Evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin. Synthetic theory of evolution - presentation Basic methods of speciation

date
Lesson topic:
SYNTHETIC THEORY
EVOLUTION

The main provisions of the evolutionary teachings of Charles Darwin
1. All types of living beings inhabiting the Earth,
were never created by anyone.
2. Having arisen naturally, species slowly and
gradually transformed and
improved in accordance with those around them
conditions.
Charles Darwin
(1809 -1882)

Basic provisions
evolutionary position
evolutionary doctrine
Basic
teachings of Charles Darwin
Ch. Darwin
3. Factors for creating varieties and breeds are
hereditary variability and artificial
selection.
Charles Darwin
(1809 -1882)

Basic provisions
evolutionary position
evolutionary doctrine
Basic
teachings of Charles Darwin
Ch. Darwin
4. Factors leading to the formation of new
species in nature are hereditary
variability and natural selection.
Charles Darwin
(1809 -1882)

Basic provisions
evolutionary position
evolutionary doctrine
Basic
teachings of Charles Darwin
Ch. Darwin
5. The struggle for existence – complex and
diverse relationships between organisms
yourself and with environmental conditions. Inevitability
the struggle for existence stems from
contradictions between the ability of organisms to
unlimited reproduction and
limited life resources.
Charles Darwin
(1809 -1882)

Basic provisions
evolutionary position
evolutionary doctrine
Basic
teachings of Charles Darwin
Ch. Darwin
6. The consequence of the struggle for existence is
natural selection - survival of the most
adapted individuals. Natural selection
preserves individuals with useful properties under given conditions
environment by hereditary changes and eliminates
individuals that do not have these changes.
Charles Darwin
(1809 -1882)

Basic provisions
evolutionary position
evolutionary doctrine
Basic
teachings of Charles Darwin
Ch. Darwin
7. Thus, from generation to generation in
as a result of hereditary variability, the struggle for
existence and natural selection of species
change in the direction of increasing
adaptability to environmental conditions.
Fitness is not absolute, it is
relative character.
Charles Darwin
(1809 -1882)

Basic provisions
evolutionary position
evolutionary doctrine
Basic
teachings of Charles Darwin
Ch. Darwin
8. Natural selection causes divergence
(divergence of characters) within a species and can
lead to speciation.
Charles Darwin
(1809 -1882)

Basic provisions
evolutionary position
evolutionary doctrine
Basic
teachings of Charles Darwin
Ch. Darwin
9. The ability of organisms to survive in the struggle for
existence is not necessarily related to more
high organization, therefore, along with
highly organized life forms
There are also lowly organized ones.
Charles Darwin
(1809 -1882)

What Darwin didn't look at
Darwin considered
norm changes
reactions, without
wondered what
exit mechanism
limits of reaction norm.
Darwin considered changes in those
signs that were already there.
That is, he did not pay attention, or
ignored the fact that there are
such signs that were not previously
existed. In other words,
Darwin did not take mutations into account.
Darwin simplified the understanding of living nature. Deprived of ideas about
the main thing - about the harmony of life, about the original expediency, about
what Lamarck called the inner desire for
self-improvement, Aristotle's original expediency.

Three
development period
development of Darwinism
Three
period
Darwinism
The first period is romantic (second half of the 19th century), when
evolutionary teaching has triumphed over the metaphysical approach, which
gave impetus to the development of new areas of science: evolutionary
paleontology, ecology, biocenology, evolutionary embryology, etc.
The propagandists and supporters of the teachings of Charles Darwin were Russian scientists K.
A. Timiryazev, I. I. Mechnikov, A. O. and V. O. Kovalevsky, I. M. Sechenov and a number
foreign scientists, including E. Haeckel, A. Wallace, F. Muller and others.
I. I. Mechnikov
I. M. Sechenov
A.O. and V.O.
Kovalevsky
K. A. Timiryazev
A. Wallace
F. Muller
E. Haeckel

Three
development period
development of Darwinism
Three
period
Darwinism
Second period - “denials” (late 19th - early 20th centuries)
Mendel's laws were rediscovered. Genetics opposed
Darwinism. At this time, evolutionary teaching continued to develop, and
The theory of natural selection came under severe criticism.
This theory was opposed by others: mutational, chromosomal,
migration, hybridization, which argued that species
are formed not gradually - evolutionarily, but spasmodically.
The author of the mutation theory was the Dutch scientist G. de Vries,
chromosomal - American scientist T. Morgan.
The third period is the development of synthetic
theories of evolution. It starts with
consider 1926, when the Soviet scientist S.S.
Chetverikov formulated the main
provisions of population genetics and
connected Darwinism with modern
genetics. On this basis it was formed
modern doctrine of microevolution.

