In conditions of market competition, reducing costs and thereby extracting more income becomes of particular importance for each company. The key direction in this activity is the correct organization of labor processes.
Relevance of the issue
When creating products, materials, semi-finished products and raw materials are transformed into finished products. In this case, three components are used: tools of production, objects and labor. With the help of the former, a person changes the shape of an object, its physical and chemical characteristics, appearance, and location. Production tools are used to control the manufacturing process of a product and to carry out other activities. Taken together, all operations form the activity of the enterprise. Thus, the content of the labor process includes personnel operations necessary for the expedient change of the subject. The effectiveness of operations depends on various factors. Among them are the nature of the production process, the specifics of the task, and the degree of human participation in its implementation.
Features of product manufacturing
In the course of work activities, materials, raw materials and semi-finished products are transformed into products ready for use/use. This is carried out with the participation or under the control of a person. In practice, the following classification of production processes is accepted:
- Basic. Their purpose is to produce goods for the market.
- Auxiliary. These include, for example, transport and repair operations. They ensure the normal operation of the enterprise.
Classification has significant practical significance. Any of them can be viewed from two sides. First of all, production processes are complexes of changes that occur with objects. At the same time, they are a set of actions of workers aimed at obtaining a finished product. In the first case, we are talking about the technological process, and in the second, about the labor process.
Transaction categories
Technological processes are classified according to:
- degrees of continuity;
- energy source;
- method of influencing an object.
Depending on the energy source, active and passive operations are distinguished. The latter are considered natural and do not require additional energy converted by man to influence the object. An example of a passive operation is the cooling of metal under normal conditions. Active processes occur under the direct influence of either a person on an object, or set in motion by energy transformed by a worker. Technological operations can be continuous or discrete. In the first case, it does not stop during the period of loading materials, issuing products, or during control activities. Accordingly, the second category is distinguished by the presence of breaks. Depending on the method of influencing the object and the type of equipment used, the technological process can be hardware or mechanical. The latter is carried out by an employee manually or with the help of machines, machines, etc. In this process, the object is subjected to mechanical action. As a result, a change in the shape, position, and size of the object occurs. Hardware processes involve exposure to thermal energy, chemical reactions, biological elements or radiation. Such operations take place in chambers, ovens, vessels, baths, etc. The result is a product that may differ from the original material in its chemical properties, state of aggregation, and structure. Hardware operations are most often used in the food, metallurgical, microbiological, and chemical industries.
Study of labor processes
All technological operations at enterprises are carried out with human participation. In industrial conditions, the labor process is the activity of personnel aimed at converting certain resources into specific products. Its key features are:
- energy and time costs;
- usefulness of the results;
- income;
- degree of satisfaction with the performance of functions.
The essence of the activity is determined by the totality of operations and personnel movements that are required to complete all stages. The organization of labor processes must ensure:
- receiving assignments;
- information and material preparation;
- direct participation in the transformation of raw materials into the finished product, according to technology;
- delivery of the result.
Specifics
The labor process and its rationalization are ensured by the methods used to perform individual operations that help reduce physical activity, create convenience when carrying out activities, and eliminate unnecessary and repeated actions. The methods used also facilitate control and accounting activities. The classification, content and composition of labor processes are closely related to the technology used in the enterprise. In this regard, the effectiveness of the activity will depend not only on its direct performer. Of no small importance is the design of the equipment used, the organization of labor processes and workplaces. These elements are playing an increasingly important role in modern conditions.
Features of work activity
The labor process and the principles of its organization are considered one of the fundamental elements of any enterprise. In conditions of automation and mechanization, the requirements for the quality of activities of personnel performing equipment maintenance are significantly increasing. This is due to the fact that the efficiency of the enterprise will depend on this.
Classification of labor processes: diagram, table
The structure of the activity depends on the task, the technology used and logistics. To study its diversity, a classification of labor processes is carried out. Various types of activities are combined into groups according to specific characteristics. Depending on the purposes of the study, certain criteria are selected that characterize the labor process and its organization. Classification of personnel activities can be carried out according to:
- characteristics of the raw materials used in chemical, metal and woodworking operations, and others;
- functions performed (the classification of labor processes in this case involves division into basic, service, and management operations);
- type of production: it can be mass, serial, individual (single);
- the nature and content of operations: they can be processing, thermal, mining, physical and chemical, and so on;
- form of organization of labor activity: it can be individual, subject-closed, collective;
- frequency and duration.
Basic information is presented in the table below.
