“I love and know. I know and love. AND
the more I love you, the better
I know."
Yu.K. Efremov
MBOU secondary school No. 162.
9th grade.
Shubina Olga Petrovna,
Geography teacher
Volga region
Goals:
Show Volga's role in
economic development
Study the influence of natural
conditions and resources for development
and the location of the economy.
Define industries
specializations of the Volga region and
factors of their placement
Subjects of the Volga region.
Tatarstan – st. Kazan
Kalmykia – st. Elista
Ulyanovsk region
Samara region
Volgograd region
Astrakhan region
Penza region
Geographical position.
The main axis of the Volga region is the Volga
The Volga is a connecting link between the republics and regions of the region and
regions of the European part. Subjects are “strung” on
The Volga is like beads on a string.
The area stretches from north to south, which means climatic
the conditions of the north and south are different.
The Volga region is located between industrial cores
Russia – Central Russia and the Urals.
Volga region - border region (transparent border with
Kazakhstan.
Neighbor in the south is the North Caucasus ((unstable region with
refugees and migrants).
The transport situation in the area is favorable.
Transport position
area is favorable:
navigable river
Transit railways,
roads, oil and
gas pipelines cross
Volga region from west to
east (in latitude
direction) and along
Volga from north to south
(Volga region iron
road). Along the Volga exit to
Sea of Azov (Black,
Caspian).
Natural conditions and
resources.
The relief is flat.
Climate – moderate
continental, in the south
continental; on South -
hot summer, hydration
in the north there is sufficient
south – insufficient,
drought possible -
cause of crop failure.
Natural conditions and
resources.
Natural areas – latitudinal
zoning, clearly expressed: district
stretches from north to south for more than 1000
km.
Mixed forests –
Tatarstan
Forest-steppe –
Ulyanovsk and Samara
region
Steppes – Saratov
and Volgograd region
Semi-deserts –
Astrakhan region
Natural resources.
1) Mineral resources:
a) oil and gas production Tatarstan,
Samara and Astrakhan regions
b) table salt from lakes Elton and
Baskunchak
c) building materials.
2) Agroclimatic and land
resources (conditions for the development of the agro-industrial complex)
3) Water resources of river reservoirs
Volga.
4) Fish resources – sturgeon (90%
world reserves of the Caspian Sea)
Farming.
Natural resources are diverse and
allow you to develop in
Volga region:
agro-industrial complex (agriculture,
food)
chemical industry
oil refining (oil and
gas)
fuel industry
hydropower
Industries
prevailing in
mechanical engineering.
Precision and
knowledge-intensive
mechanical engineering.
Automotive industry
Instrumentation
Aircraft industry
Electronics
Automotive centers and
aircraft industry.
Naberezhnye Chelny – KamAZ
Tolyatti – VAZ
Ulyanovsk – UAZ (all-terrain vehicles)
Engels trolleybuses
Airplanes – Kazan, Samara, Saratov
Helicopters Kazan
Chemical industry - one
from areas of specialization.
Polymer production
Chemistry of organic synthesis
Rubber
Fertilizers
Polyethylene
Household chemicals
Raw materials for the chemical industry:
Local – sulfur, oil, gas
Imported - oil from the West. Siberia.
Stages of development
Stage 1: until the 16th century
Stage 2: after joining
Kazan and Astrakhan Khanates
Stage 3: XIX – beginning. XX century
Stage 4: 3040 XX century
Stage 5: post-war, 5060
Stage 6: end XX - beginning. XXI century
Stages of development
Household Features Development
territories. Industries
Volga – transit artery
(trade)
Settlement of the Volga region by landowners
peasants. Guard cities.
Astrakhan is a port.
Commodity grain farming.
Peasant colonization of the Volga region.
Volga is “the main street of Russia”.
Industrialization, militarization
Volga region.
Construction of hydroelectric power stations, oil production,
oil refining
Mechanical engineering, petrochemistry, military-industrial complex
– aviation and rocket space
industry.
Characteristics of Samarsky
industrial hub.
Composition Samara, Tolyatti,
Novokuybyshevsk, Chapaevsk, Zhigulevsk.
The EGP node is located in the north. parts
Volga region. The railways intersect. roads,
navigable Volga, oil and gas pipelines.
Natural resource base – water resources
Volga, local and imported oil, sulfur.
Characteristics of Samara Industrial
node.
Development factors
Centers
Imported metal
Samara, Tolyatti
Industry
1. Mechanical engineering
2. Automotive industry
3. Oil refining
4. Chemical
5. Electric power industry
6. Food
Own raw materials
oil pipelines from
Tuymazy,
Almetyevsk.
Sulfur mining,
gas pipelines
Novokuibyshevsk
Novokuibyshevsk,
Samara, Tolyatti,
Chapaevsk
Volzhskaya HPP
Hydropower resources
Volga
Raw materials of the Volga region Samara agro-industrial complex
Test (Volga region).
1. Find the error. In economic the district includes constituent entities of the Russian Federation... a) Samara region,
b) Tatarstan river, c) Ulyanovsk region, d) Udmurtia river, e) Rostov region.
