Theories about the origins of man

• Evolutionary theory (scientific theory)
• Creation theory (religious concept)
• External intervention theory (parascientific theory)

• periods of successive existence of anthropoid human ancestors (Australopithecus, etc.);
• the existence of the most ancient people: Pithecanthropus (the most ancient man, or Proteranthropus or Archanthropus);
• stage of paleoanthropus, that is, ancient man (Neanderthals, etc.).
• Development of modern people (neoanthropes).

Theory of creation ( creationism )

• Views based on the fact that man was created by God or gods arose much earlier than materialistic theories of the spontaneous generation of life and the evolution of anthropoid ancestors into man. In various philosophical and theological teachings of antiquity, the act of human creation was attributed to various deities.

• Christian religious views on the creation of the world and man in it, associated with the divine creation of Jehovah (Yahweh) - the only God in the Universe, manifesting himself in three persons: God the Father, God the Son (Jesus Christ) and God - have become significantly widespread in the world. Holy Spirit.
• Creationists for the most part reject evolution, while citing evidence in their favor.

• According to this marginal parascientific theory, the appearance of people on Earth is in one way or another connected with the activities of other civilizations. In its simplest form, TVV considers humans to be direct descendants of aliens who landed on Earth in prehistoric times

• interbreeding of aliens with human ancestors;
• the creation of Homo sapiens using genetic engineering methods;
• the creation of the first people in a homuncular way;
• control of the evolutionary development of earthly life by the forces of extraterrestrial superintelligence;
• evolutionary development of earthly life and intelligence according to a program originally laid down by extraterrestrial superintelligence.

• Followers of this theory interpret anthropogenesis as an element of the development of a stable spatial anomaly - humanoid triad "Matter - Energy - Aura", characteristic of many planets of the Earth's Universe and its analogues in parallel spaces. TPA assumes that in humanoid universes on most habitable planets, the biosphere develops along the same path, programmed at the level of the Aura - information substance.

• Given favorable conditions, this path leads to the emergence of a humanoid mind of the earth type.
• In general, the interpretation of anthropogenesis in TPA does not have significant differences with evolutionary theory. However, TPA recognizes the existence of a certain program for the development of life and intelligence, which, along with random factors, controls evolution.

• 1. The origin of man is the subject of study of several sciences (anthropology, theology, philosophy, history, paleontology, etc.). In accordance with this, there are many theories of the origin of man, in particular, as a social individual, a biological being, a product of the activities of extraterrestrial civilizations, etc.
• 2. None of the existing theories of human origin is strictly proven. Ultimately, the criterion of choice for each individual is belief in one theory or another.

• 3. There are several options for choosing your own point of view on the origin of a person:
• - lack of one’s own opinion due to indifference to the issue under consideration - this option is characteristic of the majority of the world’s population;
• - the orthodox choice of one of the theories, for example, evolutionary, as school textbooks persistently suggest, while ignoring other opinions, that is, according to the principle of Abram Tertz (Sinyavsky): “The monkey stood on its hind legs and took the direct path to communism”;
• - a dialectical approach to choice, which is inherent in most objective researchers and scientists and which consists in the assumption that all theories are true, but with varying degrees of probability.
• 4. In my opinion, man is a creation of Mind, most likely alien, although with a 30-40% probability I may be wrong.

What is a person? I. Search for a common ancestor, identifying stages and the missing link in human development II. Study of biological prerequisites and genetic mechanisms of transformation of human ancestors and the formation of distinctive human properties III. Clarification of the general theory of anthropogenesis as a complex, integrated process carried out on the basis of close interaction of biological and social factors

What is a person? Anthropogenesis is the process of separating man from the animal world. Sociogenesis is the process of the formation of society. Anthroposociogenesis is the dual process of development of man and society. History, philosophy, anthropology, psychology, genetics, cultural studies, philology, etc. study the problems of the origin of man.

The science of human origins The scientific study of the process of human origin (anthropogenesis) began in the 19th century. Charles Darwin, in his book “The Origin of Man and Sexual Selection,” first formulated a hypothesis about the origin of man from an ape-like ancestor. F. Engels, in his work “The Role of Labor in the Process of Transformation of Ape into Man,” substantiated that thanks to work, man evolved into a social and culture-creating creature in the 20th century. . These ideas were combined into the concept of biosocial human nature

Evolution of hominids Modern science dates the beginning of the process of human development to the appearance of the first hominids I. Ramapithecus (14-20 million years ago) lived in the savannah and used the simplest tools I I. Australopithecus (5-8 million years ago) used partially processed or found in nature tools I II. Homo habilis (2 million years ago) – Homo habilis (the first representative of the genus Homo)

Evolution of hominids I V. Homo erectus (1-1.3 million years ago) Homo erectus with a brain volume of 800 - 1200 cm, made quite advanced hunting tools, mastered fire and had speech V. Homo sapiens (150-200 thousand . BP) Homo sapiens: Cro-Magnon (40-50 thousand BP) – collective labor activity, housing construction, highly developed speech, morality and aesthetic views

Causes of evolutionary changes in hominids II. Climatic factors (tectonic, seismic, volcanic and radiation disasters) III. Changing the structure and structure of the brain (shaping one’s own behavior)I. Cosmic factors (solar activity, change of the earth’s magnetic poles)