Most counterarguments against Darwinism are for
the first quarter century of its existence was collected in
two-volume monograph “Darwinism: A Critical
research" by the Russian philosopher and
Nikolay Yakovlevich
publicist N. Ya. Danilevsky.
Danilevsky

Danilevsky attached the greatest importance to the counter-argument of the English
engineer F. Jenkin, who, with the light hand of Darwin, received the name “nightmare”
Jenkin."
According to him, a useful trait that accidentally appeared in an individual
populations will gradually be leveled out by crossing with ordinary individuals.
Jenkin's article put forward the "swamping argument" to
show that a random deviation from the “norm” cannot cause changes
the population as a whole.
According to Jenkin, a useful trait could only be preserved if it
occurrence at once in a large number of individuals and in a short period
time (in one generation).

Problems in the original Darwinian theory that led to its loss of popularity

A. Bennett expressed considerations similar to the ideas
Jenkina.
Their essence boiled down to the following.
Let’s say it takes 10 to obtain a useful feature
generations, and in each attribute can change 20
ways. In this case, to detect a useful feature
it is required to sort out 2010 individuals. Let the number of individuals in
population does not exceed 106. In this case, for education
A new trait will require 1013 individuals, or 107 generations.
Therefore, natural selection cannot be
effective as a factor in the formation of new species.

Problems in the original Darwinian theory that led to its loss of popularity

As a result, at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, most biologists
accepted the concept of evolution, but few believed that
natural selection is its main driving force.
Neo-Lamarckism, the theory of orthogenesis and
combination of Mendelian genetics with mutation theory
Korzhinsky - De Vries.
Neo-Lamarckism - denial as the only
the formative role of natural selection and recognition
inheritance of acquired characteristics.

Problems in the original Darwinian theory,
leading to the loss of her popularity
Orthogenesis is a concept in evolutionary science,
asserting that the development of living nature is due to
internal reasons that direct the course of evolution along
a certain route, strictly defining its direction.
According to this concept, the direction of evolution is determined
the fact that variability itself initially has a certain
direction.
The direction of evolution does not depend on natural selection.
All changes in living forms occur little by little, strictly
directions predetermined by the nature of the organism and
are passed on by inheritance.
English biologist Julian Huxley dubbed this situation
"the eclipse of Darwinism."

In the first half of the twentieth century, a synthetic theory of evolution was created
also a modern evolutionary synthesis.
STE is a synthesis of genetics and Darwinism.
Synthetic theory, because developed thanks to Darwinism, genetics,
systematics, cytology, morphology, molecular biology, biochemistry,
physiology, ecology.
Impetus for development
synthetic
theory gave
hypothesis about
recessiveness
new genes.
The synthetic theory of evolution (STE) consists of two main parts:
theories of microevolution and theories of macroevolution

CONTRIBUTION
RUSSIAN SCIENTISTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF STE
S.S. Chetverikov
Introduced the concept of “life waves” into population biology
I.I. Schmalhausen
Creator of the concept of stabilizing selection. But most importantly
Schmalhausen's achievement was the development of evolutionary
morphology.
N.V. TimofeevResovsky
Formulated a position on elementary phenomena and
factors of evolution.
G.F. Gause
S.S
Author of the competitive principle
exceptions (Volterra's principle
- Gause; sometimes Gause's law)
Chetverikov
Genetic drift
A.L. Takhtajyan
The main works are on taxonomy,
evolutionary morphology and phylogeny of higher plants
N.K.Koltsov
One of the founders of genetics in Russia and its fusion
achievements with evolutionary theory.
F.G.Dobzhansky
Integration of Darwinism and genetic data.

Chetverikov Sergey Sergeevich

In 1926 he published an article “On
some moments of evolutionary
process from a modern point of view
genetics"
genetic data must be included in
the basis of the doctrine of variability and become
key to understanding the process of evolution.
Chetverikov proved that mutations in
natural animal populations are not
disappear, can accumulate in hidden
(heterozygous) state and give
material for variability and natural
selection.
Thus he managed to tie
Darwin's evolutionary doctrine and laws
heredity established by genetics.

CONTRIBUTION OF FOREIGN SCIENTISTS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF STE
V. Johansen
Proved the ineffectiveness of selection in self-pollinating plants
E. Mayr
Developed the concept of biological species.
Created the theory of peripatric speciation.
E. Baur
Developed the principles of genetic (factorial) analysis
V. Zimmerman
The main scientific works are devoted to taxonomy, geography and
phylogeny of spore and flowering plants, evolutionary morphology,
paleobotany and theory of evolution.
J. Simpson
For the first time he used the expression “synthetic theory of evolution.”
Laid the foundations of the modern doctrine of macroevolution
J. Huxley
Explained the basics of STE as set out in the book “Modern Synthesis”
G. Hardy
one of the authors of the Hardy-Weinberg law in population genetics.
John Haldane
One of the founders of modern population science,
mathematical, molecular and biochemical genetics, and
also the synthetic theory of evolution.

Basic provisions of the synthetic theory
evolution can be expressed in general terms
in the following way:
The material for evolution is
hereditary changes, mutations (gene) and their combinations
The main driving factor of evolution
is natural selection that occurs on
basis of the struggle for existence.
Smallest unit
evolution is the population.