Characteristics
Depending on the purpose of the product, personnel activities are divided into auxiliary and primary. This classification of labor processes influences the choice of standards for employees and methods of establishing them. It also influences the choice of methods for creating the necessary conditions for people to carry out their professional activities. Classification of labor processes is also carried out depending on the degree of personnel participation in them. Manual operations are performed manually or using non-mechanized tools. For example, this could be painting the workpiece with a brush. Manual mechanized operations are performed using more complex tools. For example, this could be drilling holes using an electric drill. Machine-manual operations are performed by mechanisms with the participation of a worker. In this case, the specialist makes certain efforts to control the elements of the equipment. Machine operations include processes that are performed on machines and other units. In these cases, the employee's participation is limited solely to operating the equipment. Automated processes are processes that are performed by machines, the movement of the working parts of which, as well as control, is carried out according to a given program using computers. The employee's tasks are limited to monitoring the progress of operations.
Nature of the product and subject
There is a classification of labor processes, within which operations are divided into informational and material-energy. In the latter case, the product and subject of professional activity is substance (parts, materials, raw materials) or energy (hydraulic, thermal, electrical). Accordingly, such labor processes are typical for workers. The product and subject in the first case are information. It can be design, technological, economic. Information operations are carried out by employees (specialists).
Specifics of creating conditions for activity
One of the key components of labor organization in the company is improved planning and improved maintenance of existing jobs. This is necessary to create conditions for performing high-quality and high-performance operations at the lowest possible physical cost. Workplaces are the primary link in the enterprise structure. Each of them is an area of application of human physical and mental efforts. The workplace must be equipped with the necessary tools used to perform assigned tasks by one or more subjects. It predetermines the conditions for carrying out activities (difficult, normal, harmful), rest and employment regimes, the nature of operations (monotonous, varied, and so on).
Key areas of administration
The workplace acts as one of the most important categories studied within the framework of management theory. This is due to the fact that the area in which a person performs his professional tasks has a direct impact on the effectiveness of his activities. The effectiveness of personnel management and the enterprise as a whole depends on it. In the process of organizing places of work, the following tasks are solved:
- optimal use of enterprise space;
- rational arrangement within a limited area of all elements of the workplace;
- creating convenient and comfortable conditions for employees;
- preventing the negative impact of internal and external factors on people;
- uninterrupted high-quality service for each workplace, ensuring rhythmic, continuous and synchronous functioning of areas.
Administration Purpose
At the workplace, the components of the labor process are connected: means, objects and direct efforts of employees. The main task within the administration is the functional placement of elements to reduce time and physical losses. Particular attention is paid to ensuring safety when equipping workplaces. Competent management is characterized by adequate justification for the regulation of professional activities. This is achieved if standards are developed:
- experienced specialists;
- according to the recommended method;
- using labor standards.
Time Analysis
It is necessary to establish adequate standards. The analysis is performed in accordance with the classification of employee time spent. The criteria may be:
- direct physical efforts of personnel;
- subject of activity;
- equipment.
Working time is a measure of labor costs.
The importance of site maintenance and provision
Workplaces must ensure timely delivery of raw materials, tools and materials, repair and adjustment of equipment. At enterprises, a system of comprehensive provision of sites is created and implemented. It provides:
- preparation and communication of planned tasks to personnel and distribution of operations;
- equipment with tools;
- equipment adjustment;
- energy supply, overhaul maintenance of devices and installations;
- current repair and maintenance of equipment;
- quality control of tools and objects of labor;
- acceptance of finished products to warehouses.
Certification
It allows you to detect workplaces that do not meet modern requirements, where unskilled, heavy, manual labor is used, or tasks are performed in conditions that are dangerous for the employee. All deficiencies identified during certification must be eliminated as soon as possible. Bringing workplaces up to date is the responsibility of managers. Implementation allows you to improve and optimize the activities of enterprises.
Conclusion
Labor processes and their classification are the basis of the activities of any enterprise. In modern conditions, with the ever-increasing role of automation, the requirements for the quality and speed of operations are growing. As part of management activities, models for optimizing the workspace are developed and implemented, and worn-out equipment is eliminated.
Topic 4. Labor process. Labor method.
The concept of “labor process” is closely related to the concept of “labor”. Often they are not distinguished: labor, as a process occurring in time and space, is called the labor process.
However, there are some differences between these concepts, although when solving certain problems the possibility of considering them as synonyms is not excluded. In general, “labor” is a broader concept. It can be viewed from various angles (occupational health, labor culture, labor physiology, labor psychology, labor sociology, labor economics, etc.), and act as a generalized characteristic of the production process.
