The policy of counter-reforms. Alexander III
Ignatiev Nikolay Pavlovich,
Minister of Internal Affairs
Bunge Nikolai Khristoforovich, Minister of Finance
Tolstoy Dmitry Andreevich,
Minister of the Interior and Chief of Gendarmes
The internal political course of Alexander III was expressed in the implementation of measures aimed at limiting the reforms of the 60-70s. and therefore received the name "counter-reforms".
1. Attempts to resolve the peasant issue
A law was passed on the mandatory purchase by peasants of their plots
The temporary obligation of peasants was terminated
Reduction of redemption payments by 1 ruble
Measures have been taken to alleviate the land shortage of peasants.
Peasant Bank established
The leasing of state lands has been facilitated
Bunge N.H. Minister of Finance
The law on resettlement policy was adopted
Permission for resettlement was given only by the Ministry of Internal Affairs
The settlers were exempt from taxes and military service for 3 years.
IDPs were provided with small cash benefits
A law was passed limiting the exit of peasants from the community.
A policy was pursued aimed at preserving and strengthening the community
A law was adopted limiting the rights of the community to redistribute land and assigning plots to peasants
A law was passed prohibiting the sale of communal lands.
"Temporary rules
about printing"
9 publications were closed.
“Domestic notes by M.E. Saltykova-Shchedrin
2. Policy in the field of education and press
A. A. Kraevsky, engraved portrait of V. F. Timm from the “Russian Art Sheet”
"New University Charter"
The autonomy of universities has been eliminated.
Circular "About cook's children"
on the prohibition of admitting “children of coachmen, footmen, laundresses, small shopkeepers and the like” to the gymnasium.
For the first time in Russia, libraries were “cleaned”.
133 titles of books and magazines were removed from libraries as “inadmissible for circulation.”
At the insistence of Pobedonostsev, the Higher Women's Courses were closed.
3. Beginning of labor legislation
A law has been issued:
prohibited the labor of children under 12 years of age,
limiting the working day of children from 12 to 15 years old to 8 hours
A law has been issued:
prohibited night work for minors and women
Laws have been passed:
- On the relationship between entrepreneurs and workers
- On limiting fines
- On the ban on payment of labor by barter
- About the introduction of payment books
- On the responsibility of workers for participating in strikes
4. Strengthening the position of the nobility.
Opening of a noble bank
Providing preferential loans to support landowners' farms
Law on zemstvo district chiefs.
He abolished positions and local institutions based on non-estate and elective principles: peace mediators, magistrates' courts.
2,200 zemstvo sections were created, headed by zemstvo chiefs
“Regulations on provincial and district zemstvo institutions” was published
Zemstvo self-government became a grassroots unit of state power.
New city regulations
The electoral qualifications were increased, the practice of government interference in self-government matters was consolidated
5. National and religious politics.
The main task of national and religious policy:
Preserving the unity of the state.
The Chief Prosecutor of the Synod showed particular severity towards sectarians
Buddhists were persecuted
The attitude towards adherents of Judaism was harsh.
Jews were forbidden to settle outside cities.
They were prohibited from acquiring property in rural areas.
A decree was issued on the eviction of Jews illegally living in Moscow and the Moscow province.
The percentage of Jewish students has been established.
Catholic Poles
Access to government positions in the Kingdom of Poland and the Western Territory was closed.
The Muslim religion and Muslim courts remained intact.
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(1845-1894) (1881-1894) Heir to the throne since 1865. Teachers: K. Pobedonostsev, S.M. Solovyov Peacemaker (peacemaker). The king is a boa constrictor.
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Last family photo. From left to right: Tsarevich Nicholas, Grand Duke George, Empress Maria Feodorovna, Grand Duchess Olga, Grand Duke Michael, Grand Duchess Xenia and Emperor Alexander III.
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Appearance. The emperor was distinguished by his tall (193 cm) height. In his youth, he possessed exceptional strength - he bent coins with his fingers and broke horseshoes; over the years he became corpulent and bulky, but even then, according to contemporaries, there was something graceful in his figure. He was completely devoid of the aristocracy inherent in his grandfather and partly his father. Even in the manner of dressing there was something deliberately unpretentious. For example, he could often be seen in soldier's boots with his trousers tucked into them in a simple manner.
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Abilities “below average intelligence, below average abilities and below average education; in appearance he resembled a big Russian peasant from the central provinces, and yet he had an appearance that reflected his enormous character, wonderful heart, complacency, justice and at the same time firmness, undoubtedly impressed” (S.Yu. Witte).