Evolution wears in most cases
divergent nature, i.e.
one taxon can become an ancestor
several daughter taxa.
Evolution is gradual and long-term.
Speciation as a stage of the evolutionary process
represents a sequential change of one
temporary population by a series of subsequent temporary
populations.
A species consists of many subordinates,
morphologically, physiologically, ecologically,
biochemically and genetically different, but
reproductively not isolated units -
subspecies and populations.

The species exists as a holistic and closed formation.
The integrity of the species is maintained by migrations of individuals from
one population to another, in which an exchange is observed
alleles (“gene flow”).
Macroevolution at a higher level than the species goes
through microevolution.
According to the synthetic theory of evolution, there is no
patterns of macroevolution, different from
microevolution. For the evolution of groups of living species
organisms are characterized by the same prerequisites and driving forces,
as for microevolution.
Any real (and not composite) taxon has
monophyletic origin.
Evolution is undirected in nature, i.e. it does not go in
towards some final goal.

1. The material for evolution is
very small discrete changes
heredity - mutations.
2. Mutation process, waves
number - supplying factors
selection material is random
and undirected nature.
3. The only guiding factor
evolution - natural selection,
based on conservation and
accumulation of random and small
mutations.

Basic postulates of synthetic
theory of evolution: (according to N.N. Vorontsov)
4. The smallest evolutionary unit -
population, not individual. Population –
elementary structural unit
kind.
5. Evolution is divergent
character, i.e. one taxon can become
ancestor of several daughters
taxa. But each type has
the only ancestral species
a single ancestral population.

Basic postulates of synthetic
theory of evolution: (according to N.N. Vorontsov)

long lasting character.
Speciation as a stage
evolutionary process
represents
successive changes of one
temporary population in succession

Basic postulates of synthetic
theory of evolution: (according to N.N. Vorontsov)
7. A view consists of many subordinates
morphologically, biochemically, ecologically,
genetically different, but reproductively not
isolated units - subspecies and populations.
8. Exchange of alleles, “genetic drift”, are possible
only within a species, during the migration of individuals from
one population to another. If the mutation has
positive value, then it can
spread throughout all its populations and
subspecies Hence: species – genetically intact
and a closed system.
9. The main criterion of a species is its reproductive
insulation. To forms that do not have sexual
process (prokaryotes, lower eukaryotes), not
applicable.

Basic postulates of synthetic
theory of evolution: (according to N.N. Vorontsov)
10. Macroevolution (at a higher level
species: genus, family, order, class and
etc.) goes only through microevolution.
According to STE there is no
patterns of macroevolution
different from microevolution.
11. Evolution is unpredictable and has
not directed towards some end
goals character, i.e. doesn't wear
finalistic character.

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE:

Modern development of biological
science makes its own adjustments to
some postulates of synthetic
theories of evolution.

STE AT THE CURRENT STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE:
Postulate 3
The only one
guide
factor of evolution –
natural
selection based
on preservation and
accumulation
random and small
mutations.
Natural
selection - no doubt
driving factor
evolution, but not
the only one.
Formative
role in
isolated
populations
wears "drift"
genes."

STE AT THE CURRENT STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE:
Postulates 5-6
5. Evolution is divergent in nature, i.e. one taxon can become
ancestor of several daughter taxa. But each species has a single ancestral species, a single ancestral population.
6. Evolution is gradual and
long lasting character. Speciation as a stage of evolutionary
process is
successive changes of one
temporary population in succession
subsequent temporary populations.
New discoveries
they say that
evolution is not
always divergent
and gradual
character.
Speciation
may happen suddenly
by
polyploidy,
hybridization,
chromosomal
perestroika.

STE AT THE CURRENT STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE:
Postulate 10
Macroevolution (at
level above species: genus,
family, squad, class
etc.) goes only through
microevolution. Not
exists
patterns
macroevolution
different from
microevolution.
Macroevolution
can go
through
microevolution,
and bypassing
traditional
microevolutionary paths.

STE AT THE CURRENT STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE:
Postulate 11
Evolution
unpredictable and
It has
non-directional to
some final goal
character, i.e. doesn't wear
finalistic
character
Despite the huge
number of facts influencing
on the evolutionary process,
evolution maybe
predictable.
Assessing past history
genotypic environment and
possible influence of the environment,
can be predicted
general direction
evolution, although evolution is
does not wear finalistic
character.

Basic principles of synthetic evolution
The elementary unit of evolution is considered to be a population;
The material for evolution is mutation and
recombination variability;
Natural selection is seen as the main cause
development of adaptations, speciation and origin
supraspecific taxa;
Genetic drift causes the formation of neutral
signs;
A species is a system of populations reproductively isolated from
populations of other species, and each species is ecologically distinct;
Speciation is the emergence of genetic
isolating mechanisms and is carried out mainly in
conditions of geographical isolation.

