The relationship between man and nature has a long history. For a long time, attempts to change nature and dominate it did not significantly affect the life of mankind and were not assessed in connection with the feasibility and danger for the planet. But the environmental disasters that began to accompany us everywhere proved that not a single serious intervention in the affairs of nature can pass without a trace and the end of the world can occur through the fault of humanity.
By choosing a profession related to nature, a person takes responsibility for how everything that surrounds us will develop. Professions related to nature are those professions whose subject of work are animals, plants and microorganisms.
These professions are related to agriculture, biology, geography and the food industry.
Psychologists, tourism and hotel business managers have a certain interest (but not the main one) in nature.
The peculiarity of biological objects of labor is that they are not only complex, but extremely changeable and non-standard.
All living organisms live, grow, go through stages of development, but also get sick and die.
An employee not only needs to know a lot about living organisms, but also needs to anticipate all the changes that may occur to them and these changes may be irreversible.
An employee in this field will need independence and initiative in solving specific problems, as well as foresight and care.
Also important for these professions is good human observation, the ability to navigate in unpredictable conditions, change goals, endurance and patience for lack of comfort.
Professions related to nature include the following.
- . Designers primarily deal with lawns, installation of garden furniture, garden paths and sanitary pruning of bushes and trees.
- Forest protection specialist or ranger. It is not necessary to obtain higher education. Almost every city has special services that work with forest pests. This could be, for example, a green space protection station.
- . He studies natural and man-made biological systems, develops measures to protect the environment, studies the influence of the environment on all living objects, and studies the influence of industrial waste on flora and fauna.
- Land cadastre specialist or surveyor. A land cadastre specialist keeps records of the quality and quantity of land, that is, he evaluates its fertility and location. - this is the same land surveyor. The main task of a surveyor is to study the slopes of the earth in order to correctly plan the placement of load-bearing structures of buildings and columns.
From the history of the holiday
World Environment Day (Ecologist's Day) was established December 15, 1972 at the initiative of the UN General Assembly to “draw public attention to the need to preserve and improve the environment.”
The choice of date was not accidental: on June 5, 1972, a special UN conference on environmental issues was held for the first time. Ecologist Day is a professional holiday for employees of the Ministry of Natural Resources, the Environmental Prosecutor's Office, environmental departments, as well as other public and private environmental organizations.
Traditionally, on this day many environmental events take place - conferences, round tables, forums and presentations, as well as public and environmental organizations organizing exhibitions of children's drawings, cleaning park areas, planting trees and other events aimed at attracting public attention to environmental problems and preserving our environment.
Over the years, the themes of World Environment Day were: “Only one Earth”, “Water is a key resource of life”, “Only one future for our children - development without destruction”, “Organization of the collection, disposal and disposal of hazardous waste: acid rain and energy”, “Tree for peace”, “Youth: population and environment”, “Climate change. The need for a global partnership", "Poverty and the environment - breaking the vicious circle", "One Earth - one family", "For the sake of life on Earth - save our seas", "Enter the World Wide Web of Life", "Green Cities": A Plan for planets!”, “We need seas and oceans! Alive, not dead”, “Forests: using the services of nature”, “Think. Eat. Save”, “Raise your voice, but not sea level!” and others.
Ecologist. Professionogram.
General characteristics of the profession
An ecologist is a specialist who comprehensively studies the impact of human activity on the environment and develops a set of environmental measures.
Nowadays, one of the most powerful factors influencing nature is human activity, the consequences of various human impacts on the living world (industrial pollution, agricultural production, urbanization, tourism, etc.).
Ecology is closely related to economics, legal and moral aspects of environmental management, and politics.
Modern ecology is not only a biological science, but, to a certain extent, also a social one.
Based on environmental laws, laws on nature protection, a system of reserves and wildlife sanctuaries, and Red Books with lists of plants and animals to be protected are developed.
Environmental knowledge is also necessary for the development of practical measures to protect the environment and human health (for example, when creating waste-free technology, in a system for monitoring environmental quality, etc.).
All this is done by specialists - ecologists.
The main place in their work is occupied by research activities.
An ecologist works in sanitary and hygienic, meteorological, scientific institutions, industrial enterprises, and environmental inspections.
Responsibilities of an ecologist:
Research of the state of water, land, air, observation of the life of plants and animals;
research into the influence of the natural environment and food on the health and well-being of people, their genetic apparatus;
identification and classification of current and potential sources of environmental hazards, determination of the influence of various factors on the environment of their nature, degree, scale, real and predicted consequences;
development of complexes of environmental protection measures, their implementation and monitoring of results;
determining the level of compliance of the condition of technical facilities with environmental standards and taking measures to introduce new equipment and technologies that comply with environmental standards.
The main goal of an ecologist's activity– organization of protection of the life and health of people, flora and fauna from the process and consequences of irrational and uncontrolled use by people of the achievements of science and technology.
Main subject of work- nature (study, research of the state and living conditions of humans, animals, plants), accompanying - sign systems (numbers, documents).
In his work, the ecologist uses material (instrumental) means of labor - manual (pen, pencil), mechanical and automatic, control and measuring instruments (chemical and physico-chemical analysis, gas analyzers, biotesters, recording equipment).
In addition, the main ones include its intangible (functional) means - analytical thinking, long-term memory; well-coordinated body, business speech, as well as senses - vision, hearing, smell, touch.
The work of an ecologist has a clearly defined nature and is carried out in accordance with the current ones:
job responsibilities;
legislative and regulatory legal acts;
methodological and guidance materials, environmental standards;
decrees, orders, orders, instructions relating to environmental protection and rational use of natural resources.
The work of an ecologist is organized in such a way that the fulfillment of work tasks depends on the process and result of the actions of other people (team members, specialists from other contact departments).
