analyzing such markets, you should pay attention to whether the statistics include only data on sales of the technologies themselves - intangible objects - or whether the data is presented together with the cost of goods of the corresponding technologies: computer equipment, communications equipment, medical supplies, etc. One way or another, the volume of the technology market today can be assessed using the following statistical indicators published by international organizations and national statistical agencies and available to researchers:

the cost and number of agreements for the acquisition of patents, licenses, know-how;

the volume of payments for the provision of technical services, including experimental design developments;

the cost of technical assistance, industry research work carried out by order of government departments.

The annual volume of the global technology and know-how market, according to Russian experts, is $3 billion, and the Russian share on it is no more than 1.5%."

It is even more difficult to estimate the volume of the information market, primarily due to the heterogeneity and variety of information-containing objects. Moreover, unlike the technology market, which should not include the value of technological commodity products, information markets can only be valued by the value of information goods and services. But it is a common mistake to also include information infrastructure objects: means of communication (the number of telephone exchanges and devices, television and radio stations and receivers, their cost, the number of Internet nodes), information equipment. Here it is necessary to clearly distinguish between the concepts of “information industry” and “information market”. The first produces information goods and services, the second sums up their cost at the time of sale of these products.

The rather thin line between the concepts of “technology” (in the broad sense of the term) and “information” also prevents an accurate assessment of the volumes of the markets under consideration. Thus, it is not clear which market, for example, scientific and technical publications belong to.

At the same time, it is obvious that the world markets for technology and information are made up of markets for their individual types.

In Fig. 12.1 presents a classification of types of technologies.

Of all this variety of technologies, the so-called “new technologies” are of greatest interest, although today there is no single point of view on what should be included in this concept. Most often, such technologies include information and communication technologies (ICT), biotechnology, nanotechnology, and technologies for the production of new materials. Without exaggeration, we can say that they underlie the growth of the world economy in recent decades and lead to significant changes in the structure of the world economy, production processes, and stimulate scientific and technological development.

Thus, ICT is increasing the speed of dissemination and processing of information at an unprecedented pace: the power of computer processors doubles every one and a half to two years without increasing cost. The Internet, radiotelephone and other ICTs make it possible to transmit and receive information in ways that were previously impossible; this allows you to participate in vital decisions. These technologies provide cheap access to information in almost all areas of human activity. From distance learning in Turkey to distance health care in the Gambia to information on grain market prices in India, the Internet is expanding geographic boundaries, making markets more efficient. Biotechnology and nanotechnology have fantastically deepened human knowledge of nature (breakthroughs in genetics and medicine). The consequence of all this was the high rate of obsolescence and devaluation of modern technology: the cost of 1 Mbit of computer memory fell from $5,257 in 1970 to $0.17 in 1999.

These new technologies are often called high, although in this division of technologies into high, medium, low there is already a more specific and understandable, but not debatable sign - industry applicability. This is the opinion of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and many other international organizations. This classification often indicates one more feature - the share of R&D expenses in the cost of the final product. Depending on the nature of production in a particular industry, the OECD distinguishes not three, but four types of such technologies, dividing the average ones into two parts - medium-high and medium-low. 1. High technologies are used in industries such as aerospace; pharmaceuticals; production of office, accounting equipment and computers; production of radio, television and communications equipment; production of precision, medical and optical instruments. In the cost of high-tech goods, the share of R&D costs is at least 3.5%.

Medium-high technologies are used in electrical engineering, instrument making, the production of transport equipment and car engines, and the chemical industry with the exception of pharmaceuticals.

Medium-low technologies are used in the production of nuclear fuel, refined petroleum products, and coke oven products; production of rubber, plastics; shipbuilding; production of base metals and finished metal products except machinery and equipment.

Low technologies form the basis of processing and disposal; production of pulp, paper, paper products, printed materials and related products; food and tobacco industry, beverage production; textile and leather production.

Along with the international market, national and regional technology markets operate, and information markets can be divided in the same way. The principle of this classification is the country of the participants in the transactions.

National information markets are not the same in structure and volume. Information markets in developed countries are more capacious. These same countries produce the majority of final information products, such as software, scientific knowledge, quality standards and others. Developing countries are more likely to supply information “raw materials” and “semi-finished products”, for example, individual modules of computer programs, scientific and technical ideas. Developing countries are also inferior to developed countries in terms of the quality of circulating information (reliability, completeness, mobility, degree of assimilation) and information products, and the degree to which they are used in economic life. This is explained by the underdevelopment of information institutions, the absence of relevant government bodies, and resh. the country's policy in this area, the irregularity and low speed of exchange and updating of outdated information (for example, about the market situation), legal restrictions and bureaucratic obstacles. The deep reasons for the information backwardness of developing countries lie in outdated traditions, customs, mentality by modern standards, lack of knowledge and education of the population of these countries, which slow down modern international information exchange with these countries and explain their unwillingness to use new, more progressive channels and products of such exchange. This, in turn, negatively affects the rate of their economic growth.