All supporters of the synthetic theory acknowledge participation in evolution
three processes (factors)
Mutational
Generating
new
gene variants
Selective
Recombination
Defining
correspondence
data
conditions
a habitat
Creating new ones
individual phenotypes

Similarities
Differences
1.
1.
2.
2.
3
3.
4
4.

The synthetic theory of evolution is not in doubt among most
biologists. Evolution as a whole is believed to be satisfactorily explained
this theory. However, over the past two decades there has been an increase in the number
publications that note that STE is inadequate to modern
knowledge about the course of the evolutionary process.
As one of the most frequently criticized provisions of the STE, one can
lead her approach to explain secondary similarity.
1. According to neo-Darwinism, all signs of living beings are completely determined
the composition of the genotype and the nature of selection. Therefore the parallelism is explained
the fact that organisms have inherited a large number of identical genes from
his ancestor, and the origin of convergent characters entirely
attributed to the action of selection. At the same time, it is well known that the features
similarities developing in fairly distant lines are often
non-adaptive and therefore cannot be plausibly explained either
natural selection, nor common inheritance. Independent inheritance
identical genes and their combination are obviously excluded, since mutations and
recombinations are random processes.

Thus, the evolution that began
on our planet since the appearance
life on it is unpredictable and
irreversible process of development of living things
world, going as programmed,
occurring in conjunction with
species and environment.

Repetition:
1. List the factors of evolution that Charles Darwin distinguished.
2. Why population waves can be considered a factor
evolution?
3. Why is isolation an important factor in evolution?
4. What factors of evolution randomly and indirectly change
frequency of occurrence of genotypes in a population?
5. What factor of evolution has a guiding character?
6. List all the factors of evolution.
7. The reasons for the adaptability of organisms according to K. Linnaeus –….
8. The diversity of species K. Linnaeus explained….
9. The reasons for the adaptability of organisms according to J. B. Lamarck –….
10. The emergence of diversity of species J.B. Lamarck explained….
11. Reasons for the adaptability of organisms according to Charles Darwin –….
12. The emergence of species diversity Ch. Darwin explained….
13. From the point of view of J.B. Lamarck, the unit of evolution is...,
because….
14. From the point of view of Charles Darwin, the unit of evolution is ..., so
How ….

Natural selection
1
In and
2
d o o
b r a
z o v
a n i e
P o p u l a t i o n
In and
3
4
CHANGES
5
D e
6
y f g
e
n
o in
d
b

Slide captions:

modern teachings about evolution

Synthetic theory of evolution (STE) is a modern evolutionary theory, which is a synthesis of various disciplines, primarily genetics and Darwinism, and is based on paleontology, systematics, and molecular biology. All supporters of the synthetic theory recognize the participation of three factors in the evolution: Mutation Selection Recombination Generating new gene variants Determining compliance with given living conditions Creating new phenotypes of individuals

The origin of the synthetic theory in its current form was formed: as a result of the transformation of Weismann's views into Morgan's chromosomal genetics: adaptive differences are transmitted from parents to offspring with chromosomes in the form of new genes Due to natural selection.

The impetus for the development of the synthetic theory was given by the hypothesis of the recessivity of new genes. This hypothesis assumed that in each reproducing group of organisms, during the maturation of gametes, mutations - new gene variants - constantly arise as a result of errors in DNA replication. Development of STE

S.S Chetverikov I.I. Shmalgauzen N.V. Timofeev-Resovsky G.F. Gause N.P. Dubinin A.L. Takhtadzhyan N.K. Koltsov F.G. Dobrzhansky THE CONTRIBUTION OF RUSSIAN SCIENTISTS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF STE S.S. Chetverikov I.I. Schmalhausen

E. Mayr E. Baur V. Zimmerman J. Simpson V. Ludwig R. Fischer Contribution of foreign scientists to the development of STE J. Simpson E. Mayr

Basic provisions of synthetic evolution 1. THE LOCAL POPULATION IS CONSIDERED THE ELEMENTARY UNIT OF EVOLUTION; 2. MUTATIONAL AND RECOMBINATIONAL VARIABILITY IS CONSIDERED AS THE MATERIAL FOR EVOLUTION; 3. NATURAL SELECTION IS CONSIDERED AS THE MAIN REASON FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ADAPTATIONS, SPECIATION AND ORIGIN OF SUPRA-SPECIFIC TAXON; 4. GENE DRIFT AND THE FOUNDER PRINCIPLE ARE THE REASONS FOR THE FORMATION OF NEUTRAL CHARACTERS; 5. A SPECIES IS A SYSTEM OF POPULATIONS, REPRODUCTIVELY ISOLATED FROM POPULATIONS OF OTHER SPECIES, AND EACH SPECIES IS ECOLOGICALLY SEPARATE; 6. SPECIATION CONSISTS IN THE APPEARANCE OF GENETIC ISOLATING MECHANISMS AND IS CARRIED OUT PRIMARILY UNDER CONDITIONS OF GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATION.