Functionally, the ecologist is the organizer of his own work - he plans it, distributes the load, changes the methods of performing and solving problems according to changing circumstances.
The ecologist has few contacts - with work colleagues and representatives of related organizations that are connected by common labor functions.
An ecologist has increased responsibility for the life and health of people, animals, and plants.
An ecologist works both in comfortable conditions - indoors (a desk with a PC and communications equipment), and outdoors in constant movement - these are trips to expeditions, nature reserves, and work in field teams.
The following factors can contribute to psychophysiological tension in the work of an ecologist:
increased responsibility for the life and health of humans, animals and plants;
physical exercise;
work in harmful conditions (air pollution, water and soil pollution, vibration, high humidity);
work outdoors.
Requirements of the profession for the individual abilities of a specialist:
Neuropsychic stability;
analytical thinking;
good long-term and short-term memory;
physical endurance.
Requirements of the profession for the personal abilities and qualities of a specialist:
Stress-resistant;
personal organization;
observation;
ability to make decisions;
organizational skills.
Medical contraindications:
The work of an ecologist is not recommended for people with the following diseases:
neuropsychic;
musculoskeletal system;
allergic;
upper respiratory tract;
digestive organs;
visual analyzer.
Pre-vocational education
Knowledge of biology, chemistry, Russian language and literature is required as part of the school curriculum.
Professional education
Ecological professions are taught in institutions of higher professional education.
Related professions
Laboratory ecologist, biologist, sanitary doctor, meteorologist.
Educational institutions specializing in “Ecologist”
The Faculty of Natural Geography was formed in October 1932, at the same time the Department of Chemistry was created. In 1934, a joint department of botany and zoology was organized, which in 1940 was divided into the departments of botany and zoology. In 1960, the Department of Geography was founded in connection with the opening of the specialty “history and geography”, and in 1963 the faculty received the name of natural geography. In 2012, the faculty celebrated the 80th anniversary of its activities.
Currently, the faculty is a center for training specialists: biologists, geographers, teachers (teachers of biology, geography, chemistry).
The faculty structure includes 5 departments (Department of Botany and Plant Ecology, Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Department of Geography, Department of Chemistry, Department of Life Safety and Biomedical Disciplines), problem laboratories (environmental studies, regional studies, GIS laboratory), zoological museum , resource center for collective use Herbarium of Pskov State University, biological station - in the Gdovsky district (village of Pnevo).
BACHELOR'S DEGREE
Teacher Education
profile "Biology and Chemistry" (full-time study, 5 years)
Biology
profile "Bioecology" (full-time study, 4 years)
Aquatic biological resources and aquaculture (full-time study, 4 years)
MASTER'S PROGRAM
Teacher Education
profile "Theory and methods of teaching biology and chemistry" (full-time study, 2 years)
Biology
profile "Ecology" (full-time study, 2 years)
The Department of General Ecology is one of the youngest departments of the faculty,
it was created in mid-1999.
The department is equipped with modern teaching aids and equipment for the effective implementation of educational and research processes, a modern computer class has been created, on the basis of which the department conducts the general faculty course “Mathematical methods in biology”. The department runs a permanent scientific seminar “Population and system ecology”; The employees of the department have created and maintained the scientific and educational portal “Fundamental Ecology”, the information system “Ecology of Fresh Waters in Russia and Adjacent Countries”, and the website “Vasily Vasilyevich Nalimov - an outstanding scientist, mathematician and philosopher”.
Professional periodicals
International scientific journal "Ecology" (Russian Journal of Ecology)
http://ipae.uran.ru/ecomag/
The magazine "Ecology" was founded in 1970.
Frequency - 6 issues per year.
Since 1973, the journal "Ecology" has been translated into English.
The journal publishes reviews and original articles from all over the world on completed materials of fundamental research in all areas of theoretical and experimental ecology in the classical sense of the term, i.e. science about the relationships of living organisms and their communities with their environment.
The journal "Ecology" is currently a recognized authoritative Russian publication that publishes original scientific articles on problems of theoretical and experimental ecology.
The most important topics:
studying the structure of populations in various environmental conditions,
homeostasis, adaptation and resistance to stress,
problems of biodiversity and ecosystem stability,
main types of variability of morpho-physiological characteristics of different species,
anthropogenic impact on living organisms and ecosystems, 6. radioecology,
new research methods.
The journal also publishes short reports, chronicles of international and Russian conferences and symposia on environmental problems, reviews and reviews of new books.
Full-text versions of articles are available by subscription on the website of the electronic scientific library elibrary.ru
Newspaper "Society and Ecology"
http://www.ecogazeta.ru/
The newspaper has been published since May 1999 and is published monthly.
The newspaper is distributed free of charge by delivery to administrative, informational, legislative, political, environmental and other structures, as well as at conferences, exhibitions and seminars.
Each issue of the newspaper is sent electronically via a database to scientific, public, environmental organizations, administrative institutions, legislative and executive authorities, to the editorial offices of newspapers, magazines, television and radio companies, Internet sites - more than 500 recipients.
Topics covered by the newspaper: environmental culture, environmental education, environmental legislation, energy, construction, protection of forests and green spaces, eco-villages, air condition, clean water, soil condition, soils, survey and environmental activities, nature conservation, green youth issues, development of environmental journalism, household and industrial waste, agriculture, nuclear energy, information policy, religious and ideological issues, eco-policy, eco-tourism, press tours and much more.
The site contains an archive of newspaper issues in PDF format since 2011.
Books and articles about the profession of ECOLOGIST
Klepa chooses a profession. Ecologist: almanac // Klepa. – 2001. – No. 7 (70). – P. 2-32.
What does an ecologist do? What is the biosphere? How did the greenhouse effect arise? Who is to blame for the appearance of ozone holes? Why does acid rain occur? How to keep the planet clean?