The main factors in the development of global technology and information markets include the following:

scientific and technological progress, stimulated by the growth of public and private spending on R&D in countries around the world;

globalization of the world economy, promoting the unification of national systems of information and technological development and the emergence of universal technologies connecting national economies; Here it should be noted the influence of global problems that force enterprises to develop, acquire and implement energy-saving technologies that are environmentally friendly, harmless to health, and increase labor productivity;

changes in the instruments and regulations governing these markets;

the pace and nature of global and regional production, investment activity, placing additional demand for new technologies and information.

The last third of the twentieth century. was marked by a whole series of fundamental, technological and applied discoveries in the field of electronics, radiophysics, optoelectronics and laser technology, modern materials science, chemistry, microbiology, and the creation of modern aviation and astronautics. The rapid development of information technology and amazing results in the field of micro- and nanoelectronics have led to the emergence of products based on the latest technologies. In recent years, the economic development of states has been largely driven by innovation.

At the beginning of the 21st century. Scientific and technological progress is acquiring a number of new features. A different quality is born in the sphere of interaction between science, technology and production. One of the manifestations of this is a sharp reduction in the period of implementation of scientific discoveries: the average period for the development of innovations from 1885 to 1919 was 37 years, from 1920 to 1944 - 24 years, from 1945 to 1964 - 14 years, and in 90 - e years XX century for the most promising discoveries (electronics, nuclear energy, lasers) - 3-4 years. There was actual competition between scientific knowledge and technical improvement of production. It has become economically more profitable to develop production on the basis of new scientific ideas, rather than on the basis of the most modern, but “today’s” technology. As a result, the interaction between science and production has changed: previously, technology and production developed mainly through the accumulation of empirical experience; now they began to develop on the basis of science - in the form of high-tech technologies. In them, the method of producing the final product includes numerous auxiliary productions using the latest technologies.

In the last decade, three groups of technologies have had the greatest impact on the development of the global economy: high technologies (nano-, bio- and eco-technologies), ICT and new business technologies. At the same time, the development of ICT is closely related to the development of nanotechnology, and business technologies, in turn, depend on the level of ICT development. In developed countries, much attention is paid to research and development in advanced areas that characterize the further development of an innovative economy.

Nanotechnology is expected to have a significant impact on the global economy because it can be used in almost any industry. The first forecasts for the development of the nanotechnology market were prepared in the early 2000s. with a forecast until 2015. The most famous of them was published in 2001. The US National Science Foundation, which estimated the global market for nanotechnology products at $1 trillion. by 2015

High-tech technologies are not isolated, separate streams. In a number of cases they are connected and complement each other. But their comprehensive use requires fundamental developments that open up new areas of application of the latest processes, principles, and ideas. The penetration of the same scientific and technical idea into other industries, the adaptation of new methods and products for other areas, and the formation of new market sectors are also extremely important. Active scientific research should be conducted in many directions so as not to miss any way of promising application of the innovation.

The risk of inaccurate choice of development direction is extremely high. Over the past 15-20 years, companies from developed countries have accumulated significant experience in organizing innovative activities. Various forms of international relations have emerged in the implementation of scientific developments in production (technological cooperation, intercountry technological transfer, territorial scientific and industrial complexes).

Currently, in the high-tech business, as well as in the economic sphere in general, there are three largest centers - the USA, Japan, Western Europe, between which the main competition is unfolding. The USA today dominates mainly in the supply of computer hardware (75%) and software (65%).

There is an increasing role of Japan. Currently, the share of Japanese office equipment manufacturers in the North American market is: in the field of copying equipment - over 40%, in the field of calculators and fax equipment - about 100%.

Europe has recently been characterized by some lag in the field of new technologies. Thus, European information technology companies, with the rare exception of a few world-class manufacturers, are seen as having lost the ability to compete in the global information technology market. This conclusion inevitably follows from the public opinion poll conducted. The total share of European companies in the domestic market is only 30-40% of the total supply of information technology products. Among the 100 largest private companies and firms, only 19 are European. But the governments of European countries, despite the skepticism towards their activities on the part of the management of private companies, are promoting the revival of their industry in the field of information technology. R&D in the field of information technology has found support not only from individual governments, it has attracted the attention of the EU leadership, which has developed several programs to assist in the development of these technologies. An example is the ESPRIT (European Strategic Research Program in Information Technology) programme.