Causes of evolutionary changes in hominids IV. The influence of radiation on changes in behavioral stereotypes (the transition from herbivorous to meat eating) V. Theory of stress (external and internal threats stimulated the development of hominids) VI. Labor factor (labor as the most important factor of social development)

Development of the brain The human brain is structured in a more complex way than that of animals (two hemispheres are responsible for different functions) In animals, both hemispheres duplicate each other. In humans, both hemispheres act differently (left - logic, right - creativity)

Reasons for evolutionary changes in hominids All social factors of human development: labor, language, consciousness, morality, etc., are possible only in society. In other words, a person becomes fully human only in unity with other people

The formation of society In the process of evolution, not only the way of behavior changed, but also the forms of organization of the human community. The first groups were unstable and were called the human herd (the relationships were reminiscent of the behavior of higher animals): they hunted together, kept warm on cold days, fought for the female, continued the race and raised offspring

Collectives became more united and stable, a new form of joint life appeared - society. The formation of society is based on consanguinity, joint ownership of property, collective labor. Simple societies:

The formation of society The structure of society gradually became more complex: the complexity of work activity (more advanced tools, equipment and technology) the specialization of labor efforts Customs, taboos, beliefs, myths, customs were of particular importance

The formation of society With the transition to a producing economy, to a sedentary way of life, social relations changed and became more complex in groups where it was no longer relatives who lived, but fellow workers, relationships of subordination and management, relationships of exchange and alliances, etc. appeared.

Settlement of hominids around the globe At the same time, the number of people is increasing and the process of their settlement across the Earth is underway

The formation of society With the complication of life and relationships, the products of society and its values ​​developed: language, art, morality, religion. The experience of ancestors was accumulated and passed on from generation to generation Taboo - a system of prohibitions on certain actions. Totem - a complex of beliefs, myths, rituals and customs associated with the idea of ​​​​a fantastic kinship between humans and animals, plants. The decisive role of custom in the relations between people, society and nature

Views on the essence of humanity Humanity is a community of peoples inhabiting the Earth, uniting all representatives of homo sapiens I. The concept of humanity is meaningless, a collection of related tribes is a true expression of social unity (Danilevsky) II. There is no single humanity; peoples live in different time spaces. There are many powerful cultures, not a single humanity (Spengler) III. Every person is a necessary and important part of humanity, as they make a real contribution to culture. (Trubnikov) IV. The Earth is a single ship, humanity unites into a “collective of earthlings” (K. Tsiolkovsky, V. Vernadsky)

Culturogenesis The formation of culture is an integral part of the formation of man and humanity I. The first form of cultural creativity was magic (worship in the form of rituals); II. Creativity is based on a person’s ability to create images, symbols, models of upcoming actions; Social memory is gradually formed - a set of accumulated knowledge, values, forms of activity, etc.

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Presentation on the topic: Human Origins

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Employees of Imperial College London claim that life on Earth “flew” from space. Their studies showed that the components of DNA are of extraterrestrial origin. The degree of hybridization of DNA between humans and chimpanzees is 90-98%, between humans and gibbons - 76%, between humans and macaques - 66%; Monkeys are able to use natural objects as simple tools. Monkeys have concrete thinking, just like humans. English scientists weighed human bodies before and after death. As a result of this experiment, they were able to establish that the deceased human body loses 11 grams in weight. This is one of the proofs of the existence of the soul. There is an opinion that thought is a certain process as a result of which the human body releases a certain energy, which, transformed through the nervous system, can in some sense be expelled from the body, transforming into the background surrounding a person. As a rule, this background is called an aura. There are 80,000 thousand genes in the human body

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EVOLUTIONARY THEORY Man descends from animal ancestors - monkeys. A proponent of this hypothesis was the English naturalist Charles Darwin. In his work “The Descent of Man,” he proved on the basis of facts that man is related to monkeys. That humans and apes descend from common ancestors who lived in ancient times. This hypothesis is confirmed by numerous finds of bone remains of ancient apes and primitive people.

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Theory of Creation This theory states that man is created by God, gods or divine power out of nothing or from some non-biological material. The most famous biblical version is that the first people - Adam and Eve - were created from clay. This version has more ancient Egyptian roots and a number of analogues in the myths of other peoples. The myths about the transformation of animals into people and the birth of the first people by gods can also be considered a variety of the theory of creation. Orthodox theology considers the theory of creation to be self-evident. However, various evidence has been put forward for this theory, the most important of which is the similarity of myths and legends of different peoples telling about the creation of man. Modern theology uses the latest scientific data to prove the theory of creation, which, however, for the most part do not contradict the evolutionary theory. Some currents of modern theology bring creationism closer to evolutionary theory, believing that man evolved from apes through gradual modification, but not as a result of natural selection, but by the will of God.

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The theory of external intervention According to this theory, the appearance of people on Earth is in one way or another connected with the activities of other civilizations. In its simplest form, TVV considers humans to be direct descendants of aliens who landed on Earth in prehistoric times. More complex variants of TVB involve: crossing of aliens with the ancestors of people; the creation of Homo sapiens using genetic engineering methods; the creation of the first people in a homuncular way; control of the evolutionary development of earthly life by the forces of extraterrestrial superintelligence; evolutionary development of earthly life and intelligence according to a program originally laid down by extraterrestrial superintelligence. There are other, to varying degrees, fantastic hypotheses of anthropogenesis related to the theory of external intervention.