2. Find a match:
Nationality Religion
A.Islam
1.Russians
2.Tatars
B.Orthodoxy
3. Kalmyks
B. Buddhism
3. On the banks of the Volga there are cities... a) Kazan, b) Penza, c) Samara,
d) Elista.
4. Arrange the nature. Volga region zones, respectively. with the law of latitudinal zoning (with
N. to S.)… a) semi-deserts, b) steppes, c) forest-steppes, d) mixed forests.
5. The largest cities of the Volga region... a) Kazan, b) Volgograd, c) Samara,
d) Astrakhan.
6. In the national The composition of the Volga region is dominated by.. a) Tatars, b) Russians, c) Germans,
d) Kalmyks.
7. Which people of the Volga region were subjected to forced relocation to
Kazakhstan and Siberia... a) Tatars, b) Russians, c) Kazakhs, d) Germans
8. The Volga region has favorable natural conditions... a) flat terrain,
b) sufficient moisture, c) warm climate, d) fertile soils
9. Natural resources of the Volga region... a) water, b) hydropower,
c) agroclimatic, d) fuel, e) ore.
Test (Volga region), continued.
10. Mechanical engineering in the Volga region is... a) labor-intensive, b) knowledge-intensive,
c) metal-intensive
11. The centers of the automotive industry of the Volga region are the cities... a) Kazan,
b) Samara, c) Naberezhnye Chelny, d) Tolyatti.
12. Trolleybuses are produced in the city... a) Balakovo, b) Engels, c) Ulyanovsk,
d) Saratov
13. The branches of specialization of the Volga region are... a) mechanical engineering,
b) chemical industry, c) forestry, d) metallurgy.
14. Hydroelectric power stations were built on the Volga... a) Volzhskaya, b) Saratovskaya, c) Volgogradskaya,
d) Votkinskaya.
15. Match:
Industries
1.Aircraft manufacturing
2.Fishing industry
3.Automotive
4.Oil refining
Centers
A. Samara
B.Volzhsky
V.Togliatti
Naberezhnye Chelny
D. Nizhnekamsk
E.Astrakhan
16. Baskunchak is... a) a city, b) a salt lake, c) an oil field
Answers:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
g,d,
1b, 2a, 3c
a,c
d, c, b, a
V
b
G
a, c, d
a, c, d
a, b
c, d
b
a, b
a B C
1a, 2e, 3c, d, 4d
b
Subject: geography
Grade: 9
Subject: Volga region space
Goals:
- Create an image of the Volga region;
- Identify the composition and specific features of the geographical location of the Volga region;
- Develop the ability to assess the economic and geographical position of the area;
- Improve practical skills in working with a textbook, maps of various contents, Internet resources, and multimedia.
Main content:image of the Volga region. Composition and geographical location of the Volga region. Natural conditions and resources of the Volga region. Natural areas of the Volga region.
Value component of the lesson: the significance of the Volga region and the Volga River for Russia.
Equipment : computer, multimedia projector, political and administrative map of Russia, physical map of Russia, physical map of the Volga region.
Teaching methods:
– Explanatory and illustrative;
– reproductive;
– partially search.
Tutorials:textbook “Geography of Russia”, A.I. Alekseev, M: “Enlightenment”, 2010, 9th grade
Lesson type : learning new material
Lesson format: lesson - workshop
Homework:p.32, p.132 – 133 h., p.133 h.3-5 p.
During the classes: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Teacher activities | Student activities | |||||||||||||||||||
Organizing time. Introductory part. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Setting work goals for students: SLIDE 1 Hello, everyone is ready for the lesson, we sit down quietly. Today we will continue to study the regions of European Russia. And a short introduction before the topic of the lesson will be an excerpt from a poem by Alexander Kashunin. SLIDE 2 (reading a poem about the Volga region) Alexander Kashunin Volga region. The roadsides are covered with cornflowers, and to the right and left there are fields stretching, here is the width of the fields and the scope of the Motherland, here is the heart and soul of my RUSSIA! Vast open spaces, the distance of the sky, beautiful gardens to the horizon, here the Mother Volga is the history of the country, beautiful land, great sun! Great is the people, great is the country, which brought together gray Ural and Northern Caucasus, Kamchatka, Sakhalin and islands, the entire coast of the north of the mainland. In the west, the enclave is Kaliningrad, Give back Crimea, I will be only glad. And you can list for a long time, with pride, What makes me happy, proud and very happy, I am a citizen of the country! And it's just a little pity that this is the only thing our people are rich in! 25/12/05. As you probably already guessed, today we are talking about the Volga region. Write down in your notebook: date, class work, topic, house. exercise. By studying the Volga region, we learn about the natural conditions in which people live there, what they do, and what resources this land is rich in. The study algorithm is known, so we start by drawing up an image of the area in the form of a cluster. | Listen, write down the date and topic in your notebook. |
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Learning new material. | ||||||||||||||||||||