Klepa develops smart solutions to environmental problems.
The almanac also contains the comic book “Klepa and Ecological Balance”.
Kolozaridi, P. Become a professional “green” / P. Kolozaridi // Entrant. – 2009 - No. 9. – P. 22-24.
In the 20th century, there was a need to take special care of nature. The ecologist has become a specialist in demand in a variety of fields. The article will tell you how to become an ecologist and where a person with such a profession can apply himself.
Romanova E. S. 99 Popular professions: psychology. analysis and professionograms / E. S. Romanova. - 2nd ed. - St. Petersburg. : Peter, 2003. - 460 p.
On pp. 423-426 there is a professiogram of the profession “Ecologist”.
Shalaeva, G. P. Big book of professions for the little ones / G. P. Shalaeva. - M.: Slovo: Eksmo, 2005. - 239 p.
On pp. 226-227 the profession of ecologist is described.
Books about ecology
Geography of the Pskov region: Nature, population, economy: textbook. allowance for 8-9 grades. / ed. A. G. Manakova. - 2nd ed., rev. and additional - Pskov: POIPKRO, 2000. - 199 p.
P. 160-165 contains the topic “Ecological problems”, which talks about how vegetation is changing, the air, water and soil of the Pskov region are being polluted.
Greshnevikov A.N. Ecological primer: [for environments. and art. school age] / Greshnevikov A.N. - M.: Ecos-inform, 1995. - 73 p.
The Ecological Primer is the first book that will teach environmental literacy and help prepare conversations on ecology and environmental protection with middle and high school students.
The primer tells us how to preserve our native land, plants and animals, fields and forests, and restore purity to the seas and rivers, land and air.
After each chapter there are practical tasks.
The purpose of the classes is to introduce children to nature conservation and awaken in the children a sense of responsibility for everything living and inanimate on earth, to show with specific examples that the health of the planet largely depends on the interaction of humans with nature.
Local history and nature conservation / Pskov. state ped. Institute; Pskov. region Institute for Advanced Training of Education Workers. - Pskov: [b. i.], 1993. - 217 p. - Bibliography: p. 212-215.
P. 3-36 contains the chapter “Ecology and Nature Conservation”, dedicated to the environmental situation in the Pskov region, the state of the Pskov-Chudskoye Lake ecosystem, environmental forecasting and much more.
Molodova L.P. Playful environmental activities with children: educational method. allowance / L. P. Molodova. - M.: TsGL, 2003. - 128 p.
The manual offers 54 developments of play activities for children aged 2 to 12 years and older to educate children about environmental culture.
To provide an accessible explanation of environmental problems, the content of the lessons includes a variety of games, extensive literary and folklore material.
Many classes can be conducted not only with preschoolers and primary schoolchildren, but also with children of middle school age.
The manual is intended for teachers of kindergartens, orphanages, boarding schools, after-school groups, school teachers, organizers of children's leisure, as well as students of pedagogical schools and universities.
Pryadko, K. A. Ecology: a schoolchild’s dictionary / K. A. Pryadko. - St. Petersburg. : Litera, 2006. - 63 p. - (Concepts and definitions).
The dictionary contains basic concepts and definitions for the ecology course for high school. The material is selected in accordance with the requirements of the curriculum and is arranged in alphabetical order in the form of dictionary entries.
Using a dictionary, you can consolidate the knowledge gained in class, test yourself and prepare for tests, and simply glean interesting information.
The dictionary is intended for secondary school students, university students, as well as for anyone interested in ecology.
Ryanzhin S.V. Ecological primer: book. for classes with children at school. / Ryanzhin S.V. - St. Petersburg. : Pit-Tal, 1996. - 184 p. - Bibliography: p. 182. -ISBN 5-72-61051-18
The "Primer" sets out the basics of knowledge on modern ecology in a simple and accessible form.
Scenarios dedicated to World Environment Day (Ecologist's Day)
1. Peshkun, L. G. Eco-rainbow: June 5 - World Environment Day: for children 9 years old / L. G. Peshkun // Books, notes and toys for Katyushka and Andryushka. – 2015. - No. 4. – P. 56-58.
The team game scenario contains tasks to compose a three-sentence story about the danger to nature hidden in it, name and draw the animal according to the description, write gratitude to the sun for everything that it gives to nature and man, and much more.
2. Astafieva, A. A. Nature is our home: an ecological matinee for children 6-7 years old / A. A. Astafieva // Books, notes and toys for Katyushka and Andryushka. – 2014. - No. 4. – P. 57-59.
This event scenario for preschoolers is dedicated to World Environment Day.
3. Yunda, N. N. Environmental court / N. N. Yunda, M. I. Chernysh // Class teacher. – 2012. No. 7. – P. 99-102.
The proposed scenario in the form of a court hearing to hear a case about planet pollution is intended to form students' ideas about the aggravation of the environmental situation and the development of students' environmental culture.
4. Loboda, O. V. Be a man, man! : June 5 – Ecologist Day: for children 8-10 years old / O. V. Loboda // Books, sheet music and toys for Katyushka and Andryushka. – 2012. - No. 4. – P. 30-32.
The event scenario contains educational information about ecology, the Red Book of Russia and interactive tasks for children, which help to develop respect and love for nature among the event participants.
Poems about ecologist and ecology
green nature,
All the birds and animals
Ecologist protects
With my care.
He tells the people
Worried and loving:
"Who will save nature -
He will save himself."
Let the sea be clean
The fields are blooming,
Let him not know grief
Beloved Earth.