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Theory of spatial anomalies Followers of this theory interpret anthropogenesis as an element of the development of a stable spatial anomaly - the humanoid triad "Matter - Energy - Aura", characteristic of many planets of the Earthly Universe and its analogues in parallel spaces. TPA assumes that in humanoid universes on most habitable planets, the biosphere develops along the same path, programmed at the level of the Aura - information substance. Given favorable conditions, this path leads to the emergence of a humanoid mind of the earth type. In general, the interpretation of anthropogenesis in TPA does not have significant differences with evolutionary theory. However, TPA recognizes the existence of a certain program for the development of life and intelligence, which, along with random factors, controls evolution.

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G. Volzhsky 2009.

Completed:
Learning
11 A class
Municipal educational institution secondary school No. 36
Novikova Olga
Plotnikov Andrey
Pochtarev Valera
Supervisor:
Topchieva Lyudmila
Mikhailovna, teacher
Biology Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 36.

Municipal educational institution secondary
secondary school No. 36 named after Hero of the Soviet Union
V.G. Milovatsky city of Volzhsky
Volgograd region.

Project on the topic: “Scientific views on the issue

about the origin of life: pros and cons."

Table of contents:
Introduction:
1. Purpose and objectives of the activity.
2. Project issues.
Coverage of the problem from a scientific and religious point of view:
1. About the creator of evolutionary theory - about Charles Darwin;
2. God as the creator of the world.
3. The origin of man through long evolution;
4. Divine origin of man;
5. Similarities between humans and animals (scientific point of view);
6. Differences between humans and animals (religious point of view).
7. Is evolution finished now?
Conclusions and recommendations for using this work.
Information sources.

Introduction.

The choice of our topic is not accidental. More and more scientists are recognizing that evolution is not a fact, and that it will most likely never be proven. Of course, it is also most likely impossible to prove the creation of the world by God, but we are getting closer to the point where everyone is beginning to understand that both theories are based on faith.
The study of the chapter “Human Evolution” in the 11th grade of the “General Biology” course should be based on various aspects, and not just on the natural sciences, which are based on the works of Charles Darwin “The Origin of Species” and “The Origin of Man and Sexual Selection.” Therefore, the relevance of this work is due to the fact that by demonstrating slides one can achieve good results in understanding and explaining this issue.

The goal of our project:
Learn to select facts that prove different versions of human origins.
Express your opinion regarding the appearance of man on Earth.
Create a presentation on the topic “Human Evolution.”
Introduce those interested to this work.
To achieve the goal, the following tasks were set:
Consider theoretical material on the topic “Human Evolution.”
Find and analyze information
Select what is necessary, draw a conclusion and use the information and skills obtained.
Use software (Microsoft Office PowerPoint).
We posed the following questions, the answers to which we wanted to get in the process of work:
What can we learn about Charles Darwin and the Creator?
Who are we and where did we come from?
What is a person like?
Is evolution finished now?

II. Coverage of the problem from a scientific and religious point of view.
1. About the creator of evolutionary theory - about Charles Darwin. Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882) is an English naturalist and traveler who laid the foundations of modern evolutionary theory and the direction of evolutionary thought that bears his name (Darwinism).
In his theory, the first detailed statement of which was published in 1859 in the book “The Origin of Species” (full title: “The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Survival of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life”), Darwin attached paramount importance in evolution to natural selection and uncertain variability.
Charles Darwin came from a nonconformist environment. Although some members of his family were freethinkers who openly rejected traditional religious beliefs, he himself did not initially question the literal truth of the Bible. He went to an Anglican school, then studied Anglican theology at Cambridge to become a pastor, and was

fully convinced by William Paley's teleological argument, according to
to which intelligent structure, visible in nature, proves the existence
God. However, his faith began to waver during the voyage on the Beagle.
He questioned everything he saw, marveling, for example, at the lovely
deep-sea creatures, created in such depths in which no one
could enjoy their view, shuddering at the sight of a wasp paralyzing the caterpillars,
which should serve as living food for its larvae. In the last example
he saw a clear contradiction to Paley's ideas about the all-good
world order. While traveling on the Beagle, Darwin still adhered to
religious views and could well refer to the authority of the Bible in matters
morality, but gradually began to consider the history of creation, in the form
in which it is presented in the Old Testament as false.

Darwin's theory explained the origin of species, and man is one of the species of the animal kingdom. He outlined his thoughts in the remarkable work “The Origin of Man and Sexual Selection” (essentially, these are two independent works), which was a continuation of the book “The Origin of Species”, in which he only touched upon the question of human ancestry, for practical reasons considering it premature to publish his views on the origin of man.
Darwin wrote to Wells: “You ask whether I will discuss “man,” I think I will bypass this whole question, with which so many prejudices are associated, although it is quite possible that this is the highest and most fascinating problem for naturalists.”

Darwin began systematically collecting materials on the origins of man in 1837. He took this extremely complex problem, which affected the feelings of many people, very seriously and believed that strong justification was needed for the publication of conclusions. “It would be completely useless for the success of the book (“The Origin of Species” - R.V.), even positively harmful, to flaunt your views on the origin of man without supporting them with any evidence,” Darwin wrote, although in “The Origin of Species” he did not intend to hide the fact that his book could “shed light on the origin of man,” as Darwin had originally intended. Only after many years of thinking about the problem did he begin to present it in 1869.

Darwin considered the question of the origin of man in the context of the development of life, that is, from a natural scientific position, and substantiated the position according to which man appeared as a result of the evolution of the animal kingdom, and his not so distant ancestors were mammals.