SLIDE 3-14 1. Image of the area: Hero City Volgograd Volga AvtoVAZ Zhiguli Kazan Kremlin - World Monument Cultural heritage Astrakhan Nature Reserve Cascade of Volga hydroelectric power stations SLIDE 15 Let's compare what we should get as a result of listening to the material. Who has any additions? Thank you, speakers. We continue to talk about the Volga region and move on to the characteristics of the EGP of the region. Characteristics of EGP 2. Features of the geographical location of the area. The teacher tells and shows on the map: The Volga region is a geographical region located between Central Russia and the Urals, clearly visible on any map due to its clear core - the Volga River. Traditionally, the Volga region includes territories along the middle and lower reaches of the river. 3. Workshop. Composition of the region. Determine the composition of the region, write it down in your notebook. (Answer: 2 republics - Tatarstan - Kazan, Kalmykia - Elista; 6 regions - Ulyanovsk, Samara, Penza (no access to the Volga), Saratov, Volgograd, Astrakhan). Work in a map. Raise your hands - who has already done the work? Assignment: go to the map, name and show the territories that make up the region, in order from south to north. Are there any patterns in the location of territories and large cities?(Answer: They replace each other along the Volga.) Why do you think Astrakhan, Volgograd, Samara were built in these places, and not downstream or upstream of the Volga?(Answer: fortresses, and then transport and trade hubs located at key transport intersections).It is clear that close economic ties arose between the cities. Thus, we come to the conclusion: the Volga is the main region-forming factor. This is the main feature of the area 4.Independent work in groups (in groups). Goal of the work: Find out the specifics of the EGP; Highlight the features of natural conditions and resources; Get acquainted with the natural areas of the area. Present the results in a table:
5.Work with additional material. The name of the area is directly related to the Volga River. The poet Evgeny Aleksandrovich Yevtushenko wrote: “The Volga for Russia is much more than a river.” There is a text with additional information on your desks, read it (Appendix 1). Give examples of the significance of the Volga in the life of the population of the Volga region. The teacher listens to the students and adds. | One student, based on a presentation, talks about the “symbols” of the area.” All students form a cluster in their notebook. “Weak” students have diagrams on their desks (Appendix 1) At the end of the story, the speaker shows his cluster (on the slide). Textbook p.134 fig.23 Independent work: Textbook page 8, Pages 228, 234 Work at the map 2-3 students Students work in groups (4), 5 minutes. Then one person from the group characterizes the Volga region, the rest fill out the table. Discussion Students work in pairs |
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Lesson summary. Ratings. Fastening:
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Well done, you did a good job. Reinforce your knowledge at home by doing your homework. |
Annex 1
The Volga and its significance in human economic activity
From here, from here,
From the depths of a forest spring
A blue miracle runs out -
Russian great river.
N. Palkin.
1. B Russia has many large and beautiful rivers, such as the IRTYSH, LENA, ANGARA, OB. One of the largest and most beautiful Russian rivers in Europe is the VOLGA, the 16th longest in the world and the 5th longest in the USSR.
“Every country has its own national river,” wrote Dumas. “Russia has the VOLGA - the largest river in Europe, the queen of our rivers - and I hastened to bow to Her Majesty the VOLGA!”
Geologists have determined from sediments in the earth's crust that over the immeasurably long history of the Earth, significant areas of the present Volga region have more than once turned into the seabed. One of the seas slowly retreated to the south about twenty million years ago, and then the PRA - VOLGA flowed in its wake. The Pra-Volga began not in Valdai, but near the Ural Mountains. It seemed to cut a corner, taking the direction towards Zhiguli from there, and then carried the waters much further to the east than now. Movements of the earth's crust, the formation of new hills and depressions, sharp fluctuations in the level of the Caspian Sea and other reasons forced the right-Volga to change direction.
The high right bank of the Volga is fraught with a constant threat of landslides and landslides, which is unfavorable for settlement on it. The condition for their occurrence is the interlayering of aquiferous clayey and aquiferous sandy horizons observed on the right bank, with their exit towards the river. The upper sandy-clayey strata, saturated with water after melting snow or summer rains, begin to slide along the waterproof layer towards the river. This sliding can be very slow, but in the end it can lead to a collapse. Landslides are being combated by strengthening dangerous sections of the banks and constructing drainage systems.
2. Volga "Burlatskaya".
Along the river
The barge haulers crawled in a crowd,
And he was unbearably wild
And terribly clear in silence
Their measured, funeral cry...
N. A. Nekrasov
For many decades, it was impossible to imagine the Volga without barge haulers. Burlatsky labor is the past of the great river, which cannot be forgotten.
Judging by ancient documents, already in the 14th century the poor were hired by merchants to carry barracks with goods along the river. It was dangerous business. Volga ships were often attacked by warriors of the Tatar Khan, who ruled in Kazan. Only after the khan was defeated did the Volga become the main waterway of the Russian state.
Lively trade with distant countries began. Merchants from the Caucasus, Central Asia, Iran, and India came to Astrakhan, to the mouth of the Volga. The British appeared in the Volga cities.
Oarsmen were hired to quickly transport important guests - for example, foreign ambassadors. Rowing plows were something like today's passenger ships. Barracks with goods were hauled by barge haulers.