The concept of “labor process” is most often associated with human actions to change the subject of labor. In its narrow understanding, the concept of “labor process” is directly related to solving problems in the field of organization, regulation and standardization of labor.
In modern educational literature, the authors offer a fairly broad interpretation of the labor process, depending on the formulation of those target tasks that determine the isolation of one or another aspect of the labor process as a determining one.
Thus, in the textbook edited by V.V. Adamchuk, the labor process is understood as a set of actions of workers necessary for an expedient change in the subject of labor. In the textbook edited by Yu.G. Odegov's authors consider the labor process as a set of actions of a performer or a group of performers to transform objects of labor into its product, performed in the workplace. From the point of view of G. E. Slesinger, the labor process is a cycle of sequential actions carried out by a person, which are necessary and sufficient to obtain intermediate and final results of work. A team of authors from the Faculty of Economics of Moscow State University is considering another option, where the labor process means a set of interrelated human actions in the process of creating material goods or providing services aimed at achieving the finished result of labor at a specific workplace and in a clearly defined period of time.
But any interpretation of the labor process ultimately comes down to a set of actions by the performer for a predetermined transformation of objects of labor, the final result of which is the receipt of economically justified and necessary marketable products.
From an economic point of view, the labor process is the process of consuming labor for the purpose of producing material goods or providing services.
From the definitions of this concept it follows that every labor process is characterized by a set of specific actions of performers aimed at implementing a complex technological process. The technological process determines content, order actions of performers, as well as their specific subsequence, both in the production of material goods and in the course of performing specific functions in areas of activity other than material ones.
This means that the labor process implements (mediates) the developed technological process. It is no coincidence that K. Marx wrote: “...in the process of labor, human activity with the help of means of labor causes pre-planned change subject of labor."
Classification of labor processes.
A wide variety of labor processes are carried out in economic sectors. Labor processes can be considered in relation to individual workplaces, as well as on a broader scale (team, department, workshop, etc.), i.e. in the narrow and broad sense of the word.
Labor processes differ according to:
· the nature of the subject and product of labor;
· functions of employees;
· the degree of human participation in the transformation of the subject of labor;
· form of labor organization.
Classification of labor processes according to such characteristics as degree of human participation, form of work organization, the nature of the subject and product of labor in general can be represented by the following diagram:
Based on the nature of the subject and product of labor, two types of labor processes are distinguished - material and informational. Material labor processes are characteristic of workers, since the subject and product of workers’ labor is substance (raw materials, materials, machine parts, etc.) or energy (electrical, thermal, hydraulic, etc.). Information labor processes are typical for employees, since one of the main subjects and products of employee labor is information (economic, technological, design, etc.).
With scientific and technological progress, the share of information labor processes. With the invention of computers, there have been significantly more labor processes that, to one degree or another, relate to information processes.
Further differentiation of the labor processes of workers and employees is made according to their functions. Currently, workers’ labor processes are divided into main and auxiliary ones.
Basic processes are aimed at changing the basic objects of labor and giving them the properties of finished products.
Helper Processes are aimed at creating conditions for the normal course of the main production process. The purpose of auxiliary processes is the manufacture of products that are used in the main production, but are not part of the finished product of the enterprise (products for internal consumption). The composition and complexity of auxiliary processes depends on the characteristics of the main processes.
A separate group consists service processes, i.e. processes of servicing equipment and workplaces through transportation, storage, control, logistics.
In the main production, where the main products of the enterprise are produced, main and auxiliary labor processes take place, including servicing ones, while in auxiliary production, which provides the main production with the necessary types of components, tools, repairs, etc., only auxiliary and servicing processes take place .
It is these three types of processes that are usually distinguished for the purposes of labor standardization, since they are aimed at the production of products in the main shops, the production of products in auxiliary shops and the maintenance of jobs in the main and auxiliary shops.
Accordingly, according to the nature of the functions performed, groups of main, auxiliary and service workers are distinguished. Employees, according to the functions they perform, are also divided into three groups, which were discussed above.
Features of labor processes from the point of view of labor regulation are determined by:
√ type of production (mass, large-scale, serial, small-scale and individual);
√ the purpose and nature of the products produced, as well as the nature of the functions performed by employees in the labor process (production of main products and products for general corporate purposes, preparation of production and its maintenance);
√ the nature of the technological process over time (continuous, discrete).
According to the degree of human participation distinguish labor processes depending on the means of labor used.