“To hold another view is to accept,” Darwin argued, “that our own and the structure of all
the animals around us are a trap designed to darken our minds!”

Upon his return, he began collecting evidence of species variability. He knew that his religious naturalist friends regarded such views as nonsense, undermining miraculous explanations of social order, and he knew that such revolutionary ideas would be particularly inhospitably received at a time when the position of the Church of England was under fire from radical dissenters and atheists. In secret, while developing his theory of natural selection, Darwin even wrote about religion as a tribal survival strategy, but still believed in God as a supreme being who determined the laws of this world. His faith gradually weakened over time and, with the death of his daughter Annie in 1851, Darwin finally lost all faith in the Christian God. He continued to support the local church and help parishioners in general affairs, but on Sundays, when the whole family went to church, he went for a walk. Later, when asked about his religious views, Darwin wrote that he was never an atheist, in the sense that he did not deny the existence of

concept of God and that, in general, “it would be more correct to describe my state of mind as agnostic.”
The theory of evolution captured the minds of many scientists, who began to apply it to all branches of science, including history (Marx) and psychology (Freud). Almost a century and a half has passed since the appearance of the theory of evolution, and during this time the discussion has evolved, adapted, modified, but still did not stop.

The first “anti-Darwinian” trial, which went down in history as the “monkey trial,” took place in 1925 in the USA. The governor of Tennessee then signed a new law prohibiting “the teaching of any theory which denies the story of the divine creation of man as recorded in the Bible, and teaches instead that man is descended from a lower class of animals.”
Since then and to this day, this has happened with enviable regularity in different parts of the world.

In 2004, a national crisis erupted in Italy after Education Minister Letizia Moratti announced that she believed Darwin's theory should be abolished in secondary schools. The reaction was immediate; the minister had to abandon his intentions and create a commission headed by 1996 Nobel Prize laureate Rita Levi-Montalcini to work on a new draft school curriculum.
In September 2004, in Serbia, Minister Ljiljana Čolić ordered that Charles Darwin's theory of the origin of species be removed from the eighth grade curriculum in Serbia's secondary schools. The decision of Liljana Colic, a professor at the Faculty of Philology at the University of Belgrade, caused a wave of protest in scientific, teaching and teaching circles in Serbia. Several leading parties also protested, saying that “replacing the scientifically based theory of Darwin with church dogma” is throwing the country back centuries. The minister resigned, and Darwinism was not removed from textbooks. L. Colic subsequently explained that she was misunderstood, and that it was only about the need to clarify in which grade and to what extent Darwin’s theory should be taught at school.
In 2005, five primary school teachers in the southern Turkish city of Mersin were fined for teaching Darwinism and “violating the religious feelings of students.” The imam of the local mosque sent a complaint against the teachers to the Ministry of Education.

2. God as the creator of the world.
Orthodox dogmatic theology teaches that God is the First Cause, or the Author of the existence of the world. This means that the world, as the totality of all finite being existing in space and time, has the cause of its existence in God, and did not arise in any way by itself, causelessly or accidentally.
When it comes to the possibility of God's existence, the Bible says that there are people who have seen enough evidence and yet reject the truth about God. On the other hand, for those who want to know if there is a God, He says: “And seek Me and find Me, if you seek Me with all your heart. And I will be found by you."
Below are the arguments for the existence of God:
Throughout human history, in all cultures of the world, people have been confident in the existence of God.
Can anyone say with any certainty that all these people were wrong? Billions of people representing various sociological, intellectual, emotional, educational circles. They all came to the conclusion that there is a Creator, a God worthy of worship.
The complexity of the organization of our planet indicates the existence of a Creator who not only created our Universe, but maintains its existence today. The Earth has a perfect size. The size of the earth and its corresponding gravitational force holds a thin layer of mostly nitrogen and oxygen that extends only 50 miles above the earth's surface. Earth

This is the only planet known to us that is equipped with an atmosphere containing the necessary composition of gases to support plant, animal and human life.

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The complexity of the human brain proves the existence of an even more intelligent Creator behind it.
The human brain is capable of processing an amazing amount of information at once. Your brain perceives all the colors and objects you see, the temperature of the environment, your brain registers emotional reactions, thoughts and memories. At the same time, the brain controls processes occurring in your body, such as breathing, eyelid movement, hunger, and arm muscle movements.
Mere chance is not a sufficient explanation.
The famous astronomer Sir Frederick Hoyle showed how absurd, from a mathematical point of view, the random combination of amino acids in a human cell. Sir Hoyle illustrated the improbability of such an accident with the following analogy. What are the odds that a tornado would pass over a junk market that would contain all the parts of a Boeing 747, randomly form a plane out of those parts, and leave it there, ready to take off. The probability of this is so low that it can be ignored even if a tornado were to pass through enough landfills to fill the universe! God has revealed Himself not only in what we can observe in nature and in human life.
Archaeological excavations continue to confirm, rather than disprove, the accuracy of the Bible. For example, archaeological finds in northern Israel in August 1993 confirmed the existence of King David, the author of many of the Bible's Psalms. The Dead Sea Scrolls and other archaeological discoveries prove the historical accuracy of the Bible.

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3. The origin of man through long evolution.

Parapithecus

Orangutans

Dryopithecus

Chimpanzee

Reconstruction of the Parapithecus skull.

Dryopithecus.