Comparative characteristics of the theories of “Pure Darwinism” (L.S. Berg) 1. All organisms developed from one or a few primary forms. 2. Development proceeded divergently 3. Development proceeded on the basis of random variations. 4. The factors of progress are the struggle for existence and natural selection. 5. The process of evolution consists in the formation of new characteristics 6. The extinction of organisms occurs from external causes: the struggle for the existence and survival of the more fit. Synthetic theory (N.I. Vorontsov) 1. The smallest unit of evolution is the population. 2. The main driving factor of evolution is the natural selection of random and small mutations. 3. Evolution is divergent in nature. 4. Evolution is gradual and long-term. Each systematic unit must have a single root. This is a prerequisite for the very right to exist. Evolutionary taxonomy builds classification based on kinship. Beyond the boundaries of a species, evolution stops. The species is polytypic. Variability is random. Evolution is unpredictable.

Criticism of the synthetic theory of evolution One of the most frequently criticized provisions of STE is its approach to explaining secondary similarity. 1. According to neo-Darwinism, all characteristics of living beings are completely determined by the composition of the genotype and the nature of selection. Therefore, parallelism is explained by the fact that organisms have inherited a large number of identical genes from their ancestor, and the origin of convergent characters is entirely attributed to the action of selection. At the same time, it is well known that similarities that develop in fairly distant lines are often non-adaptive and therefore cannot be plausibly explained either by natural selection or by common inheritance. Independent inheritance of identical genes and their combination is obviously excluded, since mutations and recombinations are random processes.

Factors of evolution Do not direct the evolutionary process Directs the evolutionary process Mutations Isolation Population waves Drift of genes Natural selection based on the struggle for life Changes in the genetic composition of populations

Speciation is a qualitative stage of the evolutionary process. This means that microevolution ends with the formation of species and macroevolution begins.

Each species is a closed genetic system. Representatives of different species do not interbreed, and if they interbreed, they either do not produce offspring, or these offspring are infertile. Therefore, divergent speciation must be preceded by the emergence of isolated populations within the ancestral species.

The most important concepts of evolution: elementary phenomena of evolution are changes occurring in a population through recombinations, mutations and natural selection, separating this population from others. The elementary material of evolution is hereditary variability among individuals of a population, which leads to the emergence of both qualitative and quantitative phenotypic differences. elementary factors of evolution - natural selection, mutation, population waves and isolation isolation, mutation and population waves influence the evolution of the species, and natural selection directs it.

Basic rules of evolution: Irreversibility Progressive specialization Alternation of the main directions of evolution: allogenesis and arogenesis

Laws of Evolution: 1. The first and main law is the irreversible nature of evolution: Organisms, populations and species. Those that emerged during evolution cannot return to the previous state of their ancestors. Evolution is an irreversible process of historical development of the organic world

2. The second pattern is the general direction (trend) of the evolutionary process - Progressive complication of life forms: Consists in the continuous adaptation of the living world to constantly changing environmental conditions. In the transformation of species and the separation of some species from others. Evolution is the process of unprogrammed development of living nature

3. The third pattern of evolution - Development of fitness (adaptation) of species to the habitat adaptation General (presence of limbs in terrestrial animals) specific (different types of limbs in connection with the place and way of life)

Thus, evolution, which began on our planet from the moment life appeared on it, is an unpredictable and irreversible process of development of the living world, proceeding in a programmed manner, occurring in conjunction between species and the environment.

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History of evolutionary ideas

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Population-species level of life organization. Evolution theory. History of evolutionary views. Definition of evolution. Gradual development of living nature. The essence of life on Earth. 7 – 8 lectures on the theory of evolution. History of evolutionary views. Thoughts on the development of nature. Accumulation of knowledge. The struggle between creationists and transformists. The first theory of evolution. Portrait of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. Lamarck's basic principles. Lamarck's examples. Darwin-Wallace theory. Charles Robert Darwin. Born. C. Darwin. A Naturalist's Journey. Alfred Russell Wallace. Principles of the Darwin-Wallace theory. Drawing from Darwin's book. - History of evolutionary ideas.ppt

Development of evolutionary ideas

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Steps of evolutionary ideas. Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. Pre-Darwinian period. Biological evolution. Evolutionary biology. Stage of evolutionary views. Stage of evolutionary ideas. Ladder of creatures according to Aristotle. Ancient scientists. K. Linnaeus. Scheme of classification of animals according to K. Linnaeus. Scheme of plant classification according to Linnaeus. J. Buffon. J.B. Lamarck. Lamarck's ladder of creatures. - Development of evolutionary ideas.ppt

History of evolutionary teaching

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Theory. Evolution. History of evolutionary teaching. Aristotle. Ancient performances. Age of Great Geographical Discoveries. Linnaeus. Features of the natural system of living nature. Genus. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. Narrow leaves. C. Darwin's theory. Scientific prerequisites for the emergence of Charles Darwin's theory. Charles Robert Darwin. The significance of the works of the English geologist Charles Lyell. The doctrine of artificial selection. Diversity of species in nature. Breeding a new variety or breed. Artificial selection. Charles Darwin's doctrine of natural selection. Struggle for existence. Individuals most adapted to these conditions. - History of evolutionary teaching.ppt