Profession "Ecologist" on the TV channel "PROSVESCHENIE"
Protecting the environment has become fashionable in recent years. There are those who, in this pursuit, go much further than loud calls and slogans - these are people who have made love for nature and a responsible attitude towards its gifts their profession. Forestry Engineer Portrait This profession has more to do with biology than with engineering as such. A forest protection engineer develops and implements planned measures to monitor the condition of forest plantations. Records changes occurring in the territory under his control and analyzes them. For example, it examines the reasons for the emergence of new populations of forest pests, qualitative and quantitative changes in the composition of trees, shrubs and plants, etc. Education Two specialties are suitable for future forest rulers: “Forest Engineering” and “Forestry and Forest Park Management”. Universities in the capital region rarely provide training in these areas, which is not surprising: large forest areas are concentrated mainly in the east and northeast of the country. But in Moscow there is a leading specialized university in the industry - the Moscow State Forestry University. What you need to know and be able to do A forest is a living organism, with its own characteristics, specific development and problems. To succeed in the profession, it is necessary to have both specific knowledge of botany and biology, and more general skills, mainly aimed at forest management. For example, know the systems and methods of state forest management, methods of protecting forests from pests and diseases, technologies for diagnosing the condition of forest plantations, etc. Location Engineers of this profile are required in forestry, nature reserves, parks, and landscape monuments. The average salary of a specialist is low: depending on the region, a forest protection engineer can count on 15-25 thousand rubles. The second career option is to work in various regulatory and environmental government organizations. In this case, the benefits of the social package help to “put up with” the relatively low salary. Cartographer Portrait Compiles maps of various purposes and scales based on the analysis of photo and video shooting, measurement, graphic and text data. Geodesy technologies are constantly being improved, so the main activity of surveyors and cartographers is the development of new working methods that make it possible to display the terrain in as much detail and reliability as possible. Education When studying Cartography, the main emphasis is on drawing maps. In “Applied Geodesy” - on issues of measuring territories, land law and issuing construction permits. For example, students at the Faculty of Urban Cadastre of the State University of Land Management study both ground-based methods of surveying areas, as well as computer technologies for processing aerial and space images, geomorphology and soil science. What you need to know and be able to In order to correctly collect and, most importantly, systematize geodetic information, knowledge from a number of natural sciences, humanities, technical and applied disciplines is required. Personal qualities that are indispensable in the profession are observation, responsibility, interest, perseverance. Place of action Graduates of GUZ, MIIGAiK, MSU work in the State Committee on Land, Moscow and regional land resources committees (dealing with issues of land use for agricultural or housing construction purposes), real estate agencies and technical inventory bureaus, cadastral bureaus. They rarely look for specialists from government agencies “by advertisement”: talented students are usually noticed while still a student. But you can get a job in a commercial one yourself. Meteorologist Portrait Collects and organizes data on weather changes, as a result of which a forecast is made. It often works in difficult conditions and remote regions. Education Specialties “Meteorology”, “Hydrometeorology”, “Meteorology, climatology, agrometeorology” are quite rare. In order to successfully master the course, a student needs knowledge of physics, chemistry, geography, drawing, and mathematics. During training, special emphasis is placed on geodesy, topography and meteorology itself. What you need to know and be able to Do Future meteorologists should carefully watch the film “How I Spent This Summer.” The film takes place on an island located in the Arctic Ocean, where two people work at a polar station - station chief Sergei and intern Pavel. The basic principles of work are conveyed in the film: observations must be carried out at clearly defined time intervals, and work must be done most often at points remote from civilization. Before choosing this profession, you need to make sure that you have a certain set of personal qualities. For example, analytical skills, scrupulousness, the ability to tolerate loneliness, a tendency to observe, discipline and accuracy. Place of action The main places of work are meteorological stations and centers, most often state-owned. There are hydrometeorological centers in almost every city and, according to employees, specialists are constantly needed. But the salaries of ordinary meteorologists, especially beginners, are low: 15-20 thousand rubles. In applied fields, such as television, you can earn more. Another field of activity is research centers and institutes. Ecologist Portrait An ecologist does a lot of things: from calculating permissible emissions from enterprises into the environment to Arctic expeditions to protect rare animals. Education Environmental engineers are trained in “Ecology and environmental management”, “Engineering environmental protection”. At the Faculty of Ecology and Environmental Management of the Moscow State University of Environmental Management, students are engaged in environmental assessment of soils, landscape planning, physical and chemical methods of water purification, in order to later find themselves in Rosprirodnadzor, the structures of Mosvodokanal or the Federal Agency for Water Resources. What you need to know and be able to do Ecology is at the intersection of several sciences (physics, chemistry, geography and biology). The queen of sciences, mathematics, is also not ignored. Calculations, without which no industrial project is unthinkable, are based on strict formulas. An important component of the professional success of an ecologist is impeccable computer literacy. Most modern equipment is high-tech and includes microelectronics. Scene Environmental engineers work on the staff of large and not very industrial enterprises and various government monitoring and certification organizations. Ecologists are also required in environmental structures, public organizations and committees, and expert companies. The level of wages in all these structures is extremely heterogeneous. The work of an environmental expert is most highly valued: 50–70 thousand rubles per month. Environmental engineers at enterprises earn 30-40 thousand. And employees of various public organizations often work for ideas and private grants.
Plan
Introduction ..................... ................................ .. ......................... ............ 2
1. Historical background of environmental education ............ 4
2. Environmental activities in kindergarten as
an effective form of educating environmental awareness
and moral culture of preschool children. ........................... .......... 6
Conclusion ….................. .............................. .............................. .......... 14
Bibliography …............................. .................. ............ ................ 15
Application ….................. .............................. .............................. ......... 16
Introduction
She spares us nothing
Giving your priceless gifts,
And he asks only one thing in return:
So that people would be kind to her.
E.Firebloom
The poetess dedicated these beautiful lines to our one and only, unique, beautiful planet Earth. The planet that is the cradle of all humanity. To a planet that is so kind and generous. To the planet that we, people, have been unfairly offending, humiliating and destroying lately...