Manual processes carried out by one worker or a group of workers manually or using simple tools (axe, plane, shovel, hydraulic tool, etc.). In such processes, objects of labor change under the influence of the physical efforts of workers.
In machine-manual processes, the object of labor is processed by a mechanism with the direct participation of the worker (sewing on a sewing machine, processing parts on a machine with manual feed, etc.).
In machine processes, the object of labor (shape, type, size, position) is changed by the machine mechanisms, and the worker manually or with the help of machine control mechanisms performs elements of auxiliary work (fastening and removing parts on the machine, changing tools, etc.).
Automated processes are carried out under the control and supervision of the worker without his direct participation. The main work of transforming the subject of labor is fully automated. With partial automation of the process, the auxiliary work of the performer is partially automated (semi-automatic); with complete automation, it is fully automated (automatic).
In connection with the specifics of automated production, the question arises: what is the subject of labor, the labor itself and the tools of labor in automated production?
If in traditional production (manual, machine) a person creates a useful product by directly influencing the object of labor with help means of labor, then in the conditions of automated production living labor interacts with the machines to which human efforts are directed. In these conditions, the subject of labor is automated equipment, the tools of labor are automation (robotics) and computerization tools, and the labor itself is the maintenance and management of equipment.
The functional content of a worker’s labor as a result of production automation changes as follows (see table):
| Worker functions | Busy performing a function | ||
| Mechanical means of labor | Partially automated labor tools | Fully automated labor tools | |
| Familiarization with the content of the task | part-time | part-time | busy |
| Preparation for the technological process | busy | part-time | not busy |
| Direct impact on the subject of work | busy | part-time | not busy |
| Interoperational movement of the subject of labor | busy | part-time | not busy |
| Monitoring the progress of the technological process | busy | busy | busy |
| Control, adjustment, repair of labor equipment | not busy | busy | busy |
| Control of quantity and quality of products | busy | not busy | not busy |
The above classification of labor processes is important for determining the requirements for the accuracy of established labor standards.
The content of the labor process is formed under the influence of a number of factors, namely depending on: technical means intended to carry out the given work; technologies; organization of production and labor; sanitary, hygienic and other conditions for its implementation; the main characteristics of the performers of the work. It is always associated with specific labor for specific workplace.
Elements of labor processes. In the practice of labor regulation, the labor movement is considered to be the primary element of the labor process.
Under the labor movement refers to a one-time movement by a worker of the body, arm, leg or other part of the body in the process of performing work (extend a hand to a tool, take a tool).
Labor movements are the most universal elements of the labor process. They have high repeatability. For example, when manually placing marmalade into trays, the labor action “take marmalade” can be repeated 4550 times per shift.
Studies conducted by the Labor Research Institute in several industries have shown that under the same conditions, composition and sequence of movements, the time to perform them is almost the same. For example, the time to perform the labor movement “grab an object weighing up to 3 kg with one hand” was (seconds): in mechanical engineering – 0.56; in the textile industry – 0.5; in the clothing industry – 0.6; in the food industry – 0.55.
Under labor action is understood as a logically completed set of labor movements continuously following each other, carried out by one or a group of workers with unchanged objects and means of labor (take a tool, put a part).
Under labor reception is understood as a set of labor actions continuously following each other, constituting a completed part of the work carried out by one or a group of workers on one or more objects of labor (install a part in the chuck of a lathe).
Labor techniques, depending on their purpose, are divided into basic and auxiliary. Basic (technological) techniques are intended to achieve the goal of changing the subject of labor. The purpose of auxiliary techniques is to provide preparation for performing basic techniques.
Complexes of labor practices represent a set of labor techniques that form part of a labor operation (install the part into the chuck and clamp it).
Under labor operation is understood as a set of labor techniques or their complexes, carried out by one or a group of workers at one workplace, including all their actions to perform units given work above one subject of labor.
Complex of operations called a group of operations for the manufacture of one product at one production site with a constant composition of performers.
So, from the point of view of labor regulation, the components of the labor process, which is performed by an employee or group of workers during the working day, are labor operations, which consist of techniques, actions and movements of the employee.
A labor operation is characterized by the constancy of the subject of labor, the workplace and the performers. When the last two conditions (workplace and performers) change, work on one subject of labor is divided into separate operations. A labor operation, as a complete cycle of labor actions to change the subject of labor, performed by one or a group of workers at one workplace, is the main structural element of the labor process. Because of this, it is the labor operation that is the object of analysis and standardization of labor, and for this purpose it is divided into labor techniques, actions and movements.