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Character As S. Yu. Witte wrote, “Emperor Alexander III had absolutely outstanding nobility and purity of heart, purity of morals and thoughts. As a family man, he was an exemplary family man; as a boss and owner - he was an exemplary boss and an exemplary owner... he was a good owner not because of a sense of self-interest, but because of a sense of duty. Not only in the Royal family, but also among dignitaries, I have never encountered that feeling of respect for the state ruble, for the state kopeck, that the Emperor possessed...
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Interests, hobbies. 1866 – Historical Society. 1872 - decree on the opening of the Historical Museum (Alexander ΙΙ). 1883 - opening of the Historical Museum.
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Hobbies The Emperor was a passionate collector (the extensive collection of paintings, graphics, objects of decorative and applied art, sculptures collected by Alexander III after his death was transferred to the Russian Museum founded by the Russian Emperor Nicholas II in memory of his parent. Alexander was fond of hunting and fishing. (Europe can wait while the Russian Tsar is fishing).
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Activities as heir to the throne. 1868 - included in the highest government institutions. 1878 (Russian-Turkish War) - commanded the Rushchuk detachment (75,000 people).
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Under what circumstances did he ascend to the throne? March 2, 1881 - crowning of the kingdom (peasants also swore allegiance for the first time). March 10, 1881 – The Executive Committee of “Narodnaya Volya” presented an ultimatum. “You lost your father. We lost not only fathers, but also brothers, wives, children, best friends. But we are ready to suppress personal feelings if the good of Russia requires it.”
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In Pobedonostsev’s report dated March 30, 1881, he called on the new emperor, in view of the “thoughts put into motion” about the possibility of “deliverance of convicted criminals from the death penalty,” in no case to succumb to “the voice of flattery and daydreaming.” Alexander wrote: “Be calm, no one will dare come to me with such proposals, and that all six will be hanged, I guarantee that.”
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April 3, 1881 - execution of the “First Marchers” A. Zhelyabov. S. Perovskaya. N. Kibalchich. T. Mikhailov. N. Rysakov. Gesya Gelfman.
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Execution of Timofey Mikhailov. “In a quarter of an hour, he was hanged 3 times, since twice hanged, he escaped from the gallows.” The phrase of a German correspondent spread throughout Europe: “I was present at a dozen executions in the East, but I have never seen such a knacker.”
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Define the board's objectives. 1) Economic development of the country. 2) Support for the privileges of the nobles. 3) Limitation of zemstvo and city self-government. 4) Suppression of the liberal opposition. 5) The defeat of the revolutionary movement. 6) Maintaining peaceful relations with other countries.
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March 1, 1887 – assassination attempt on Alexander ΙΙΙ. One of the participants A.I. Ulyanov. From the petition of the widow of the actual state councilor Maria Ulyanova for a pardon for her son: “If I could imagine my son as a villain, I would have the courage to renounce him... My son has always been a hater of terrorism.” Feedback from Alexander III: “She knows her son well!”
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Main activities. Domestic policy 1) Adhered to conservative-protective views 2) pursued a policy of counter-reforms 3) Russification of the national borderlands. Foreign policy 1) Franco-Russian alliance. 2) A peacemaker because during his reign, for the first time in a long time, Russia did not wage major wars.
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Ideologists K. Pobedonostsev. (Chief Prosecutor of the Synod, “Russian Pope”) M. Katkov. (thought extinguisher, literary bandit). D. Tolstoy. (he is fed with the saliva of a mad dog).
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“Not all conservatives are fools, but all fools are conservatives.” Epigram on Pobedonostsev: Pobedonostsev for the Synod of Obedonostsev at court He is Bedonostsev for the people of Donostsev at court.
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V. Martynov, the manager of the royal stables, was appointed to the Senate. Feoktistov: “Well, it could have been worse. Caligula sent his horse to the Senate, and now only the groom is sent to the Senate. Still progress."
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Remember the project M. Loris - Melikov. "Constitution? For the Russian Tsar to swear allegiance to some brutes?" Alexander III spoke definitely about his policy: “Our ministers... would not indulge in unrealistic fantasies and lousy liberalism.”
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Remember the theory of official nationality. "Autocracy, Orthodoxy and the spirit of humility."
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On April 29, 1881, the emperor signed a manifesto on the inviolability of autocratic power, compiled by Pobedonostsev. announced a departure from the previous liberal course, saying, in particular: “But in the midst of OUR great sorrow, the Voice of God commands US to stand vigorously in the work of Government, trusting in Divine Providence, with faith in the power and truth of the Autocratic power, which WE are called upon to affirm and protect for the good of the people from any attempts on it.” The manifesto called on “all faithful subjects to serve faithfully for the eradication of vile sedition that disgraces the Russian land, for the establishment of faith and morality, for the good upbringing of children, for the extermination of untruth and theft, for the establishment of order and truth in the operation of all institutions.” .