Development of evolutionary teaching

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Evolution theory. Where do new forms of living systems come from? Story. Changing scientific ideas about the origin and development of life on Earth. Development of evolutionary concepts. Developed a taxonomy of living organisms. Carl Linnaeus (1707 - 1778). Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1774-1829). Author of the first evolutionary concept. Charles Darwin (1809 - 1882). The basic logic of evolutionary teaching. Heredity. Variability. The ability of organisms to reproduce unlimitedly. Limited environmental conditions. Struggle for existence. Survival of the fittest. Natural selection. - Development of evolutionary teaching.ppt

Modern concepts of evolution

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Evolution concepts. Traditional biology. Carl Linnaeus. Evolution. Aristotle. Lamarck. Charles Darwin. The concept of heredity. The principle of Darwin's theory. The process of survival. Main points. Highly organized forms. Fight between different species. Life. Struggle for existence. Species diversity. Animal world. Vegetable world. Forms of natural selection. Stabilizing selection. Disruptive (cutting) selection. Synthetic theory of evolution. Factors and driving forces of evolution. Macroevolution and microevolution. Rules of macroevolution of large groups of organisms. Aromorphosis. - Modern concepts of evolution.ppt

Ideas for the development of the organic world

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The idea of the development of the organic world in biology. Aristotle (384-322 BC). John Ray (1628 – 1705). Carl Linnaeus. Georges Buffon (1707 - 1788), prominent French naturalist. Georges Cuvier (1769 – 1832). Charles Lyell, or Lyell. Lamarck Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet (1744-1829). Jean Baptiste Lamarck. Ideas for the development of the organic world. Charles Robert Darwin. Darwin set off on a trip around the world as a naturalist. Ideas for the development of the organic world. Darwin discovers a fossilized giant extinct mammal. Members of the mockingbird family are different from those in Chile. - Ideas for the development of the organic world.ppt

Theories of evolution of the organic world

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Evolution of the organic world. Creationism. The process of creation of the world. Theories of evolution of the organic world. Theory of spontaneous generation. Theories of evolution of the organic world. According to the steady state theory, the Earth never came into existence. Proponents of the theory of panspermia. Theory of biochemical evolution. Protein molecules. The basic logic of evolutionary teaching. Natural selection. Carl Linnaeus. Development of evolutionary concepts. Charles Darwin. Evidence of evolution. Theories of evolution of the organic world. Theories of evolution of the organic world. Fossil transitional forms. - Theories of evolution of the organic world.ppt

Lamarck's theory

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Our contemporaries about Lamarck's views. Today, when we hear the word “evolution,” the name Darwin comes to mind. Immortal Charles Darwin. Among Charles Darwin's predecessors is the French naturalist Jean Baptiste Lamarck. J.B. Lamarck is the predecessor of Charles Darwin. The provisions of the theory of Zh.B. Lamarck. How did Lamarck imagine the emergence of signs? Merits of Zh.B. Lamarck. The future founder of the new evolutionary teaching became the eleventh child in the family. In 1760, the father dies. Lamarck abandons his theological career and enlists in the army. Scientific work “French flora”. In 1778, Lamarck published the three-volume work “French Flora”. - Lamarck's theory.ppt

Synthetic theory of evolution

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Evolution. Modern performance. About mechanisms and patterns. Synthetic theory of evolution. Generating new gene variants. Determining compliance with given living conditions. Creating new phenotypes of individuals. Origin of STE. Development of STE. The impetus for the development of the synthetic theory was given by the hypothesis of the recessivity of new genes. S.S Chetverikov I.I. Shmalgauzen N.V. Timofeev-Resovsky G.F. Gause N.P. Dubinin A.L. Takhtadzhyan N.K. Koltsov F.G. Dobrzhansky. Contribution of Russian scientists. In the development of Ste. E. Mayr E. Baur W. Zimmerman J. Simpson W. Ludwig R. Fischer. Contribution of foreign scientists to the development of STE. - Synthetic theory of evolution.ppt

Provisions of the synthetic theory of evolution

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Synthetic theory of evolution. Direction of evolution. History of the study of the species. "Species" in biology. Type criteria. Morphological criterion. Geographic criterion of the species. Doubles. Population characteristics. Population. Genotype frequencies. Changes in populations. Hardy-Weinberg law. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium conditions. Evolutionary situations in populations. Gene pool and evolution. Speciation. Isolation as a factor of evolution. Trigger mechanism for speciation. Genetic drift. Bottleneck. Founder effect. Population-species standard of living. Factors of evolution. Ecological structure of the population. - Provisions of the synthetic theory of evolution.pptx

New theory of evolution

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About Darwinism and nomogenesis. On the relationship between the theory of evolution. Interpretation of functioning. Regulatory mechanism of population evolution. Lack of development. Adaptive search engine optimization device. Continuous pursuit of core components. Modern developed computer-cybernetic language. Random search mechanisms. Proposed search optimization approach. Minimizing the criterion is equivalent to maximizing it. A consequence of yesterday's kinetics. Where. The concept of metaevolution as a process. The concept of "metaevolution". Live nature. 17. 18. 19. 20. Duration of each triad. -

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E. Mayr E. Baur V. Zimmerman J. Simpson V. Ludwig R. Fischer Contribution of foreign scientists to the development of STE J. Simpson E. Mayr

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Speciation is a qualitative stage of the evolutionary process. This means that microevolution ends with the formation of species and macroevolution begins.