The structuring of the labor process, bringing its content to individual movements, is carried out with the aim of studying and measuring the cost of working time, identifying the factors on which the duration of each element depends, and establishing a rational sequence for performing the elements.
Detailed structuring of the labor process is typical for constantly repeating operations, which usually occurs in mass and large-scale production. In other areas of activity and types of production (serial, single production), its structure may be more enlarged.
In the innovative field of activity, the labor process consists of operations within each stage of research and development, and in the managerial and entrepreneurial spheres - within each management function.
Labor method.
Labor movements, actions and techniques, their composition and sequence of execution determine labor method, on which the labor efficiency of workers largely depends.
Traditionally, the concept of “labor” is defined as the purposeful activity of people aimed at creating material and cultural values.
Basic properties of labor:
Awareness of actions, since before starting to work, a person creates a project in his mind, that is, mentally imagines the result of work;
Expediency of actions, i.e. a person knows how to produce goods and what resources and technology need to be used;
The effectiveness of actions is manifested not simply in the result, but in a socially useful result;
The social utility of actions is characterized by both the cooperation of labor and a means of satisfying not only personal, but also social needs;
Energy consumption of actions, i.e. the expenditure of human energy during work activities.
Labor has the following functions:
A way to satisfy needs, the main means of living;
Creation of public wealth;
Formation of society and stimulation of social progress (labor underlies all social development - it forms the social strata of society and the basis for their interaction);
The basis of human development and improvement.
LABOR ECONOMICS (E.G. ZHULINA)
2. Classification of types of labor
The diversity of the nature and content of labor determines the variety of types of labor.
Depending on the labor content The following types are distinguished.
1. Mental and physical labor. It is known that it is quite difficult to draw a clear boundary between mental and physical labor, therefore it is more correct to speak of predominantly mental and predominantly physical labor. Nevertheless, mental work is characterized by a person’s ability to create in his mind a prototype of the result of work. Physical labor is characterized by the expenditure of human muscular energy.
2. Simple and complex work. Simple labor is the work of a worker who does not have professional training or qualifications. Complex labor is simple labor multiplied; it is the work of a qualified worker with a certain profession.
3. Functional and professional work. Functional labor is characterized by a certain set of labor functions characteristic of a specific type of work activity. Professional labor is a kind of specification of functional labor, forming a broad professional structure within a certain set of labor functions. For example, a doctor is a functional type of work, a surgeon is a professional type of work.
4. Reproductive and creative labor. Reproductive labor is distinguished by the standardization of reproduced labor functions; its result is known in advance and does not contain anything new. Creative work is not characteristic of every employee; it is determined both by the level of education and qualifications of the employee, and by the ability to innovate. Therefore, creative work results in something new, not planned in advance.
Depending on the nature of the work, there are:
1. Concrete and abstract work. Specific labor is the work of a specific worker who transforms an object of nature in order to give it a certain utility and creates use value. Abstract labor is commensurable concrete labor that is abstracted from the qualitative heterogeneity of various functional types of labor. Specific labor allows you to measure the labor productivity of the enterprise as a whole, and compare the labor productivity of different industries and areas of activity. Therefore, abstract labor creates the value of a commodity.
2. Individual and collective work embody various forms of labor organization. Individual labor is the work of an individual worker or an independent producer, while collective labor is the work of a team or a division of an enterprise, i.e., it characterizes the form of cooperation of workers’ labor.
3. Private and public labor. Private labor is always part of social labor, since it is of a social nature and its results are equal in value. Private labor is determined by the production and legal independence of entrepreneurs.
4. Wage labor and self-employment. It is known that hired workers make up about 90% of the country's total employed population. Wage labor occurs when a person who does not own the means of production, being personally free, is hired under an employment agreement (contract) by the owner of the means of production to perform a certain set of labor functions in exchange for wages. Self-employment involves a situation where the owner of the means of production creates a job for himself.
Depending on the results of labor, the following types are distinguished.
1. Living and past work. Living labor is the labor of a worker that is expended by him at a given moment in time. Past (materialized) labor is embodied in such elements of the labor process as objects of labor and means of labor, which were created by other workers earlier and are products for production purposes. The most important task of improving the organization of labor and optimizing labor processes today is to change the ratio between living and past labor in favor of increasing the share of past labor and reducing the cost of living labor.
2. Productive and unproductive labor differ from each other in the form of the created good. The result of productive labor is natural and material benefits, and the result of unproductive labor is social and spiritual benefits, which have no less value and usefulness for society.