Propliopithecus skull.
Front view.

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2. Pithecanthropus.
Sinanthropus.
Heidelberg Man.
(The most ancient people were ape people). 3. Neanderthal
(Ancient people).

4. Cro-Magnons.
(The first modern people.)

1.Australopithecus
A skillful man.
(Higher apes.)

Tools of Sinanthropus.

Human development.

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Sixth day of creation
“And God said, Let the earth produce living creatures according to their kinds, cattle and creeping things and wild beasts of the earth according to their kinds. And so it became. And God created the beasts of the earth according to their kinds, and the cattle according to their kinds, and every creeping thing that creeps on the earth according to their kinds. And God saw that it was good. And God said: Let us make man in our image, according to our likeness; and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the birds of the air, and over the livestock, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that moves on the earth. And God created man in His own image, in the image of God He created him; male and female he created them. And God blessed them, and God said to them: Be fruitful and multiply, and fill the earth, and subdue it... And it was so. And God saw everything that He had created, and behold, it was very good. And there was evening, and there was morning: the sixth day.” In the above passage we find a description of creation: animals were created on the same day as man and received the same habitat. The following groups of animals are listed: livestock (tamed mammals, not only herd animals, but also draft, pack and riding animals), reptiles (large and small crawling land animals) and other “beasts of the earth” (not tamed and sometimes even before the Fall - animals dangerous to humans, the rest of the animal world). Of course, what we have here is not a biological classification, but rather a division of the animal world according to its significance for humans.
Further, in the afternoon, the first man appears, the pinnacle of divine creation, the ruler of all nature created for him by God. What was new about man was that, along with body and soul, he possessed a spirit. He was the image and likeness of God, God himself breathed into him the breath of life.

4. The divine origin of man.

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Genesis contains two accounts of God's creation of man. The first one only says
1) about God’s decision to create man in God’s own image and likeness
2) about God's work in implementing this decision. Nothing is said about the materials and methods used.
The first story emphasizes more the purpose or rationale for the creation of man, namely: man should be fruitful, multiply, and have dominion over the earth. The second story is completely different: “And the Lord God created man from the dust of the ground, and breathed into his face the breath of life, and man became a living soul.” Here, how God created man comes to the fore. In relation to the status of the first pair of people, it was put forward and defended Whether Adam and Eve should be considered real historical persons or purely symbolic of various theories is a variety of questions. A sharp divergence of views exists on the issue of the figures. The traditional view is that they were real people and that the events of the biblical narrative actually occurred in space and time. It is, however, disputed by a number of theologians.

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5. Similarities between humans and animals.

In the beginning there was a great ocean, smoking on a hot bed. And in this hot womb an insoluble knot of life was tied: flesh pierced by breathing and beating.
(Maximilian Voloshin)

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First of all, a person belongs to the class of mammals and has all the characteristics of this class:
Four-chambered heart;
Constant body temperature;
Intrauterine development and live birth;
Feeding the cubs with milk;
Has hair;
The auricle, in the middle ear there are three auditory ossicles;
The teeth are divided into incisors, canines and molars;
The skeleton has 7 cervical vertebrae;
The presence of a diaphragm is a muscular partition between the thoracic and abdominal cavities.

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The kinship of man with animals, according to Darwin, is confirmed by the existence of rudiments and atavisms. A person has a large group of non-functioning organs:

Third eyelid (4)

Auditory tubercle (4)

Small crescent fold in the corner of the eye (third eyelid);
The tubercle on the inner edge of the helix (the remnant of the acute apex of the ear) is a Darwinian tubercle;

Coccyx – remains of the tail;
Sparse body hair – remnants of fur;
Subcutaneous muscle that moves the auricle in animals
Muscles that lift the hair

All these organs are useless for humans and remain in an underdeveloped form. Their existence can only be explained by the fact that they were inherited by man from his animal ancestors. In whom they were well developed and functioned normally.

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Darwin also showed that very rarely do people develop characteristics that are not found in humans, but are present in animals. These are atavisms - a return to distant ancestors.
Outer tail; Abundant hair covering the entire body, including the face;

Accessory nipples;
Claws on individual fingers;
Strongly developed fangs.
Wisdom teeth".

The existence of rudiments of atavisms is one of the most compelling evidence of the animal origin of humans. Therefore, not one of Darwin’s opponents could object to rudiments and atavisms.

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The most important difference between humans and animals is the ability to reflect, to know oneself. Only a person is able to “look at himself from the outside.”
(Teilhard de Chardin “The Phenomenon of Man.”)6. Differences between humans and animals.

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Based on the first two chapters of the book of Genesis, we can conclude that man is a special creation of God. The words of the Bible leave no room for the assumption that man descended from the animal kingdom. Man is a product of the third and final act of God; he is not an ennobled animal, but a representative of a completely different category of living beings. It was the non-recognition of this exceptionalism of man that led non-Christian philosophers to the idea of ​​the origin of man from animals. But the special world in which man, being a thinking being, lives, is inaccessible to plants and animals. So, what distinguishes humans from animals?
A person has the ability to think analytically, he
can reason and prove;
Man creates his own history, he can progress technically and intellectually;
Man is capable of communication through language and signs;
Man is a social being, he is capable of conscious communication with others, mutual understanding and living together.
Man is an economic being, he is capable of consciously managing the funds entrusted to him;
Man is an aesthetic being, he is endowed with the ability to appreciate beauty;
A person has a legal consciousness, so concepts such as crime and punishment are available to him;
Man has a moral consciousness. He can distinguish between good and evil;
Man knows what faith is.