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In the presentation “The importance of the theory of evolution. STE" reveals the importance of evolution for the development of biological sciences. The provisions of the synthetic theory of evolution and the influence of modern developments in biology on the provisions of STE are considered.

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The importance of the theory of evolution for the development of natural science Luzganova I.N., biology teacher at the Municipal Budgetary Educational Institution Secondary School named after A.M. Gorky, Karachev

Identify the significance of evolution for the development of biological sciences Get acquainted with the provisions of the synthetic theory of evolution Identify the influence of modern development of biology on the provisions of STE Lesson objectives

The basis for understanding natural processes occurring in nature. Contributes to the correct choice of human economic activity. On the basis of Darwinism, a restructuring of all branches of biological science took place: THE IMPORTANCE OF THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION

Paleontology. Before Darwin, she collected, described and systematized facts. Now it has acquired a historical character, it clarifies the ways of development of the organic world. Systematics of plants and animals. It is of an evolutionary nature: it clarifies family ties and the origin of systematic groups. Anatomy. Connects the study of organs and tissues with their function. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION

Embryology. Establishes the evolutionary origin of the community of main stages of individual development of living organisms from eggs. Theories appear about the origin of multicellular animals from unicellular ones. Physiology of animals. A comparative study of animals and the historical continuity of the GNI of humans and animals began. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION

Distribution of plants and animals on the globe. R is considered in connection with the history of the development of continents and the historical development of the organic world. Genetics, ecology and other sciences: began to develop rapidly at the beginning of the twentieth century with the experimental study of the action of natural selection. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION

In an era of active changes in the biosphere, evolutionary teaching takes on the character of the most important biological discipline. The theory of evolution provides an understanding of the optimal strategy for the relationship between man and the surrounding wildlife, and allows us to raise the question of developing the principles of controlled evolution. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION

The main and final task of Darwinism is the problem of managing the evolutionary process. A separate element of controlled evolution today is the creation of new breeds and varieties, the creation of agrocenoses, but in order to transition to controlled evolution, much remains to be discovered. Therefore, biologists of various specialties consider their material through the prism of evolutionary problems and purposefully carry out work from the standpoint of evolutionary theory. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION

When the basic laws of the evolution of the BGC are clarified, when a theory of individual development is created, when paths of development of living things in the Universe other than on Earth are discovered, then it may turn out that Darwinism in its classical form is only an integral part of the general theory of the development of the organic world. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION

The theory of Darwinism successfully passes the test of time and is strengthened with new discoveries in biology. Beginning of the 20th century discovery of genetic patterns Mid-twentieth century. creation of a synthetic theory of evolution (STE). THE IMPORTANCE OF THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION

The term “STE” takes its name from the book of the English evolutionist Julian Huxley “Evolution: The Modern Synthesis” (1942). STE arose in the early 40s of the twentieth century and is a doctrine about the origin of the organic world , developed on the basis of data from modern genetics, ecology and classical Darwinism. SYNTHETIC THEORY OF EVOLUTION (STE)

The main postulates of the synthetic theory of evolution: (according to N.N. Vorontsov) SYNTHETIC THEORY OF EVOLUTION (STE) Postulate (from Latin postulatum) - a requirement, proposal (condition, assumption, rule), due to some considerations accepted without evidence, but , as a rule, with justification, and it is this justification that usually serves as an argument in favor of accepting the postulate

1. The material for evolution is very small discrete changes in heredity - mutations. 2. The mutation process, waves of numbers - factors supplying material for selection are random and undirected in nature. 3. The only guiding factor of evolution is natural selection, based on the preservation and accumulation of random and small mutations. Basic postulates of the synthetic theory of evolution: (according to N.N. Vorontsov)

4. The smallest evolutionary unit is a population, not an individual. Population is the elementary structural unit of a species. 5. Evolution is divergent in nature, i.e. one taxon can become the ancestor of several daughter taxa. But each species has a single ancestral species, a single ancestral population. Basic postulates of the synthetic theory of evolution: (according to N.N. Vorontsov)

The main postulates of the synthetic theory of evolution: (according to N.N. Vorontsov) 6. Evolution is gradual and long-term. Speciation as a stage of the evolutionary process is the sequential replacement of one temporary population by a series of subsequent temporary populations.