Environmental education is the education of morality, spirituality, and intelligence. Philosophers, poets, artists of all times and peoples have paid tribute to this eternal and always relevant topic. But, perhaps, it has never been as acute as in our days, when the threat of an environmental crisis, and perhaps a catastrophe, hangs over humanity and the problem of greening human material and spiritual activity has become a vital necessity, one of the conditions for preserving what is common to all.
Nature reacts in a unique way to the violent invasion of humans into its territory: various species of animals and plants are rapidly disappearing on the planet, and the vacated places are filled with harmful and dangerous organisms, including pathogens; The recent increase in allergic and neuropsychiatric diseases is typical, and the number of children with congenital anomalies is growing.
For centuries, man has been a consumer in relation to nature: he lived and used its gifts without thinking about the consequences. And therefore, now there is an urgent need to protect nature from its unjustifiably barbaric destruction and pollution, and to instill in people a caring attitude towards it. And you need to start with the little ones. It is in preschool age that the acquisition of the basics of environmental knowledge is most productive, since the child perceives nature very emotionally, as something living. The influence of nature on a child is enormous: it greets the baby with a sea of sounds and smells, secrets and riddles, makes him stop, take a closer look, and think. The beauty of the surrounding world gives rise to a feeling of attachment to the place where you were born and live, and, ultimately, love for the Fatherland.
“Fish is water, bird is air, beast is forest, steppe, mountains. But man needs a homeland. And protecting nature means protecting the homeland.” So said the Russian writer Mikhail Prishvin.
Environmental education of preschool children involves:
- fostering a humane attitude towards nature (moral education);
-formation of a system of environmental knowledge and ideas (intellectual development);
-development of aesthetic feelings (the ability to see and feel the beauty of nature, admire it, the desire to preserve it).
-participation of children in activities feasible for them to care for plants and animals, to protect and protect nature.
Revealing the beauty of nature to a child and teaching him to see it is a difficult task. To do this, the teacher himself must be able to live in harmony with nature, and the children must be ready to imitate his every movement. Children are very observant and attentive to the words of the teacher, they are good at distinguishing between positive and negative in the actions of adults. Ecological education, sincere love for nature means not only a certain state of mind, the perception of its beauty, but also its understanding and knowledge.
Thus, the most important condition for the successful implementation of an integrated approach is the creation of an environment in which adults, by personal example, demonstrate to children the correct attitude towards nature and actively, to the best of their ability, participate together with children in environmental activities.
1. Historical background of environmental education
All outstanding thinkers and teachers of the past attached great importance to nature as a means of raising children. J.A. Komensky saw in nature a source of knowledge, a means for the development of the mind, feelings and will.
K.D. Ushinsky was in favor of “leading children into nature” in order to tell them everything that was accessible and useful for their mental and verbal development.
The ideas of introducing preschoolers to nature were further developed in the theory and practice of Soviet preschool education in articles and methodological works (O. Ioganson, A. A. Bystrov, R. M. Bass, A. M. Stepanova, E. I. Zalkind, E. I.Volkova, E.Gennings, etc.). For a long time, methodological manuals by M.V. Luchich, M.M. Markovskaya, and recommendations by Z.D. Sizenko were of great help to practitioners of preschool education; More than one generation of educators studied from S.A. Veretennikova’s textbook. A major role was played by the work of leading teachers and methodologists, whose focus was the formation of observation as the main method of getting to know the environment, accumulating, clarifying and expanding reliable information about nature (Z.D. Sizenko, S.A. Veretennikova, A.M. Nizova , L.I.Pushnina, M.V.Luchich, A.F.Mazurina, etc.).
Research that began to be carried out in the 1950s in the departments of preschool pedagogy at pedagogical institutes played a great role in the scientific substantiation of the method of getting to know nature. One of the first, a study by E.I. Zalkind, devoted to introducing preschoolers to birds, showed how important the correct organization of sensory perception of natural objects is: thoughtful guidance of observations gives children many impressions, which are transformed into specific and generalized ideas and contribute to the development of speech.
In the early 1970s, pedagogical research began to be conducted, which later became the core of the theoretical and experimental substantiation of the methodology of environmental education for preschool children. This was due to new ideas initiated by the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences. Child psychologists (V.V. Davydov, D.B. Elkonin, etc.) proclaimed the need to: 1) complicate the content of training - introducing theoretical knowledge into it that reflects the laws of the surrounding reality; 2) building a system of knowledge, the assimilation of which would ensure the effective mental development of children.
The implementation of this idea in the field of preschool education, which was supposed to ensure good preparation of children for school, was carried out by A.V. Zaporozhets, N.N. Poddyakov, L.A. Venger (Research Institute of Preschool Education of the APN). Psychologists have substantiated the position that preschool children can master a system of interrelated knowledge that reflects the laws of one or another area of reality if this system is accessible to visual-figurative thinking, which prevails at this age.
In preschool pedagogy, research began on the selection and systematization of natural history knowledge, reflecting the leading patterns of living (I.A. Khaidurova, S.N. Nikolaeva, E.F. Terentyeva, etc.) and inanimate nature (I.S. Freidkin, etc. ). In studies devoted to living nature, the leading pattern was chosen as the one that governs the life of any organism, namely the dependence of the existence of plants and animals on the external environment. These works marked the beginning of an ecological approach to introducing children to nature.
The last decade of the twentieth century can be called the time of development of two significant processes from an environmental point of view: the deepening of the planet’s environmental problems to a crisis state and their understanding by humanity. Abroad and in Russia during this period, the formation of a new educational space took place - a system of continuous environmental education: conferences, congresses, seminars were held, programs, technologies, educational and methodological aids were created for various categories of students.