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Counter-reforms - measures aimed at revising the results of the reforms of the 60s Alexander's ReformΙΙ Alexander's Counter-ReformsΙΙΙ The purpose of the counter-reform Result
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Zemstvo City reforms 1881 - “Manifesto on the inviolability..” 1889 - decree on Zemstvo district chiefs. (39-against, 13-for) 1890- Regulations on provincial and district zemstvo institutions. 1890-urban counter-reform. Limitation of zemstvo and city self-government Landowners' rights were restored. Strengthening the position of the nobility. Small owners are deprived of voting rights.
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M. Gorky “Klim Samgin” Zemstvo chief Bronsky fined men fifty dollars because they did not take off their hats in front of his horse.”
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Judicial 1881 - Regulations on measures to protect public order 1887 - increasing the property and educational qualifications for jurors. 1889 - removal of cases of resistance to authorities from the knowledge of the jury. Liquidation of the World Court. -Declaration of a state of emergency. -Suspicious persons could be arrested and sent into exile for 5 years. Strengthening the police regime.
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The Russian Empire during the period of its greatest territory.
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Topic: Counter-reforms of Alexander III.
Lesson-presentation on Russian history in 8th grade
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I remember well the dark years of Russia - the nineties, their slow crawling away, their painful calm, their deep provincialism - a quiet backwater: the last refuge of a dying century... O.E. Mandelstam
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Goals and objectives of the lesson:
1. Identify what was the main reason for the curtailment of Alexander II’s reforms. 2.Be able to work with documents, photographs, brief information. 3.Be able to create your own opinion about the top officials of the state.
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Lesson Plan;
1.Introduction 2.The personality of Alexander the Third 3.The first persons of the state 1881-1893 4.The activities of the sovereign in all spheres of the life of the state. 5. Conclusion.
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1.Historical pause...
The concept of counter-reform has a broad meaning and includes not only reactionary laws, but also the entire political course of the Russian autocracy. Alexander III sought to preserve the existing order, strengthen the position of the nobility, and prevent revolution. The emperor's domestic policy was of a conservative, protective nature, which did not exclude, however, the protection of the interests of Russian industrial and commercial capital. The reign of Alexander III was controversial: political reaction was combined with great economic achievements. This was fraught with shocks in the future. It is impossible not to note that the time of this reign was one of the most peaceful and stable in the history of Russia.
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2. “When the Russian Tsar is fishing, Europe can wait” Alexander 3
Having grown up among officers, Alexander did not receive the education that a future emperor should have. The peculiarities of the young man’s upbringing also left much to be desired. Alexander III was arrogant and rude; he treated people as soldiers subordinate to him. There was an autocratic royalty in the powerful figure of Alexander III. Physically, he was extremely strong: he broke horseshoes and bent silver rubles. His character was calm, balanced, very firm, and on rare occasions he hesitated. And yet, intelligence and education are more important for a statesman. “Emperor Alexander III,” Witte wrote, “had a completely ordinary mind, perhaps one might say, below average, below average abilities, below average education...” Unlike his father, Alexander III was not a brave man. Fearing assassination attempts, he retired to Gatchina, to the palace of his great-grandfather Paul I, designed like an ancient castle, surrounded by moats and protected by watchtowers. Alexander Alexandrovich did not count on the Russian crown either in childhood or in his early youth. The legitimate heir to the throne, his older brother Nikolai Alexandrovich, died at the age of 22 from tuberculosis.
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Alexander the Third with his family
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In Europe, the Tsar was called the “Russian Bear”
Alexander the Third with his family.
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Gatchina Palace near St. Petersburg, where Alexander 3 spent almost all the years of his reign.
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Throne room of the Gatchina Palace.
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The office of Emperor Alexander 3 in Gatchina.
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Alexander 3 with his family in Gatchina
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Heir Tsarevich and Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich (future Alexander 3) in 1870.
Emperor Alexander 3 in 1880
New Emperor – new era 1881-1893…….
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Alexander 3 with his court in Russian Poland on a hunt.
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Emperor Alexander the Peacemaker.
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Alexander 3 with his family on a walk in the Gatchina pond.
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The entire imperial family is on vacation in Livadia (Crimea).
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Emperor Alexander 3 and Empress Maria Feodorovna.
Alexander 3
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Alexander 3 and Empress Maria Feodorovna on a walk in the estate, 1883.