The means of labor used in work also predetermine the division of labor into various types.
1. Manual labor is carried out either completely manually or using basic hand tools.
2. Mechanized labor involves the use of mechanized tools. In this case, the energy expended by the worker is distributed both on the tool of labor and on the transformation of the object.
3. Machine labor - the transformation of an object is carried out by the machine itself, and the worker controls it and performs auxiliary functions.
4. Automated labor confronts the worker with the task of monitoring the operation of equipment, which, in turn, fully performs the functions of transforming an object without human intervention.
According to working conditions, they are distinguished with varying degrees of regulation.
1. Stationary and mobile labor, determined by the specifics of the technological process and the type of product being manufactured.
2. Light, medium and heavy work. This division is due to differences in the employee’s physical activity and the amount of energy expended.
3. Free and regulated work, depending both on the management style and on specific working conditions.
Types of labor are also distinguished according to the methods of attracting people to work.
1. Labor under non-economic coercion, when a person is included in the labor process not of his own free will, but by direct coercion and without appropriate remuneration for labor (for example, slavery).
2. Labor under economic compulsion to earn the necessary means of subsistence. In fact, all hired workers are engaged in labor under economic coercion.
3. Voluntary, free labor. Its characteristic feature is the need of a person to realize his own labor potential for the benefit of society, regardless of the amount of remuneration for work.
LABOR ECONOMICS (E.G. ZHULINA)
Labor processes are distinguished by 4 classification criteria.
1.By the nature of the subject and product of labor:
Real - typical for workers, because the subject and product of their labor is matter (raw materials, materials, machine parts) or energy (electrical, thermal, hydraulic, etc.).
Informational - typical for employees, because the subject and product of their work is information (economic, design, technological.
2. According to the functions of workers and employees:
Labor processes of workers: a) main - production processes, b) auxiliary - general plant processes (processes of production of general plant workshops - auxiliary, instrumental, energy, etc.). c) processes for servicing equipment and workplaces in the main and auxiliary workshops or general workshops (repair, transport, control, warehouse, cleaning). Accordingly, according to the nature of the functions performed, three groups of workers are distinguished: basic, general shop and general plant.
Employees: a) managers - making decisions and ensuring their implementation; b) specialists - preparation of information on the basis of which managers make decisions); c) technical performers - providing the necessary conditions for the work of managers and specialists.
3.According to the degree of human participation in influencing the subject of work:
Manual processes - carried out by one worker or a group manually, with the simplest tools (axe, plane, shovel, hydraulic tool, etc.), as a result, objects of labor change under the influence of the physical efforts of workers;
Machine-manual - the material is processed by mechanisms with the direct participation of the worker (sewing on a sewing machine, processing parts on a machine with manual feed, etc.).
Machine or mechanized are processes in which the shape, size, appearance, position of an object is changed by the actuators of the machine, and the worker performs only elements of auxiliary work (fastening and removing parts, changing tools, etc.);
Automated processes are carried out under the control and supervision of the performer without his direct influence on the objects of labor, that is, the main work is completely mechanized, and the auxiliary work is partially (semi-automatic) or completely (automatic).
4.By organizational basis:
Individual;
Collective (group, brigade).
3. Structure of the production operation and its optimization
Manufacturing operation- this is a part of the production process carried out by one worker (or group) at one workplace and covering all their actions to perform a unit of specified work on one object of labor. A production operation consists of technological and auxiliary operations. T technological operation - This is the process of influence of the working body of a machine, a tool, on an object of labor, as a result of which a certain goal of its technological processing is achieved or a change in state occurs. At auxiliary operation the shape and physical state of the object does not change, but preparation is carried out for the technological process of influencing it or placing the object of labor.
Production operations as an object of technical regulation can be combined into a single complex. Complex of operations - This is a group of operations for the manufacture of one product at one production site with a constant composition of performers. For example, repair of a unique machine by a complex team.
The production operation, in turn, is divided into:
In technological terms - to transitions (technological and auxiliary), installation, passages (working and auxiliary), position;
In labor terms - on labor practices, labor actions and labor movements.
The structure of a manufacturing operation consists of the following elements. Installation is the part of the operation performed in one position (fastening) of the part. An installation may consist of one or more transitions. The position of the part on the machine when it is secured alone - part position.
Technological transition (technological change) - This is a technologically homogeneous part of the operation, as a result of which there is only one technological change in the subject of labor, performed under one operating mode of the equipment (temperature, pressure, mode) and a constant tool.