In the 16th century, there were already several tens of thousands of them on the Volga: after all, in order to lift the largest ships against the current, up to three hundred to four hundred people were harnessed to the strap.
Barge haulers were not only in Russia. At different times, the towline was known in many European countries.
In the thirties of the last century, the number of barge haulers exceeded 600 thousand. There were as many of them as there were soldiers in Napoleon's army. And then the barge fishing industry began to decline.
Meanwhile, steamships appeared. The first ones were heavy and clumsy, then they began to build stronger and faster ones. How could the barge haulers compete with them?
And in 30 - 40 years the barge hauler army melted away. Barge haulers went to work as loaders, stokers, sailors, and beacon men.
By the beginning of this century, the barge fishing industry had completely disappeared.
The barge haulers left the Volga, but the memory of them remained.
3. “Large voyages for large ships”
The first steamships appeared on the Volga shortly after the end of the war with Napoleon. They were built on the Kama, the main tributary of the Volga. The appearance of the first “vessels with a stove” caused quite a stir on the Volga. Seeing flames and smoke rising from the chimney, people on oncoming sailing ships hid under benches in panic, and some threw themselves into the water. One steamer was quite large, about the size of a modern commuter boat, the other was smaller.
The first warship "Eagle" appeared on the Volga in 1669. It was a three-masted ship, armed with twenty-two cannons.
The Volga fleet has no equal in the world. The point is not only in the number of ships, but also in their novelty, diversity, and purpose. On many foreign rivers there is only freight traffic. Nowhere is there such a comfortable, powerful fleet, suitable for travel and recreation, as on the Volga.
The Volga fleet is continuously replenished with ships built with the latest technology. In addition to Krasnoye Sormovo, they are launched by many shipyards and factories here and abroad.
Oil ore carriers operate on the Volga. The hybrid of a tanker and a dry cargo ship has both a regular hold and holds for oil. He almost never has empty flights.
They walk along the Volga "Zhiguli". Hundreds of cars are placed on the decks of this car carrier. Not only Zhigulis are transported, but also trucks from the Gorky Automobile Plant.
Large passenger cargo catamarans sail along the Volga. Each has two narrow buildings, between which there is a kind of wide platform. In appearance, the catamaran resembles a ferry.
The advantage of a catamaran is its large capacity. The length of the suburban catamaran of the "Rest" type is slightly more than forty meters, and it has almost seven hundred seats for passengers, a concert stage, and a spacious dance floor.
The world's first cargo river catamaran was built on the Volga in 1961. Now there are cargo lines where only catamarans operate.
Those who are in a hurry on official or personal business - river boat operators call them “business passengers” - of course, use hydrofoils.
4.Volga works seven days a week.
All cargo ships operating on the Upper Volga are controlled from one control room. In the next room is the control room of the Lower Volga.
The office of the head of the shipping company resembles the control panel of a hydroelectric power station. In a matter of seconds or minutes, he can “get in touch” with any corner of the huge Volga basin, with Moscow, with large enterprises sending and receiving cargo.
Our Volga, says the head of the shipping company, is a diligent worker. We transport one hundred million tons of cargo every navigation. To whom? Cities, factories, construction sites. We deliver a lot of things without overloading in river-sea vessels. For example, this is how part of the equipment for the Volga Automobile Plant was transported from Italy. They picked up the cargo in Genoa and unloaded it directly to Togliatti. What about Kamsky Automobile? At the height of construction, several million tons were delivered there for navigation. Or here's another construction site - the Cheboksary Industrial Tractor Plant. And the Volga is his assistant.
But loads are loads, but the Volga has another thing, no less important, to please people. For a river worker, the Volga and its tributaries are a workplace, and for hundreds of thousands of people it is a huge resort thousands of kilometers long. Many simply cannot imagine a vacation without the Volga. For them, the deck of a liner is better than a sanatorium. And rest, and entertainment, and knowledge of our native land - all together.
The Volga is a wonderful world of peace and relaxation, a first-class route for tourism.
5. “Great Volga Cascade”
Today's Volga is a toiler, moving the turbines of Europe's largest power plants, almost all of which have been converted into a giant ladder of dams and reservoirs.
The plan for the Greater Volga provided for the construction of dams, hydroelectric stations, and artificial seas on the main river and its tributaries. He outlined the connection of the Volga by canals with other rivers and with the seas washing the shores of the country. Part of the Volga water was supposed to be used to irrigate dry lands. The point was that the great river would bring the greatest benefit to man.
The Greater Volga Plan was supposed to help transform our country into a country of electricity.
The hydroelectric station, built near the former village of Ivankovo (Dubna) and raising the water of the Moscow Sea, is the first hydroelectric station of the Greater Volga. The second is Uglichskoe, not wide, but quite long, the third is Rybinskoe. When the Great Patriotic War began, the Rybinsk hydroelectric station had not yet been completed. Her building seemed abandoned, abandoned. The scaffolding around the walls, darkened by the rains, had not been removed. Instead of a roof, a gray tarpaulin fluttered in the wind.