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3.The Emperor's New Deal: top officials
The new government course apparently differed from the activities of Alexander II and his inner circle - liberal-minded ministers. The latter were replaced by D.A. Tolstoy, K.P. Pobedonostsev, S.G. Stroganov, V.P. Meshchersky, who became the closest adviser to Alexander III. The main reason for the sharp change in government policy in the early 80s. XIX century was not only the unique personality of Alexander III and his associates. The decisive role was played by the tense internal political situation caused by the terrorist activities of the Narodnaya Volya members, and above all by the assassination of Alexander II. However, Alexander III had one characteristic that was unusual for Russian emperors: he did not envy the minds of others, he brought talented, extraordinary people closer to himself and placed them in the most important government positions (for example, ministers of finance N.H. Bunge (from 1881 to 1886), and .A. Vyshnegradsky (from 1888 to 1892), S.Yu. Witte (from 1892 to 1903), later - Chairman of the Committee of Ministers The resolution of Alexander III on the draft Constitution is typical: “Thank God, this is a criminal and hasty step towards no constitution was made, and this whole fantastic project was rejected." The new tsar had an aversion to any progressive movements of the century. Therefore, the essence of the internal policy of Alexander III contained a gradual return to the old: strengthening the class system and autocracy.
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S G Stroganov
S Yu Witte, Prime Minister
N H Bunge, Minister of Finance
K P Pobedonostsev V P Meshchersky I A Vyshnegradsky D A Tolstoy
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4. Counter-reforms in action!
1. The main directions of activity of the new government were “eradicating sedition” and calming the public. A special role in strengthening and protecting the regime was assigned to the Police Department, headed by G.P. Sudeikin, who created a well-thought-out system of political investigation based on provocative activities, espionage and blackmail. 2. According to the new “Regulations on provincial and district zemstvo institutions” of 1880, the zemstvo was transformed. The nobility received the opportunity to elect the majority of elected zemstvo officials - vowels (about 57%). The peasants generally lost the right to choose vowels, since they were now appointed by the governor. The meaning of the zemstvo counter-reform was to nullify the possibility of participation in the work of zemstvo bodies by “random” (undesirable for the regime) people, to increase the representation of nobles - the support of the throne, and ultimately to make zemstvos loyal to the autocratic government.
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Wife of Alexander 3 Maria Dagmar (Empress Maria Feodorovna).
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3. The urban counter-reform pursued exactly the same goals as the zemstvo one. According to the new city regulations of 1892, the property qualification that gave the right to participate in elections was increased. As a result, the number of voters in Moscow, for example, decreased threefold. The provision that city councils and councils act independently was removed from the legislation. The interference of the tsarist administration in their affairs was consolidated. 4. The judicial reform of Russia - the most successful brainchild of the reformers removed from power - did not suffer any significant changes at this time. The judicial statutes of 1864 continued to operate successfully. However, in legal proceedings in political cases, openness was limited: publication of reports on political trials was prohibited. All cases involving violent actions against officials were removed from jury trials. 5. Education. Since students were considered the main source of freethinking, a breeding ground for republican ideas and all kinds of unrest, Russian universities became one of the first victims of the protective policy. The new university charter of 1884 abolished their autonomy. The university court was liquidated, and any student associations were prohibited. Teachers elected by academic councils were necessarily confirmed in office by the Minister of Education.
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The new Emperor Alexander 3 takes the oath of the merchants and nobles of Moscow, in the summer of 1879.
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The inspirer and main organizer of counter-reforms in the field of education, Count I.D. Delyanov (1818-1897), Minister of Public Education since 1882, also authored the notorious circular “about cooks’ children.” This document recommended limiting the admission to gymnasiums and pre-gymnasiums of “children of coachmen, footmen, cooks, laundresses, small shopkeepers and similar people, whose children, with the exception of those gifted with extraordinary abilities, should not be taken out of the environment to which they belong.” . The enrollment of persons of Jewish nationality in secondary and higher educational institutions was reduced. 6.Press: The first experience of freedom of speech was interrupted after the approval in August 1882 of the new “Temporary Rules on the Press” (which became permanent). The administration received the right to close any newspapers and magazines and deprive publishers and editors of the right to continue their professional activities. The editors were obliged to disclose the pseudonyms of their authors at the request of the authorities. Censorship has increased. In accordance with the new legislation, in 1884 the magazine Otechestvennye zapiski, hated by the government, whose editor was M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, ceased to exist.