In our country, a general Concept of continuous environmental education has been formed, the initial link of which is the sphere of preschool education.
It is at the stage of preschool childhood that the child receives emotional impressions about nature, accumulates ideas about different forms of life, i.e. the fundamental principles of ecological thinking and consciousness are formed in him, and the initial elements of ecological culture are laid. But this happens only under one condition: if the adults raising the child themselves have an ecological culture - they understand the problems common to all people and are concerned about them, show the little person the beautiful world of nature, and help establish relationships with him.
2. Environmental activities in kindergarten as an effective form of educating environmental consciousness and moral culture of preschool children.
The natural world is the human habitat. He is interested in preserving the integrity, purity, harmony of nature and preventing disturbances in biological interaction and balance.
Nature is an object of knowledge and aesthetic attitude for people. Its phenomena are aesthetically perfect and bring deep spiritual pleasure to an aesthetically developed person. Penetration into its secrets contributes to the formation of a scientific worldview. This determines the need for universal, compulsory, primary environmental education, which lays the foundations of human ecological culture.
Ecological consciousness includes environmental knowledge: facts, information, conclusions, generalizations about the relationships and exchanges occurring in the world of animals and plants, as well as in their habitat and in the environment in general. Its components are aesthetic feelings and environmental responsibility. Environmental consciousness includes the willful aspirations of a person aimed at protecting nature and actively combating violators of environmental protection legislation.
Ecological consciousness performs important functions. The educational function helps children understand nature as the human environment and as aesthetic perfection. The younger generation is instilled with the idea of the need to use environmental knowledge in order to preserve nature and prevent dangerous and irreversible disruption of the ecological balance. The developmental function is realized in the process of developing in children the ability to comprehend environmental phenomena, establish connections and dependencies that exist in the world of plants and animals; draw conclusions, generalizations and conclusions regarding the state of nature; give recommendations for reasonable interaction with her. The educational function of environmental consciousness is manifested in the formation of a moral and aesthetic attitude towards nature in preschoolers. A sense of duty and responsibility organically merges with a sense of admiration and the beauty of the real world. This encourages children to take environmental action. The organizing function is to stimulate active environmental activities of preschool children. The development of environmental culture and environmental consciousness helps children understand and realize what the violation of environmental processes leads to; which actions are environmentally neutral, and which activities need to be carried out to benefit nature.
Effective implementation of the function of environmental consciousness leads to the formation of an ecological culture among preschoolers. It includes environmental knowledge, a deep interest in environmental activities, its competent implementation, the wealth of moral and aesthetic feelings and experiences generated by communication with nature.
Ecological consciousness as an important part of schoolchildren’s worldview is formed in the process of environmental education. It represents a systematic pedagogical activity aimed at developing children’s environmental education and upbringing; accumulation of environmental knowledge, formation of skills and abilities to work in nature, awakening of high moral and aesthetic feelings, acquisition of highly moral personal qualities and strong will in carrying out environmental work. Environmental education is carried out as a result of targeted training. Preschoolers, in the process of carrying out various activities, are enriched with environmental knowledge. Moral and aesthetic education focuses children's attention on caring for nature, love for it, and the ability to enjoy its beauty. Socially useful work accustoms children to environmental work. This interrelation and conditionality of various types of activities determine the system of environmental education. The goal of the system is to develop children’s environmental consciousness as a set of knowledge, thinking, feelings and will; in the formation of their ecological culture; readiness for active environmental protection activities.
In the formation of environmental consciousness of schoolchildren, their socially useful environmental work: caring for pets and plants in a living area, working together with the teacher in the kindergarten garden, cleaning the area during cleanup days in spring and autumn, caring for birds in the cold season. The tourist and excursion form of environmental activities (trips to nature, nature reserves, parks, excursions to the botanical garden, etc.) is inextricably linked with the environmental activities of children. These trips teach children to observe the rules of behavior in recreation areas, in forests and rivers, to observe the state of nature, and to accumulate impressions for artistic expression in their own literary, musical, and visual arts.
Thus, we can conclude that environmental activities play a huge role in the environmental education of a child. One of the most important human qualities that environmental activities develop is developing a caring attitude towards nature.
Scientists note that already at the age of three, a child begins to develop his own attitude towards various aspects of the surrounding reality, which is based mainly on the knowledge gained from interaction with adults. This attitude is expressed primarily through caring for people and nature. It must be taken into account that moral models of attitude towards nature should be presented to the child not only in the form of ready-made knowledge about norms and rules of behavior, but also through practical forms of interaction with the natural environment (B.T. Likhachev). Preschoolers are able to verbally express their attitude towards the world around them, are able to verbalize desires, needs, the state and mood of natural objects, and also show a caring attitude in action. For example, seeing the need of a living organism for something, a child strives to satisfy it, i.e. Show caring in action (change the animal’s bedding, pour water, add food). In addition, when addressing an animal, the child speaks affectionately to it.
Caring is an integrative quality. It depends on many components: hard work, altruism, responsibility, perseverance, efficiency, empathy. All these qualities are developed in children during practical environmental activities. With the help of various forms and methods of environmental activities, children unnoticed by themselves become involved in this activity and develop in themselves the need for its implementation. What forms of environmental activities can be carried out in kindergarten? Studying the experience of kindergartens actively working on environmental education programs, the author identified several effective, interesting forms of environmental activities for both children and adults themselves.
Arouses considerable interest and desire in children work in a corner of nature on caring for indoor plants, fish, parrots, and turtles, which helps foster kindness and a sense of constant care for those who live next to them. Starting to be on duty, preschoolers examine a corner of nature and determine which of its inhabitants needs help. They treat both animals and plants with equal attention. In the process of work, they reason: “The hamster, just like us, likes to be taken care of. The parrot is bored and wants to talk to us. The canary has run out of water, we need to give it a drink” (from the experience of a kindergarten). Communication with animals and plants (any living organism of nature) is very useful for children in terms of emotional and environmental development. Even episodic, but emotional contact with animals has a beneficial effect on the child, shaping his attitude towards the inhabitants of nature.