The fascist pilots flying reconnaissance reported that the Rybinsk hydroelectric station was inactive and it was not worth wasting bombs on it. And the gateway looked somehow strange: unfinished towers, and one seemed to have already begun to fall apart...
It was all a clever disguise. The hydroelectric station was launched in the fall of the first year of the war and sent current to the defending Moscow. Ships with military cargo passed through the lock. They tried to let them through at night, in the dark, without lighting the lights.
The entire Great Volga Cascade - eight hydroelectric power stations and artificial seas.
The rest are Gorky, Cheboksary, Kuibyshev, Saratov, Volgograd.
The dam of the Cheboksary hydroelectric power station was built in the tenth five-year plan. After it came into operation, the entire Volga turned into a chain of reservoirs, into a single deep-sea route. Artificial seas make it possible to intelligently use the Volga waters for navigation, energy generation, field irrigation and other needs of the national economy.
The total capacity of the Volzhsky hydroelectric power stations is about 10 million kilowatts, and they generate over 40 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity per year.
Until hydroelectric power stations were built on the Angara and Yenisei, the Volzhskaya HPP named after Lenin in Zhiguli and the Volzhskaya HPP named after the XXII Congress of the CPSU near Volgograd were the largest in the world.
The largest of the Volga seas is the Kuibyshev Sea. Its length is 580 kilometers, its width in some places reaches 30 km. There is twice as much water in it as in the Rybinsk Sea.
There are also hydroelectric power stations and reservoirs on the tributaries of the Volga. The most famous is the Kama Cascade. The Volga-Kama cascade provides 20% of the electricity produced at hydroelectric power stations in Russia and provides industrial centers with water resources.
Today's Volga is a waterway connected to 5 European seas and carrying more than half of all river cargo and passengers in the country.
The Volga is connected to the Baltic Sea - the Volga - Baltic waterway; with the White Sea - North Dvina water system and the White Sea - Baltic Canal; with Moscow - Canal named after. Moscow.
The Moscow Canal brought the Volga to Moscow. He opened a road along it for large and small ships and gave Moscow Volga water. Every year the Volga sends two billion cubic meters of water to the Moscow water supply system - two Moscow seas. The Volga turned the frail Moscow river into a full-flowing one.
The Volga - Baltic waterway is accessible to ships with a carrying capacity of about 5000 tons, cargo is transported without transshipment. Ships go directly through the lakes (instead of going through bypass channels). Transportation in self-propelled cargo ships predominates; end-to-end towing of rafts is carried out. The speed of transportation has increased sharply (Cherepovets - St. Petersburg 2.5 - 3 days versus 10 -15 before reconstruction).
The cargo turnover of the Volga-Baltic waterway has increased significantly compared to the old Mariinsky system; The share of mixed rail and water transport has increased.
The most important cargoes: from the Kola Peninsula, iron ore concentrate to the Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant; Khibiny apatite, apatite concentrate, Karelian granite and diabase to different regions of the country; timber and lumber from the Arkhangelsk and Volgograd regions to the south, to the Baltic states, St. Petersburg and for export.
Ferrous metal from Cherepovets, Donetsk and Kuznetsk coal, Ural gray pyrites, Solikamsk potassium salts - for the North-West, the Baltic states and for export. Baskunchak salt, grain.
Tankers from the Volga carry oil cargoes for the North-West, the Baltic States and for export.
Through St. Petersburg, imported goods for different regions of the country arrive on the Volgo-Baltic Waterway.
6.In passenger trafficThe number of tourist ships has increased significantly.
Motor ships from the bottom of the Volga are rushing to the ports of the Volga-Vyatka region with Donetsk coal, cement, salt, bread, watermelons, and they are bringing cars, industrial equipment, lumber, paper, and potatoes back.
The Volga River Shipping Company is increasing its cargo turnover from year to year, making fuller use of the main waterway of Russia, connected to the White, Baltic, Azov and Black Seas by reliable shipping canals.
The Volga is a river famous for its fish: herring, sturgeon, roach, and a world-famous supplier of black caviar.
7. Special attention should be paid to talk about those terrible and difficult months when during the Great Patriotic War (WWII) the fate of our state was decided on the banks of the Volga. We are talking about the Battle of Stalingrad, which marked a turning point in the course of the war; seeing that it was not possible to take Moscow by storm, the Nazi command changed its plans. It decided to direct the main attack south of the capital, to seize Ukraine and the Volga region with their countless food and material resources. Particular importance was attached to the advance physical destruction of Stalingrad, the largest industrial center on the Volga, which supplied the fronts of the Patriotic War with tanks, armored personnel carriers, guns, and ammunition. Then it was planned to advance to Astrakhan and cut the main channel of the Volga there. The enemy's plans were unraveled. On the near and far approaches to the city, 100 thousand people erected four defensive lines in a short time. Leaving the fortifications, the builders wrote on the walls: “Fighter, be steadfast! Not a step back, remember, behind your back is the Volga, Our Motherland!” From the summer of 1942 to February 1943, the heroic epic of the battle for Stalingrad and the Volga lasted. At the beginning of 1942, the Volga Military Flotilla was re-created from the converted ships of the Volga River Shipping Company, which in the period from November 19, 1942 to December 16, 1942. (during the counter-offensive near Stalingrad) it transferred over 27 thousand people and 1300 tons of military cargo to the right bank of the Volga. The Nazis were squeezed into pincers and then completely surrounded. On February 2, 1943, the Germans capitulated. This battle lasted 6.5 months. For Germany, the battle on the Volga for Stalingrad was a grave defeat, but for Russia it was its greatest victory. After the defeat on the Volga, the Nazis were no longer able to recover. A great turning point in the war has come. The victorious offensive of our troops began on all fronts.