“Alexander III and his domestic policy” - Judicial counter-reform. Counter-reform. Rules regarding Jews. Social origin of the populists. Pobedonostsev Konstantin Petrovich. Peasant question. Educators. Knowledgeable people. Labor legislation. Education Policy. All Jews were evicted from Moscow. Reign of Alexander III. Alexander ruled in place of his deceased brother. Program of the reign of Alexander III. Alexander III and his domestic policy.
“Economic development under Alexander 3” - Economic development during the reign of Alexander 3. The role of the state in the development of industry. Agriculture. N.H.Bunge. Peasants. Compare the economic policies of Alexander II and Alexander III. Main directions of economic policy. N.A. Vyshnegradsky. Financial reform. Directions of economic policy S.Yu. Witte. Characteristic. Trans-Siberian Railway. Development of agriculture.
“The Internal Policy of Alexander 3” - Alexander III. V.P. Meshchersky. Attempts at judicial counter-reform. Urban counter-reform. 1884 – student unrest. "Circular about cook's children." From Pobedonostsev's article. Liquidation of the World Court. Zemstvo counter-reform. Censorship counter-reform. Resignation of N.P. Ignatieva. Governors received the right to suspend decisions of zemstvos. I will never allow restrictions on autocratic power. In 1887, the property qualification for jurors was significantly increased.
“Counter-reforms in the domestic policy of Alexander III” - Change of government. Events. Measures to alleviate peasants' land shortage. Alexander III. Domestic policy of Alexander III. Police state. Temporary rules on press. Peasants leaving the community. Personalities. Ideology. Law on compulsory purchase by peasants of their plots. Regulations on measures to protect public order. Document. Regulations on provincial and district zemstvo institutions. Education Policy.
"Counter-reforms of Alexander III" - Note. Penalties for defective work are determined according to the nature of the defect. Death of a migrant. 1889. The era of counter-reforms. The number of city council meetings was limited. Built 1892–1916 Increasing the electoral qualification for the city curia. 1882 – prohibition of labor for children under 12 years of age. Elimination of magistrates' courts (existed only in Moscow, St. Petersburg and Odessa). No penalties can be imposed for other reasons.
"Alexander's Counter-Reforms 3" - New appointments. Alexander ruled in place of his deceased brother. Judicial reform. Portrait. Resignations. Zemstvo counter-reform. Replacing the peasant administration with the noble one. Tasks. Forced Russification. Circular about cook's children. Domestic policy of Alexander III. Judicial counter-reform (1887-1894). Educators. 1845-1894 – years of reign of Alexander III. What was the nature of the policy? Counter-reforms.
“The Policy of Nicholas 1” - Similar demands were made to Turkey. In September, Russian troops inflicted a number of defeats on the Iranians. Emperor Nicholas I strengthened the military and political alliance of Russia with Prussia and Austria. The Iranian army captured Elizavetpol and besieged the Shusha fortress. The Danube principalities came under Russian protectorate.
“Russia at the turn of the century” - Populated by 44 million. Human. Unspoken committee. Restoration of privileges to cities and nobility. Most cities were classified as small. Russian names and uniforms have been returned to the army. Life of the people. Multi-confessional state. Russia at the turn of the century. Russian absolutism relied on the nobility and the rising bourgeoisie.
“The Domestic Policy of Nicholas I” - Years of life 1796 – 1855 years of reign 1825 – 1855 “the apogee of autocracy.” 2. An attempt to resolve the peasant issue (P.D. Kiselev). Read an excerpt from the poem by A.S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin” from the point of view of the “Charter on Censorship”. Select from the listed activities the most likely areas of activity to eliminate the shortcomings of the existing system.
“Famous people of Russia” - What are the reasons and goals of the Russian-Turkish war of 1877 – 1878? IV round. "The Age of Alexander II and Alexander III." What was the essence of the judicial reform of 1864? General lesson. 8. "Famous people." 7. 10. 13. 11.
“Estates of Russian Society” - 6-Siberian. 1. Hereditary. 1st guild. Privileged. Unprivileged. Class structure of Russian society in the first half of the 19th century. In 10 black earth provinces. Draw up a step-by-step diagram of “Beliefs of the Peoples of the Russian Empire.” In 13 non-black earth provinces. What religions do you know? At the head of each army was a designated (appointed) ataman.
“Revolt of the Decembrists” - Most of the victims were crushed by the crowd rushing in panic from the center of events. Uprising on December 14, 1825 Rostovsky-Shepin managed to bring the Moscow regiment to Senate Square. Preparations for the uprising. Dynastic crisis of 1825. The army and Senate swore allegiance to Constantine. Hundreds of corpses remained in the square and streets.
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