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7. Is evolution finished now?
Believers condemn any attempt to raise the question of the continuation of human evolution. According to their worldview, they were created as the crown of creation and, as such, do not need further improvement.
Evolutionists are divided. On the one hand, yes, a necessary and sufficient condition for evolution is a gradual change in conditions in the area of ​​existence of a biological species. Firstly, it is significant enough that the species cannot exist in an unchanged form, and secondly, it is gradual enough so that it has time to adapt to changing conditions. This condition cannot be met in the modern world, because people artificially change ecosystems both locally and globally - no species can evolve at such a speed.
On the other hand, the selection of flora and fauna can be considered as directed artificial evolution - many new breeds of animals with valuable properties have been bred. Indeed, human activity is changing the environment very strongly and at lightning speed. The anthropogenic factor is gaining more and more power.
The Bible talks about disasters that God sent to earth in order to teach people a lesson. THE GLOBAL FLOOD
In the residence of the Armenian Catholicos in Etchmiadzin, a small piece of wood is kept, which is one of the main relics of the monastery. According to legend, this is a piece of the casing of Noah’s Ark, once given to the monastery by a monk who climbed the slopes of Ararat back in the time of Gregory the Illuminator.
The persistent myth of the Flood is a myth of all humanity. It is common among the peoples of Europe, Asia, North and South America. Today there is no longer any doubt that the consciousness of the peoples of the entire planet in time immemorial was shocked by a single global catastrophe.
Scientists have expressed many different hypotheses and assumptions, but they all agree on one thing: the striking coincidence of legends about the Great Flood, which were born thousands of kilometers apart, on different continents, among different peoples. All of them are based on a story about how a certain person, wanting to save living creatures on the planet, built a huge ship on which he gathered people and animals - “a pair of each creature.”

Slide number 22

SODOM AND GOMORRAH PUNISHED BY GOD.
The Old Testament speaks of two cities - Sodom and Gomorrah, whose inhabitants were mired in debauchery and were incinerated for their sins by fire sent from heaven. Both of these cities were located “in the Siddim Valley, where the Salt Sea is now,” precisely in the area of ​​future flooding, where archaeologists later discovered traces of silt deposits. To be more precise, they were located in a fertile valley at the mouth of the Jordan River.
Shepherds tended fat flocks of sheep and goats; twice a year, residents collected beautiful fruits from the vineyards, from which wine was made. In general, wine was the most favorite drink among the inhabitants of Sodom and Gomorrah, and everyone drank it, both old and young. Many people got drunk to the point of insensibility, fell right on the streets, and others, after drinking wine, indulged in vice and sin.
The Bible says that “the inhabitants of Sodom were wicked and greatly sinned before the Lord.” The inhabitants of Gomorrah and surrounding cities were also subject to the “sin of Sodom,” “like them they committed fornication and went after other flesh.”
The cry of Sodom and Gomorrah was very great and their sin was heavy, and God sent angels there to make sure whether the inhabitants of these two cities really acted so wickedly. Lot, Abraham's nephew, received the angels in his house, but the Sodomites besieged his house, demanding to hand over the strangers in order to “know” them.
“Then the Lord rained down upon Sodom and Gomorrah brimstone and fire from the Lord out of heaven, and overthrew these cities, and all the surrounding countryside, and all the inhabitants of these cities, and the growth of the earth” (Genesis 19:24-25). Now these two cities are not on any geographical map, but the names of the cities are quite specific. There are records of some pilgrims who claim that at one time they saw the ruins of houses and streets under the waters of the Dead Sea. The Dead Sea itself is quite large, its length reaches 76 kilometers, its width is seventeen, and its depth is 356 meters. It is drainless, that is, water does not flow out of it anywhere, and actively evaporates. And it is replenished by the waters of the Jordan River. Since the sea is located in the lowest part of the Ghor tectonic depression, geologists naturally assumed that its formation could have been caused by earth movements that caused the subsidence of the soil - the very same one on which Sodom and Gomorrah could have been located.

Slide No. 23

Here are a few examples that prove the scale of human activity:
THE DISAPPEARING ARAL.
Uncontrolled water intake, lack of water meters, and excessive irrigation standards (which were not scientifically corrected for years) led to an unjustifiably large waste of water. As a result, water does not improve the land, but destroys it. For example, in the Fergana Valley, hundreds of thousands of hectares of fields stood with a layer of water several meters deep.
Over twenty years, the Aral Sea has lost 640 cubic kilometers of water. The sea lost two-thirds of its volume and two-thirds of its area, but it was simply gigantic - blue without end and edge. Ships sailed from Mainak to Aralsk. Now the sea level has dropped by thirteen meters. The bare bottom of the Aral Sea (which is 2.6 million hectares) has turned into a man-made desert, which has already received a name - Aralkum. Billions of tons of toxic salts have accumulated here. From the desert bottom of the sea, millions of tons of salty and poisonous dust rise into the air, which the wind carries over long distances. As the sea dried up, dust storms became more frequent. Dust clouds are carried onto the glaciers of the Pamirs, Altai, Tien Shan, and this in turn changes the regime of the rivers that originate there. Perhaps the evolution of man as a species is completed. However, it continues in a different direction: the development of the mental and spiritual world of man.