After the liberation of Stalingrad, the Volga Flotilla did a lot of work to clear the Volga of mines.
On the site of the ruins and ashes of Stalingrad, people created a new, even more beautiful city and named it Volgograd, in honor of the great Russian river.
8. Volga - economic axis of the Volga region
At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the industrialization of the Volga region began. It becomes a major area for the production of commercial grain and the flour-milling industry. The importance of the Volga is increasing. It becomes the “main street of Russia” (grain, oil are transported, timber is floated). The most powerful sawmills in Russia appeared in Tsaritsyn (Volgograd).
The policy of industrialization during the pre-war five-year plans (the largest tractor plant in Volgograd) and the first years of the war (in connection with the evacuation of defense enterprises here in 1941-42) turned the Volga region from an agricultural region into an industrial region, from a flour-grinding region into a machine-building region with the intensive development of the military industry.
In the post-war period, especially since 1950, for two decades the Volga region became the main region of Russia for oil production and petrochemical processing. The main areas of oil and gas production and processing are located in Tatarstan (Almetyevsk, Elabuga), Samara region (Novokuibyshevsk, Syzran, Otradny). The flow of oil has changed. She now went down the Volga. The Volga region has turned into a land of oil and gas.
Currently, the main industries of the Volga region are mechanical engineering and petrochemistry. Mechanical engineering (18.6% of Russian) is represented mainly by military-industrial complex enterprises, the main branch of specialization of which is the aviation and rocket and space industries. The largest centers of the military-industrial complex are Samara, Kazan, Saratov, Ulyanovsk.
A special place in the mechanical engineering of the Volga region belongs to the transport Volga region - the country's automobile workshop. It is the largest manufacturer of cars and trucks (Naberezhnye Chelny, Ulyanovsk, Togliatti, Nizhny Novgorod).
Other types of transport include aircraft manufacturing (Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Saratov, Samara, Ulyanovsk), shipbuilding (Rybinsk, Volgograd, Astrakhan) - sea and river vessels, including hovercraft (Sormovo, Nizhny Novgorod).
The Volga region is a large manufacturer of tractors (Volgograd, Cheboksary), carriage building (Tver), machine tool building, instrument making are developed, excavators are produced and much more.
Plastics, chemical fibers, synthetic rubber, tires (“shoes for cars”), and mineral fertilizers are produced here.
Light industry has retained its importance and is expanding. These are textile (Tver, Kineshma, etc.), food (everywhere). Particularly noteworthy is the extraction and processing of table salt from Lake Baskunchak, which has long been used as the “All-Russian salt shaker”. The only mustard plastering plant in the country operates in Volgograd. The fishing and processing industry (Astrakhan) is developing successfully.
There are 67 cities along the banks of the Volga. They all stretched out along or near it.
9. Problems of the Volga (Volga region). Improving the economic situation on the Volga and its tributaries
The role of the Volga region in the Russian economy is great, but the burden of this region with acute problems is also great. The Volga's catchment area is huge. It is 1 million 350 thousand km2. It receives wastewater from industrial enterprises, including VLK, city sewage water, and wastewater contaminated with pesticides from the vast fields of the Volga region. The Volga is also polluted by water transport (port drains, oil leaks, etc.). All this causes great damage to the fishery industry, especially sturgeon, which has always been the glory of Russia. Consequently, it is necessary to improve wastewater treatment methods using both mechanical and chemical and biochemical methods, to protect water resources from depletion (very high evaporation from twenty thousand square kilometers of the Volga reservoirs) by reducing the consumption of fresh water for technical purposes (reuse of waste water , after preliminary cleaning).
To restore fish stocks, fish hatcheries have been built. They release young sturgeon, beluga, and stellate sturgeon into the river. Black Sea mullet were transported by plane to the Caspian Sea. (Annelids were transported for fish food, especially for sturgeon and beluga).
But it is not only the water of the Volga and its melting fish stocks that require improvement, but also the lands of the Volga region, the air basins of the Volga cities, saturated with chemical enterprises, oil refining, metallurgy, etc.
To solve the environmental problems of this area, the Federal Target Program “Renaissance of the Volga” was developed and adopted. The program is designed for 15 years (1996-2010).
As a result of the implementation of the measures provided for by the program, the discharge of contaminated wastewater into water bodies will be reduced by 30%; The use of drinking water for industrial needs will be reduced by 40%, the specific consumption of raw materials and energy resources will be reduced by 20%, atmospheric emissions from stationary sources will be reduced by almost 2 times and there will be 2 times more fish in the Volga reservoirs.