[In machining, one technological change (transition) refers to the processing of one surface, for example, rough turning of a workpiece, thread cutting, etc. A characteristic feature of the transition is the possibility of its isolation from the general processing process and execution on another machine as an independent operation.
In manual work, a transition is understood as part of an operation for processing a certain surface with one tool or one articulation of two or more assembly units (parts) using the same tools and devices.
In instrumental processes, a transition is a part of the operation corresponding to the period of exposure at a certain mode (temperature, pressure), the period of bringing the mode to certain parameters.
For example, the operation of annealing a metal can be divided into the following transitions: heating to a certain temperature, a period of holding at a given temperature; the period of cooling the workpiece in the furnace to the temperature provided for by the technology.]
Auxiliary transition - This is a complete part of a technological transition, consisting of a single movement of the tool relative to the workpiece, not accompanied by a change in the shape, size, surface finish or properties of the workpiece, but necessary to complete the working stroke.
Working stroke - This is a complete part of a technological transition, consisting of a single movement of the tool relative to the workpiece, accompanied by a change in the shape, size, surface finish, or properties of the workpiece. Auxiliary move - This is a complete part of a technological transition, consisting of a single movement of the tool relative to the workpiece, not accompanied by a change in the shape, size, surface finish, or properties of the workpiece, but necessary to complete the working stroke. Position - it is a fixed position of a workpiece or assembly unit to be assembled to perform a specific part of the operation.
Labor movement - This is a one-time movement of a human working organ (arms, legs, body, etc.). For example, “extend your hand to the tool”, “take (grab) the tool.”
Labor action - it is a logically complete set of continuous labor movements with unchanged objects and means of labor. For example, “turn on the longitudinal feed of the caliper”, “take a tool”, “place the part”.
Labor reception - this is the technologically completed part of the operation, i.e. a complete set of labor actions of an employee for a specific purpose. For example, the technique “install a part in a lathe chuck.” Labor techniques, depending on their purpose, are divided into:
Basic (technological) are intended to directly implement the goal of a given technological process to change the physical and chemical properties, shape or position of the object of labor.
Auxiliary - providing preparation for performing basic techniques.
The techniques are combined into complexes of techniques. If the techniques are combined in their technological sequence, then technological complexes of techniques(for example, the techniques “install the part in the chuck” and “clamp the part in the chuck” can be combined into one technological process - “install the part in the chuck and clamp”).
If techniques are combined based on the unity of any factor influencing their duration, then this calculation complex.
The need to analyze labor movements, as the primary, initial and most universal element of the labor process, is determined by the goal of identifying unnecessary, less effective movements, establishing the possibility of combining them, changing the trajectory, etc. and, based on their improvement, rationalize the labor process itself as a whole and the method of its implementation. Systems of labor rationalization and microelement rationing are based on a thorough study and analysis of labor movements. Therefore, to study and analyze labor movements, it is necessary to know their main characteristics and parameters, which depend on the type of movement. For these purposes, a classification of labor movements is made.
Light work (category I) includes work performed sitting or standing that does not require systematic physical stress (the work of controllers, in precision instrument making processes, office work, etc.). Light work is divided into category 1a (energy consumption up to 139 W) and category 16 (energy consumption 140...174 W). Medium-heavy work (category II) includes work with an energy consumption of 175...232 (Pa category) and 233...290 W (Nb category). Category Na includes work associated with constant walking, performed standing or sitting, but not requiring the movement of heavy objects; category Pb includes work associated with walking and carrying small (up to 10 kg) heavy weights (in mechanical assembly shops, textile production, during processing wood, etc.). Heavy work (category III) with an energy consumption of more than 290 W includes work associated with systematic physical stress, in particular with constant movement, with carrying significant (more than 10 kg) weights (in forges, foundries with manual processes, etc.) .
When studying manual, machine-manual and hardware-manual processes, it is necessary to find ways to mechanize them.
Manual processes are characterized by the absence of any mechanisms, mechanized tools and energy sources. They are performed by workers with or without hand tools. For example, placing seismic receivers on a profile, screwing and unscrewing pipes with a hinged wrench, etc.
Manual mechanized processes, unlike manual ones, are performed using mechanized hand tools in the presence of an energy source. For example, drilling holes with a hand drill is a manual process, but with an electric drill it is a manual mechanized process.