An analysis of the development of the world economy shows that the scale of the use of innovations for the effective development of human society has begun to play a large role. In these conditions, the most important thing is the further development of the “engine” of new technologies - information technology.

Information technology (IT) should be understood as the use of computer technology and communication systems to create, collect, process, store, and transmit information for all spheres of public life. Information technologies include the main components of the modern information business: computers, terminals, computer equipment, optical equipment, microfilms, laser discs, printing equipment and photocopying.

The evolution of technical support proceeds unevenly and spasmodically. The development of computer technology occurs in geometric progression. Every year and a half, computer performance doubles.

Analyzing the trends in the global IT market shows that market growth is occurring mainly in Asian countries. This is due to the fact that the IT markets in Europe and the United States are already oversaturated, and in Asia there are many developing countries that require more and more information technology resources to develop their economies. The leader in consumption is China - 43%, South Korea - 16%, India - 9%.

A study of the global computer equipment market shows that the main suppliers of computer equipment at the end of 2004 are Dell - 18.3%, HP - 15.7%, IBM - 6.5%, Fujitsu Siemens - 3.8%, Acer - 3.2%.

Thus, the following dominant trends in the development of IT hardware have recently emerged:

1) bringing together three areas - consumer electronics, communications and computers;

2) cheaper products of this convergence;

3) miniaturization and increased usability of devices.

The foundation for the development of high technology is education. On the one hand, what kind of basic education a person has received is of great importance. On the other hand, postgraduate education has recently begun to play an increasingly important role. The point is that in order to maintain competitiveness, a person is forced to improve his knowledge in connection with the rapidly changing current needs of the labor market.

It should be noted that education in Russia was famous in the world precisely for its fundamental nature. Foreign education, with its greater practical orientation, is more flexible and adapted to the perception of new technologies.

The process of organizing retraining of employees of domestic organizations and enterprises is currently, according to many authors, insufficiently provided both methodologically and technologically.

One of the ways to solve this problem could be the widespread introduction of new information and educational technologies based on the use of modern multimedia technology. Such technologies include New Information and Educational Technology (NIET), which uses the concept of distance learning. This concept involves, using the latest computer technologies in combination with progressive methods and techniques, the creation of electronic learning systems that include general theoretical and applied disciplines. These disciplines allow you to organize the educational process, filling it as much as possible with elements that ensure high quality and effectiveness of learning. At the same time, the student can be away from the university, which significantly reduces training costs.

At the present stage of the scientific and technological revolution, the role of small businesses in scientific research and development has increased significantly. This is due to the fact that the scientific and technological revolution has given small and medium-sized high-tech innovation firms modern technology that matches their size (microprocessors, microcomputers, microcomputers), allowing them to conduct production and development at a high technical level and requiring relatively low costs.

Risky ventures are usually small in size and are engaged in developing scientific ideas and turning them into new technologies and products. The initiators of such enterprises are most often small groups of people - talented engineers, inventors, scientists, innovative managers who want to devote themselves to developing a promising idea and at the same time work without the restrictions that are inevitable in the laboratories of large companies, subject to rigid programs and centralized plans.

Such entrepreneurs receive the necessary capital from large corporations, private foundations and the state, which allow them to freely dispose of these funds for scientific purposes. Since the results of the research are unknown, there is significant risk to such a venture (hence the capital that finances it is called risk capital).

It is not by chance that risky business got its name. He is distinguished by instability and unreliability of his position. The “mortality rate” of risky organizations is very high. Of the 250 risky firms founded in the United States back in the 1960s, about a third “survived,” 32% were absorbed by large corporations, and 37% went bankrupt. And only a few have turned into large producers of high technologies, like Xerox, Intel, and Apple Computer. However, the returns to the surviving firms are so great, both in terms of profits and in terms of production improvements, that this practice makes sense.

An important factor in the development of the high-tech sector in the global economy is the formation and improvement of systems of technology parks and technopolises. For the full functioning of these entities, the active participation of the state in their creation and maintenance is required. It is necessary to create special funds that finance risky scientific and technical projects, and create consulting structures to help innovative firms find and do business with foreign partners. It is also advisable to create special databases for newly emerging projects that could help the buyer and seller find each other.