At all times of the existence of Russia, the Volga has been and remains a great Russian river, on which the life of the entire Volga region largely depends.
Slide 1
Checking homework:
Features of the EGP of the Volga region.
Borders - economic neighbors - constituent entities of Russia - major transport routes - natural resources
VOLGA REGION
Slide 2
Assignment: using the political and administrative map of Russia, characterize the composition of the Volga economic region.
Slide 3
Volga economic region, one of the largest economic regions of Russia. Includes the Tatar, Kalmyk republics, Ulyanovsk, Penza, Samara, Saratov, Volgograd, Astrakhan regions. Area 680 thousand km2.
Slide 5
Characteristics of the EGP:
The main axis of the Volga region is the Volga. The Volga is a connecting link between the republics and regions of the region and regions of the European part. The region stretches from north to south, which means the climatic conditions of the north and south are different. The Volga region is located between the industrial cores of Russia - Central Russia and the Urals. The Volga region is a border region. (It has a “transparent” border with Kazakhstan. Its neighbor in the south is the North Caucasus (an unstable region with refugees and internally displaced persons). The transport position of the region is favorable: a navigable river; transit railways, roads, oil and gas pipelines cross the Volga region from west to east (in latitudinal direction) and along the Volga from north to south (Volga Railway). Along the Volga, access to the seas is Azov (Black, Caspian).
Slide 6
Draw a conclusion:
VOLGA REGION has a favorable EGP
Slide 7
Natural conditions of the Volga region
relief – flat; Geologically, the Volga region is a sedimentary cover of the ancient Russian platform. climate - temperate continental, continental in the south; in the south - hot summers, sufficient moisture in the north, insufficient in the south, droughts are possible - the cause of crop failures. natural zones - clearly expressed latitudinal zonality; the region stretches from north to south for more than a thousand kilometers: mixed forests - Tatarstan; forest-steppe - Ulyanovsk and Samara regions; steppes - Saratov and Volgograd regions; semi-deserts - Astrakhan region.
Slide 8
Natural resources of the Volga region
1. Mineral resources: a) oil and gas are being extracted (Tatary, Samara and Astrakhan regions); b) table salt (lake Elton and Baskunchak); c) building materials. 2. Agroclimatic and land resources (conditions for the development of the agro-industrial complex). 3. Water resources of the Volga River reservoirs. 4. Fish resources are, first of all, sturgeon (90% of world reserves) of the Caspian Sea.
Slide 9
POPULATION
The Volga region is the most populated and developed region of Russia. The average density is 3 times higher than in Russia. It is home to about 17 million people. (2006). The Volga region is a multinational region, but 70% of the population is Russian, 16% Tatars, 5% Mordovians and Chuvash, Mari. Natural growth is negative everywhere, with the exception of Kalmykia. The share of the urban population is 74%. The Volga region population is slowly declining.
Slide 11
Republic of Kalmykia
Republic of Tatarstan
National costumes
Slide 13
TASK: Using the map in the atlas, find millionaire cities in the Volga region.
Slide 14
KAZAN, the capital of the Republic of Tatarstan, is located on the left bank of the river. Volga, at the confluence of the Kazanka River, 797 km east of Moscow. Population 1108.1 thousand people. (2004). Founded in 1177. City since 1708.
Slide 15
SAMARA (Kuibyshev in 1935-1991), the center of the Samara region, is located on the left bank of the river. Volga, in its middle course, at the confluence of the Volga river. Samara, 1098 km east of Moscow. Population 1152.2 thousand people. (2004). Founded in 1586. City since 1688.
Slide 16
VOLGOGRAD
VOLGOGRAD (until 1925 Tsaritsyn, until 1961 Stalingrad), the center of the Volgograd region, is located on the river. The Volga, 1073 km southeast of Moscow, stretches 100 km along its right bank. Population 1025.9 thousand people. (2004). Founded in 1589. City since 1780. Hero City since 1965.
Slide 17
The Volga region became an industrial region during the Soviet period, especially during the Great Patriotic War, when more than 300 industrial enterprises were relocated here. Many modern areas of specialization in the region: automobile manufacturing, aircraft manufacturing, and bearing production originated at this time.
FARM
Slide 18
mechanical engineering, structural materials, fuel and energy complex, agro-industrial.
The core of the economy is represented by several closely interconnected intersectoral complexes:
Assignment: analyze the sectoral structure of industry in the Volga region (Table 3 on page 373) and determine the areas of specialization in the region.
Slide 19
The central place among the branches of specialization belongs to mechanical engineering. Factories are concentrated in industrial hubs - Samara, Saratov, Volgograd, etc. The main products are cars (VAZ in Togliatti), all-terrain vehicles (UAZ in Ulyanovsk), trolleybuses (Engels) ... (Analysis of Table 60 on p. 282 )
Mechanical engineering is a leading sector of the economy
Slide 20
The list of the 100 largest machine-building enterprises in Russia includes 16 plants in the Volga region.
Slide 21
KKM – chemical industry. Represented by mining and chemistry, mining of sulfur, table salt, chemistry of organic synthesis, production and processing of polymer materials. Large centers - Tolyatti, Volzhsky, Samara.