7. A species consists of many subordinate morphologically, biochemically, ecologically, genetically distinct, but not reproductively isolated units - subspecies and populations. 8. Exchange of alleles, “genetic drift,” is possible only within a species, during the migration of individuals from one population to another. If a mutation has a positive value, then it can spread across all its populations and subspecies. Hence: a species is a genetically integral and closed system. 9. The main criterion of a species is its reproductive isolation. It is not applicable to forms that do not have a sexual process (prokaryotes, lower eukaryotes). Basic postulates of the synthetic theory of evolution: (according to N.N. Vorontsov)

10. Macroevolution (at a level above the species: genus, family, order, class, etc.) proceeds only through microevolution. According to STE, there are no patterns of macroevolution different from microevolution. 11. Evolution is unpredictable and has a character undirected towards some final goal, i.e. is not finalistic. Basic postulates of the synthetic theory of evolution: (according to N.N. Vorontsov)

STE AT THE CURRENT STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE: The modern development of biological science makes adjustments to some postulates of the synthetic theory of evolution.

The smallest evolutionary unit is a population, not an individual. Population is the elementary structural unit of a species. STE AT THE MODERN STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE: Postulate 4 Modern evolutionary biology, like STE, developed in the 40s of the twentieth century, leaves no room for Lamarckism with its idea of the possibility of evolution of an individual. Thus, postulate 4 remains unchanged.

Natural selection is undoubtedly the driving factor of evolution, but not the only one. “Genetic drift” plays a formative role in isolated populations. STE AT THE CURRENT STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE: The only guiding factor of evolution is natural selection, based on the preservation and accumulation of random and small mutations. Postulate 3

New discoveries show that evolution is not always divergent and gradual. Speciation can occur suddenly, through polyploidy, hybridization, and chromosomal rearrangements. STE AT THE CURRENT STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE: 5. Evolution is of a divergent nature, i.e. one taxon can become the ancestor of several daughter taxa. But each species has a single ancestral species, a single ancestral population. 6. Evolution is gradual and long-term. Speciation as a stage of the evolutionary process is the sequential replacement of one temporary population by a succession of subsequent temporary populations. Postulates 5-6

Macroevolution (at a level above the species: genus, family, order, class, etc.) proceeds only through microevolution. There are no patterns of macroevolution different from microevolution. Macroevolution can go through microevolution, and bypassing traditional microevolutionary paths. STE AT THE CURRENT STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE: Postulate 10

Evolution is unpredictable and has a character not directed towards some final goal, i.e. is not finalistic in nature Despite the huge number of facts influencing the evolutionary process, evolution can be predicted. By assessing past history, genotypic environment, and possible environmental influences, the general direction of evolution can be predicted, although evolution is not final. STE AT THE CURRENT STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE: Postulate 11

Thus, new discoveries force us to perceive and interpret the patterns of the evolutionary process in a new way. The latest synthesis, the creation of a holistic concept that can replace STE is a matter of the future. But this concept will undoubtedly be based on the ideas and directions laid down by Charles Darwin. STE AT THE CURRENT STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE: C. Darwin

New hypothesis of evolution Scientists from the state of Tennessee, USA, have created a new hypothesis that significantly changes views on the process of evolution of living organisms. According to this hypothesis, organisms manage to survive not by improving and acquiring new capabilities, but rather by discarding extra genes and relying on other species.

New hypothesis of evolution Analysis of the genetic material of microbes shows that, indeed, some lineages tend to simplify. Scientists put forward a new evolutionary hypothesis after conducting research on the photosynthetic bacteria Prochlorococcus.

New hypothesis of evolution The new hypothesis is called the Black Queen Hypothesis. There is a card game called Hearts, the idea of which is to score as few points as possible and get rid of cards. Scientists believe that evolution has the same principle. Based on this hypothesis, it turns out that during the process of evolution, microorganisms lose some of their capabilities that other organisms can perform. That is, organisms simply rely on other species to help them survive. This idea completely contradicts the existing laws of evolution, according to which organisms are constantly being improved, and not simplified.

New Evolution Hypothesis The researchers emphasize that the hypothesis points to the importance of biological diversity of organisms; complexity of relationships between organisms.

Evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin. Synthetic theory of evolution - presentation Basic methods of speciation

Problems in the original Darwinian theory that led to its loss of popularity

Problems in the original Darwinian theory that led to its loss of popularity

Chetverikov Sergey Sergeevich

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Evolution theory

The Doctrine of Evolution

Evolution concept

Evolutionary theory

Evolutionary theories

Evolution of organisms

Evolutionary doctrine

Biogenetic law

History of evolutionary ideas

Development of evolutionary ideas

History of evolutionary teaching

Development of evolutionary teaching

Modern concepts of evolution

Ideas for the development of the organic world

Theories of evolution of the organic world

Lamarck's theory

Synthetic theory of evolution

Provisions of the synthetic theory of evolution

New theory of evolution

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