For many years, the chemical DDT was used against wilt (cotton disease) in the fields of Central Asia. Its compound is very dangerous for humans, but in nature it practically does not decompose. DDT and other toxic chemicals have been washed off fields for years and accumulated in the sea. Now poisonous clouds are floating here.

Slide No. 24

SOLDIERS OF "CHELYABINSK CHERNOBYL".
At the end of September 1957, an explosion occurred at one of the top-secret facilities located in the “no name” city. The secret was hidden for more than thirty years, and for many years only those who were in the area of ​​the disaster knew about this explosion. Now the name of the “secret” city is known – Chelyabinsk, and the enterprise on whose territory the explosion occurred – the Mayak plant, which was also known as “Chelyabinsk-40”. Then the firstborn of the nuclear industry began to be called “Chelyabinsk-65”, now it is known as the city of Ozersk.
At that time, in September 1957, very little was known about the possible consequences of radiation. Scientists were at a loss about the causes of “invisible” death. And soldiers and officers of the internal troops units guarding the unusual enterprise were already dying from it.
The explosion occurred due to radiation overheating of one of the tanks for storing liquid high-level waste. For seven years, nuclear waste was disposed of in a very simple way - it was simply dumped into the Techa and Iset rivers. And then two more times (seven years each) the waste was dumped into Lake Karachay.

Slide No. 25

Conclusions and recommendations for using this work.
In this work, we presented the main milestones in human evolution from a scientific point of view and contrasted them with another version: the act of creation of man by a creator. The work notes the similarities between humans and animal organisms and presents humans as a special product of God’s creation.
A discussion about the origins of man makes it possible to determine his place in nature and, accordingly, his attitude towards it, on which our future largely depends.
We learned to search and analyze information, learned a lot about hypotheses of human origin. And we realized that this issue is very important and multifaceted. Each of us has formulated for ourselves a vision of this problem.
The novelty of our work lies in the fact that we used information technology to study this issue, which made it possible to enhance visibility and answer a large number of questions in the basic curriculum. For students, this manual:

It will provide an opportunity to imagine the appearance of man on Earth using the virtual world;

Slide 1

ORIGIN OF HUMAN AND FORMATION OF SOCIETY
MBOU "Lyceum No. 12", Novosibirsk teacher of the VKK Stadnichuk T.M.

Slide 2

They say that the ancient Greek philosopher Diogenes, on a bright sunny day, raising a lit lantern high above his head, walked around the city and peered intently at people. They asked him: “Who are you looking for, Diogenes?” “I’m looking for a person,” answered the philosopher...
The question of origin and ancestors has been of concern to people for a long time and remains relevant today.

Slide 3

THE SCIENCE OF HUMAN ORIGINS
Today, research into the process of human development is proceeding in three main directions: The branching of various lines from a common ancestor on a single scale of human development is being clarified, and the stages of the emergence of modern man are being identified. The biological prerequisites and genetic mechanisms of transformation of human ancestors and the formation of distinctive human properties are investigated. The general theory of anthropogenesis is clarified - the process of separating man from the animal world, sociogenesis is studied - the process of formation of society, anthroposociogenesis - a dual process of development of man and society

Slide 4

THE SCIENCE OF HUMAN ORIGINS
Sciences involved in the study of problems of human origin: history, philosophy, anthropology, psychology, genetics, cultural studies, demography. Scientific research into the process of human origin (anthropogenesis) began at the beginning of the 19th century. the publication of Charles Darwin’s book “The Descent of Man and Sexual Selection” (1871). F. Engels substantiated the position that it was labor that became the decisive factor in the transformation of the ancient ancestor of man into a social being. In the 20th century these ideas were combined into a general concept of the biosocial nature of man
CH. DARWIN

Slide 5

THE SCIENCE OF HUMAN ORIGINS
The theory of the cosmic nature of life is opposed to the generally accepted concept, which asserted the possibility of the spontaneous emergence of life from inanimate matter. The most probable idea is that life on our planet never originated, but was brought from space. When space spores and bacteria landed on Earth, its conditions turned out to be so favorable that they gave rise to biological evolution. This happened between 4.6 and 3.89 billion years ago.

Slide 6

EVOLUTION OF HOMINIDS
Modern science dates the beginning of the process of human development to the appearance of Ramapithecus (14-20 million years ago), a creature that lived in the savannah and used tools.
5-8 million years ago, Australopithecus appeared, widely using partially processed tools or those found in nature.

Slide 7

EVOLUTION OF HOMINIDS
From them, about 2 million years ago, came the first representative of the genus Homo - Homo habilis, or Homo habilis. He was the first of our ancestors who began to regularly make stone tools and switched to omnivory.
The species Homo erectus - Homo erectus appears 1-1.3 million years ago. He knew how to make quite advanced hunting tools, mastered fire, and apparently had speech.

Slide 8

EVOLUTION OF HOMINIDS
His direct descendant became Homo sapiens, or Homo sapiens (150-200 thousand years ago). At the stage of Cro-Magnon man (40-50 thousand years ago), he came quite close to the modern man, not only in physical appearance, but also in the level of intelligence, in the ability to organize collective forms of labor activity, to use highly developed speech, and also in the ability to experience a sense of compassion for one’s neighbor etc.