Slide 22
Features of the fuel and energy complex of the Volga region: The leading link is oil production. The Volga region is the main oil refining region in Russia. Volga region oil is quite cheap. But reserves and production are constantly declining. The Volga region specializes in electricity production. The creation of the energy system of the European part of Russia became possible only thanks to the construction of the Volga hydroelectric power stations. However, it also gave rise to a complex set of problems.
Slide 23
The agro-industrial complex of the Volga region is of national importance. Almost 20% of grain, 1/3 of tomatoes, 3/4 of watermelons are grown here. The region ranks 1st in the country in the production of meat, flour, cereals, and table salt. The natural conditions of the Volga region contributed to the development of agriculture. The region accounts for 1/5 of the agricultural land and 1/4 of the pastures of Russia. Unstable weather and frequent droughts periodically cause great damage. In terms of the scale of agricultural production, the Volga region firmly ranks third. Agricultural specialization in the region varies from north to south.
AGROINDUSTRIAL COMPLEX
Slide 24
FOOD INDUSTRY
The food industry is of national importance, especially the flour and cereal industry. It is concentrated in large transport hubs. In the Lower Volga region, the fishing industry plays a prominent role. Sturgeon, pike perch, bream, and carp are caught here, and caviar is prepared.
Slide 25
The project was aimed at solving several problems: 1) energy; 2) transport; 3) irrigation of dry areas; 4) water supply to industry and population. Only the energy problem was successfully solved
Problems of the Greater Volga. 285, section “Attention! Problem!"
Goals and objectives: Show the role of the Volga in the development of the economy; Study the influence of natural conditions and resources on the development and location of the economy; Form an idea of the population of the Volga region; Determine the industries of specialization of the Volga region and the factors of their location; Introduce the problems of the region. Show the importance of the Volga's problems.
Visiting card The name of this area is associated with the name of the greatest river of the Russian Plain, one of the largest rivers in the world - the Volga. On both sides of the river, the Volga region is located in a wide arc. The Volga region can be considered the entire Volga river basin. Most often, the Volga region refers to the regions and republics of Russia located in the middle and lower Volga reaches (Tatary, Kalmykia, Ulyanovsk, Samara, Penza, Saratov, Volgograd and Astrakhan regions). The Volga region is almost 1500 km long, but relatively narrow in width. This makes it similar to the Urals. The Volga region is open to the west and east, i.e. towards the main direction of the country's economic relations. The main part of cargo transportation goes through the Volga region. The Volga region and the Urals connect two large parts of Russia, ensure the economic integrity of the country and perform a transport and distribution function
Fill out the table, working with the text on page Natural resourceIndustry of specialization Industrial centers
The population is about 17 million people. 1990 2000 Whole region Samara Kazan Volgograd Saratov Togliatti Ulyanovsk Penza Naberezhnye Chelny Astrakhan Syzran Engels Elista91103
All-Russian importance of the agro-industrial complex 20% of grain is grown 1/3 of tomatoes 3/4 of watermelons The region ranks 1st in the country in the production of meat, flour, cereals, table salt Agricultural development: 1/5 of agricultural land ¼ of Russian pastures Agricultural production ranks 3rd
Volga region Area km² (3.1% of the country's territory) 1. Located in the east of the European part of Russia 2. Borders on the North Caucasus, Central Black Earth, Volgo-Vyatka, Ural economic regions 3. Has access to the state border with Kazakhstan 4. Washed by the waters of the Caspian Sea 5. Waterways provide connections between the area and the Azov, Baltic, and White seas EGP (economic-geographical location) Volga-Don Canal
Volga region Agroclimatic resources Tatarstan is located in the zone of mixed forests Ulyanovsk, Samara, Penza regions in the forest-steppe zone Saratov, Volgograd regions in the steppe zone Astrakhan region and Kalmykia in the zone of semi-deserts and deserts The region accounts for 1/5 of agricultural land and ¼ of pastures in Russia Natural conditions and resources
Volga region Mineral resources Oil (reserves 6%, production 10% nationwide) - Tatarstan, Samara region Natural gas - Saratov, Volgograd, Astrakhan regions (Astrakhan field - 6% of world reserves) Table salt - lakes Elton, Baskunchak Sulfur - Samara region Natural conditions and resources
Volga region Population Number of people (11.5% of the Russian population) Density 31 h/km² Urbanization 73% Millionaire cities: Samara, Kazan Russian population ¾. In Tatarstan there are 40% Russians, in Kalmykia more than 30%.
Volga region Specialization of agro-industrial complex 20% grain, 1/3 tomatoes, ¾ watermelons 1st place in the country in sturgeon catch; production of meat, flour, cereals, table salt, mustard Electric power industry Fuel industry (oil, natural gas) Mechanical engineering (automotive, aviation, precision) Chemical industry
Volga region Arrange administrative centers from north to south: 6 Astrakhan Volgograd Kazan Samara Saratov Ulyanovsk
Volga region Rank cities according to the time of their founding: Saratov Samara Volgograd