Already traditional, but no less interesting and effective, is the work carried out on the site of the kindergarten, where the vegetable garden, flower garden, and berry garden are located. Various tree species can be grown on the sites, including fruit trees. Children work in the garden with pleasure: they dig up the beds, loosen them, plant potatoes, onions, carrots, cereals, flowers and willingly take care of them. In the fall, they can harvest their own crops. Vegetables. greens can be used as pet food. This helps to cultivate kindness in children and teaches them to take care of pets. No one will deny that this kind of “children’s gardening” develops both a love of nature and work.
To cultivate caring, it is good to organize collective work. For example, making bird feeders, updating birdhouses for spring. Collective work unites the children in their desire to take care of living beings, unites them with a common motivation to help and take care of others.
One of the most effective forms of environmental work is participation in environmental events, which have a great educational impact on children. For example, “March of Parks”, “Earth Day”, “Clean”, “Feed the Birds”, “Plant a Tree”, “Christmas Tree” and others (from the experience of kindergartens). The purpose of these actions is to attract the attention of young citizens to the problem of wildlife conservation through the example of providing assistance to protected areas (for example, nature reserves, parks), birds, animals, plants in nearby natural areas. During these events, children, together with adults, take part in spring/autumn cleaning, landscaping, and caring for birds. If it is not possible to carry out such events at the city or district levels, then with no less effectiveness such environmental holidays can be held on the territory of the kindergarten, in adjacent residential courtyards. You can also provide various prizes, badges with thematic emblems - this is a kind of gratitude for a job well done. This gives children a joyful feeling of celebration, a sense of self-worth and pride in the work done. After all, they are involved in real adult activities!
A very interesting, impressive and effective way of environmental activities is visiting nature reserves, parks, and botanical gardens. When conducting excursions, you should always pay special attention to the environmental aspect, note the positive and negative impact of humans on nature, and together with the children try to find ways to solve the problem. During these excursions, children learn to see and understand nature, they begin to realize what dangers may threaten animals and plants in the modern world, why it is necessary to protect and protect them. Children will learn how a person can influence the state of nature, how and with what he can help and protect it. In addition to traditional excursions around the territory of the kindergarten, to the forest, to the park, you can, of course, with parental or sponsorship help, visit a household waste recycling plant (if there is one in the city), where children will have the opportunity to see what can be made from ordinary plastic bottles and other household waste. During a visit to the botanical garden, you can (by agreement with the director) conduct thematic classes there: for example, “Northern nature”, “Plants of hot countries”, “Cacti”, “Plants - predators”. Children will have the opportunity to participate in ecology classes directly in the greenhouse, master theoretical knowledge and practical skills in communicating with nature directly in one of the main objects of human environmental activity.
To attract the attention of the population to environmental problems, you can organize a propaganda campaign: together with parents and children, develop and distribute leaflets and propaganda leaflets in the neighborhood. Adults can develop leaflet texts. and the guys will make drawings for them.
You can organize an environmental competition-exhibition “Clean City Through the Eyes of Children.” For the competition, posters, drawings, and crafts from waste material can be made, poems, fairy tales, and leaflets on environmental issues can be written. This could be organized as a family activity at home followed by a daycare party. Competitions on the topics “The second life of a plastic bottle”, “Competition of environmental ditties”, “Autumn bouquet” and others will be interesting. The value of such competitions lies in the fact that parents and children are united by one idea and become like-minded people in the cause of protecting and conserving nature.
Another form of environmental education and promotion of environmental knowledge is environmental theater. A propaganda team is organized, costumes are sewn, thematic sketches and scripts are drawn up. Such a propaganda team can speak at parent meetings and in other kindergartens, schools, boarding schools, and children's centers. This work has a great impact on both the participants themselves and their viewers. They receive motivation to actively participate in the process of protecting nature and improving the environmental situation, and a feeling of concern for the state of the environment appears.
To summarize, we can say that environmental activities can be very diverse, entertaining, and exciting. Everything largely depends on the readiness and environmental education of the teacher himself (the teaching staff of the kindergarten). For children of school age, a role model, a worthy example, is very important. One of the components of success is the establishment of relationships of trust and cooperation between educators and students, who, without boring children with excessive information, can effectively influence the increase in the level of their environmental culture and morality. The family also plays a huge role in the process of environmental perception, as the primary source of formation and consolidation of all the skills of cultural and moral education. Only a benevolent, attentive attitude of parents and loved ones to the concepts and feelings acquired by the child, their positive example and active participation in his environmental activities will give the child confidence, a sense of significance and correctness of the actions he performs. This means they will consolidate and strengthen his growing love for the world around him, his incipient desire to protect nature, his native land, humanity, and planet Earth.
Conclusion
Raising a kind, sympathetic person is possible only through communication with nature. The history of human development is inextricably linked with the development of nature. People have long understood that man is not the king of nature. And currently they are actively promoting environmental activities.
Many issues of nature conservation and global environmental problems are attracting the attention of more and more people. Raising an ecologically developed and educated person must begin from preschool age. Since it is at this age that it is easiest for a child to show the need to protect the environment, to instill hope and confidence that the future of the planet depends on his good deeds. With a targeted psychological and pedagogical process, it is at this age that the foundations of environmental education are laid.
A very bright, impressive and independent form of educating a preschooler’s ecological culture is environmental activity. It allows children to enrich their knowledge with practical experience, broaden their horizons, develop and deepen positive feelings and emotions towards all living things that surround them in reality, gain confidence in their actions, a sense of self-worth and involvement in all people who care about the well-being of our common home - our Earth.