Machine-manual processes are carried out with the help of machines, and the working body of the machine is moved to the object of labor or the object of labor to the working body by the worker manually with the application of force. Such processes include, for example, installing a candle on a candlestick, lowering a candle into a well, processing parts on metal-cutting machines with manual feed, etc.
A mechanized process is a process performed using a machine or directly by a machine, including an automatic one. In the first case it will be a machine-manual process, in the second it will be a purely machine process (for example, pumping oil by hand
Manual processes are work performed by a worker without any participation of mechanisms (equipment), for example, screwing and unscrewing pipes or rods using keys, drilling holes by hand, etc.
In all cases, when determining the amount of auxiliary time that should be included in the time standard, it is necessary to take into account the nature of the combination of technological (machine) and labor (manual) processes. There are three possible options for such combinations
Manual processes are those in which the impact on the object of labor is carried out by workers without the use of energy or with the help of hand tools that are driven by energy (electric, pneumatic, etc.). Examples of manual processes are assembling components and products, sawing, scraping, painting with a paint brush, drilling holes with an electric drill, etc.
Technological and operational (a special case of technological) division of labor in oil refining is quite strictly predetermined for private processes and operations. At the same time, in the instrumental processes of oil refineries, the influence of differences in technology on the nature of the work activities of service personnel is not as great as in manual and machine-manual processes. At any technological installations for oil refining, the content of the labor process comes down to monitoring the readings of control and measuring equipment and regulating process parameters.
The technological and operational division of labor in the main production of oil refining and petrochemical enterprises is strictly predetermined by the design division of the production process into partial processes or stages. It manifests itself in the isolation of maintenance work for certain types of technological installations. It should be noted, however, that in contrast to manual and machine-manual processes, where the nature of the technology strictly determines the structure and content of work techniques, in instrumental processes the influence of differences in technology on the nature of the work activities of service personnel is not so great. In installations of all types, the content of the labor process is reduced to monitoring instrument readings and regulating process parameters.
Manual processes are those carried out by workers without the use of mechanization, either completely manually or with the help of simple tools and devices that are not driven by any energy source. Labor productivity in manual processes is almost entirely determined by the degree
Machine-manual processes are those in which the object of labor undergoes various changes under the influence of the actuators of machines. Moreover, their movement relative to the subject of labor is carried out by the worker through a regulatory mechanism. In some types of machine-manual processes, the executive bodies of the machine are stationary, and the object of labor directed by the worker moves relative to them.
In instrumental-manual processes, workers, in addition to monitoring the readings of instrumentation, perform manual operations for loading raw materials, unloading finished products
The given formulas are used mainly when calculating standards for manual and machine-manual labor processes.
Depending on the participation of machines and devices in the processes, they can be manual, mechanized and instrumental. In a manual process, the worker does not use machines or mechanisms. The use of tools and devices does not change the nature of manual labor (for example, assembling and disassembling machines with wrenches, measuring the level of odorant, etc.). A mechanized process is a process performed using a machine or directly by a machine, including an automatic one. In the first case, this will be a machine-manual process, in the second - a purely machine process (for example, gas compression with manual control of a gas compressor unit and with automated control). An instrumental process is considered to be a process that occurs in special apparatus and is characterized by a change in physical and chemical properties (for example, the process of gas desulfurization, oil dehydration, etc.).
Manual mechanized processes are performed directly by the worker using one or another mechanized tool using some kind of energy source, for example, tightening nuts with an electric impact wrench, drilling holes with an electric drill, measuring the level of oil products in a tank, etc. Machine-manual processes are performed by a machine with the direct participation of the worker, for example, supplying slings to the wellhead with putting them on the elevator, landing and dropping slings from the elevator, working on a tractor-lift, etc. Machine processes are carried out by the working part of the equipment without the participation of a worker, for example, lifting pipes from a well during underground repairs or during the drilling process, etc. d.
According to census data, the share of manual labor in 1972 according to the Ministry of Oil and Gas was 60.4%, and in 1975 - 59.2%, i.e. decreased by 1.2%. This method of comparing the dynamics of manual labor does not take into account many factors that contributed to the conditional release of workers performing manual work in the construction of oil and gas industry facilities on objects with lower labor costs on the construction site, the use of effective technology for construction and installation work, including the mechanization of manual processes.
The general trend of technical progress in mechanical engineering is the transition from manual and machine-manual processes to mechanized and automated processes. This is facilitated by the constant improvement of the production structure of machine-building enterprises and the associated deepening of specialization, the introduction of subject-specific and specialized workshops, sections, lines, which creates conditions for widespread distribution