Slide 9

Cosmic factors (solar activity, change of the earth’s magnetic poles) Climatic factors (tectonic, seismic, volcanic and radiation disasters) Changes in the structure and structure of the brain (formation of one’s own behavior)

Slide 10

REASONS FOR EVOLUTIONARY CHANGES IN HOMINIDS
The influence of radiation on changing behavioral stereotypes (the transition from herbivorous to meat eating) Theory of stress (external and internal threats stimulated the development of hominids) The labor factor (labor as the most important factor in social development)

Slide 11

REASONS FOR EVOLUTIONARY CHANGES IN HOMINIDS
The human brain is structured in a more complex way than that of animals (two hemispheres are responsible for different functions; in animals, both hemispheres duplicate each other). In humans, both hemispheres operate differently.

Slide 12

REASONS FOR EVOLUTIONARY CHANGES IN HOMINIDS
All social factors of human development: labor, language, consciousness, morality, etc., are possible only in society. In other words, a person becomes fully human only in unity with other people

Slide 13

FORMATION OF SOCIETY
In the process of evolution, not only the way of behavior changed, but also the forms of organization of the human community. The first groups were unstable and were called a human herd (reminiscent of the behavior of higher animals): they hunted together, kept warm on cold days, fought for the female, continued the race and raised offspring

Slide 14

FORMATION OF SOCIETY
Collectives became more united and more stable, and a new form of joint life emerged—society. Simple societies: based on consanguinity, joint ownership of property, collective labor

Slide 15

FORMATION OF SOCIETY
Gradually, the structure of society becomes more complex: labor activity becomes more complex (more advanced tools, equipment and technologies), specialization of labor efforts, customs, taboos, beliefs, and myths were of particular importance

Slide 16

FORMATION OF SOCIETY
With the transition to a producing economy, to a sedentary way of life, social relations changed and became more complex: it was no longer relatives who lived in collectives, but fellow workers, relations of subordination and management, relations of exchange and alliances, etc. appeared.

Slide 17

FORMATION OF SOCIETY
Settlement of hominids around the globe At the same time, the number of people is increasing and the process of their settlement across the Earth is underway.

Slide 18

FORMATION OF SOCIETY
As life and relationships became more complex, the products of society and its values ​​developed: language, art, morality, religion. The experience of ancestors was accumulated and passed on from generation to generation. The decisive role of custom in the relationship between people, society and nature. Taboo is a system of prohibitions on certain actions. Totem is a complex of beliefs, myths, rituals and customs associated with the idea of ​​kinship between humans and animals and plants.

Slide 19

Humanity is a community of peoples inhabiting the Earth, uniting all representatives of homo sapiens. Ancient philosophers: Humanity is a common destiny, dating back to prehistoric times. The unity of humanity is manifested in the commandments of universal world religions. Humanity is identified with one or another cultural area, for example, “Hellenes” and “barbarians”

Slide 20

VIEWS ON THE ESSENCE OF HUMANITY
Enlightenment philosophers: Humanity as a single whole emerged gradually, at a certain historical time. Peoples gradually entered humanity. As a factor in the development of humanity, he put forward the factor of improving human abilities (J.J. Rousseau) “Humanity arises when this community is realized” (G. Lessing)

Slide 21

VIEWS ON THE ESSENCE OF HUMANITY
He proposed to correlate any action of a particular person with the idea of ​​humanity as a goal in itself, “humanity has much greater potential, the makings of greater perfection” than an individual person. (I. Kant) Religion became the basis for the unity of man (V.S. Solovyov)
V.S. SOLOVIEV
I. KANT

Slide 22

VIEWS ON THE ESSENCE OF HUMANITY
A set of tribes that feel internal unity and speak similar languages ​​is a historical type, that is, a certain isolated culture with unique characteristics. In this cultural-historical type the philosopher saw the highest and final expression of social unity (N.Ya. Danilevsky) There is no single humanity, peoples live in different time spaces. There are many cultures, not a single humanity (O. Spengler)
O. SPENGLER
N.Ya. DANILEVSKY

Slide 23

VIEWS ON THE ESSENCE OF HUMANITY
He connected the search for the meaning of an individual’s life with universal human history. He believed that victory over finitude and death of an individual is achieved by the immortality of humanity, the involvement of each person in this category through a real contribution to culture. (N.N. Trubnikov) The Earth is a single ship, humanity unites into a “collective of earthlings” (K. Tsiolkovsky, V.I. Vernadsky)
K.E. TSIOLKOVSKY
IN AND. VERNADSKY

Slide 24

VIEWS ON THE ESSENCE OF HUMANITY
Thus, if we summarize all the opinions of thinkers about humanity, we get the following diagram:
Common destiny of peoples, collective of earthlings
Collective concept. Universal human unity, bound by a mosaic of cultures
HUMANITY

Slide 25

CULTUROGENESIS
Humanity is the result of a biological and sociocultural revolution. The formation of culture is an integral part of the formation of man and humanity. The first form of cultural creativity was magic (worship in the form of rituals); Creativity is based on a person’s ability to create images, symbols, and models of upcoming actions. Social memory is gradually formed - a set of accumulated knowledge, values, forms of activity, etc.

Slide 26

CULTUROGENESIS
Culture is evidence of human effort and the result of purposeful labor. The river is nature, the canal is culture. A piece of quartz is nature, an arrowhead is culture. The groan is natural, the word is the heritage of culture. Smell is nature, aroma and perfumes are culture.
Culture is the specificity of exclusively human activity. Culture is “second nature”; it is always social.