Bibliography
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Application
OUR HOME IS EARTH
(Scenario for an environmental holiday - KVN)
Children enter the hall to the music and stand in a semicircle.
Leading. Hello, dear guests! We are glad to welcome you to our holiday. The fifth of June is World Environment Day. On the eve of this day, we are holding a KVN “Our Home is Earth”. Question one: what is the environment?
Child.
Everything is from the poplar by the fence
To the big dark forest
And from lake to pond -
Environment.
And also a bear and a moose,
And the kitten Vaska, I suppose?
Even a fly - wow! -
Environment.
I love the silence on the lake
And in the garden the reflection of the roofs,
I like to pick blueberries in the forest,
I love the badger and the fox.
I love you forever,
Environment!
L. Fadeeva
Leading. Yes, the world is huge. We will talk about its diversity today. To play the game we need to divide into teams.
Children receive cards with pictures of animals. In accordance with the image in the picture (herbivore or predator), they are divided into two teams and put on emblems: “herbivores” - a medallion with a green branch, and “predators” - with an image of a bone. Teams select captains and judges. For each team there is an obstacle course made of sports equipment, at the end of the course - models of the continents. Teams receive a set of pictures depicting vegetables, fruits, industrial crops, etc.
etc.................
Ecologist (environmental engineer) is a specialist who analyzes the situation and develops measures to reduce existing and possible harm to nature.
Ecologist (environmental engineer) - a specialist involved in analyzing the situation and developing measures to reduce existing and possible harm to nature. An ecologist identifies the causes of natural disasters and develops ways to reduce the impact of human factors on the environment. The profession is suitable for those who are interested in physics, chemistry, biology and geography (see choosing a profession based on interest in school subjects).
In the future, problems of environmental conservation will occupy an increasingly important place. Due to the increasing emission of harmful elements into the atmosphere, environmental problems are being placed at one of the top places. The demand for professional ecologists will increase, but the requirements for them will also increase. The profession of an ecologist will become one of the most popular and important.
Ecologists are trying to understand and explain, for example, why lakes dry up or their inhabitants die. They study the state of the earth, water, air, as well as the degree of impact of industrial production on people, plants, and animals. Ecologists identify the degree of pollution, analyze the causes and make a forecast of the situation in the future. Environmental specialists study the consequences of certain events affecting the environment (for example, rocket launches), monitor the proper disposal of various wastes, and monitor hazardous industries.
Environmental engineers are faced with the development and approval by government environmental authorities of documents that justify the environmental safety of various projects and industrial production. Specialists in laboratories conduct research on the content of specific and basic pollutants in the air of cities.
At the moment, qualified ecologists are needed to conduct examinations when starting the construction of any residential buildings, factories, or transport road facilities. Without a positive conclusion, none of the construction projects will begin. Moreover, each enterprise must conduct its activities under the close supervision of environmental engineers.
Studying the fundamentals of environmental management is especially important in connection with Russia's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO). The World Trade Organization (WTO) plans to adopt and implement ISO international standards in countries that have joined the WTO, providing a unified global system of requirements for quality management of services and goods. One of the most important world standards is ISO 14000. The subject of this standard is an environmental management system (EMS), the use of which makes it possible to effectively combine the economic growth of a company's income with the preservation of a favorable environment. Knowledge of ISO series standards and their implementation in organizations are mandatory requirements for future ecologists.
Required professional skills and knowledge
- be able to fluently understand environmental legislation, standards and regulations
- knowledge of physics, chemistry, biology, processes occurring in the environment
- have an idea of the procedure for conducting environmental impact assessments
- know environmental monitoring methods
- have computer modeling skills
- understand foreign and domestic experience in the field of environmental protection
- be able to draw up the necessary reporting and documentation on environmental protection
- knowledge of a foreign language (for the possibility of business trips or work abroad)
Personal qualities
- diplomacy, flexibility, civic courage (to challenge the actions of officials, authorities, government agencies)
- internal discipline
- stress resistance
- scrupulousness, responsibility, accuracy
- accuracy (no mistakes allowed)
- Analytical mind
- passion for living nature, ability for scientific creativity
- skill to work in team
- independence
- decency
- performance
Pros of the profession
- obtaining moral satisfaction from the work done, in connection with receiving a salary through improving the environment
- qualified ecologists are popular among employers and this demand will grow
- University graduates already have some work experience due to undergoing the necessary internships in production, which helps them acquire useful contacts and recommendations (this will simplify and accelerate career growth)
- An environmental engineer who has received the necessary qualifications can count on a fairly lucrative job in the petrochemical, construction or energy industries.
- the profession of ecologist is international, which makes it possible to work abroad (this profession is in greater demand abroad than in Russia)
- The work of an ecologist is quite interesting and involves business trips
Cons of the profession
- low salaries for environmentalists
- ability to work in extreme conditions
- health hazard due to the need to work with hazardous substances
Place of work and career growth
Ecology graduates can begin their careers in government agencies (for example, Rostekhnadzor, Rosprirodnadzor, Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Monitoring, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Forestry and Natural Resources, etc.). In environmental organizations, large enterprises, and municipal structures, there is an ecologist staff position.
A young specialist usually starts his career as a technical assistant. Later he can become a coordinator and take on a certain direction. The next stage of career development could be supervising several coordinators.
In commercial organizations, environmental specialists have higher salaries, but the experience and qualifications of an environmental engineer are of great importance when determining salaries.
The highest demand for an environmental specialist is in industrial enterprises. However, you can also get a job in a design organization that provides services to all kinds of factories and construction companies.
Main places of work of ecologists:
- Research laboratories
- Ecological structures at the enterprise
- Government structures, control and supervision bodies
- Environmental organizations
- Construction companies
- Plants and factories